RESUMO

Previous studies from our laboratory have shown sex differences in the behavioral, molecular, and neurochemical manifestations of morphine withdrawal and they were related to an increased sensitivity to morphine effects in males. In addition, we observed an interaction between the GABAergic and opioid systems that could also be sex-dependent. Baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist, prevented the somatic expression and the molecular and neurochemical changes induced by morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. On the contrary, little is known about baclofen effects in the rewarding properties of morphine in male and female mice. The present study aimed to explore the effect of baclofen (1, 2 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment in the rewarding effects induced by morphine (7 mg/kg, s.c.) and its effect on c-Fos and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression induced by the rewarding properties of morphine in prepubertal male and female mice. Baclofen (2 mg/kg) pretreatment prevented the rewarding effects of morphine only in male mice, while baclofen (3 mg/kg) reduced these effects in both sexes. Moreover, the rewarding effects of morphine were associated with a decrease of BDNF and c-Fos expression cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), and cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) areas of the hippocampus only in male mice. In addition, baclofen pretreatment prevented these changes in BDNF, but not in c-Fos expression. In conclusion, our results show that GABAB receptors have a regulatory role in the rewarding effects of morphine that could be of interest for a potential future therapeutic application in opioid use disorders.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: This study mainly explores (2R,6R; 2S,6S)-HNK and its compounds whether there are antidepressant effects. METHODS: Four HNK compounds were obtained from 2-(Chlorophenyl) Cyclopentylmethanone. Forced swimming test, locomotor sensitization test, and conditioned location preference test were used to screen the antidepressant activity of the synthesized target compounds. RESULTS: In the case of 10 mg HNK treatment, compared with saline, the immobile time of mice in the HNK group, I5 group and I6 group at 1 h and 7 days had statistical significance. In the case of 10 mg HNK treatment, compared with saline, the immobile time of compound C and D groups in the glass cylinder area was significantly different. In the locomotor sensitization test, the movement distance of compound C and D groups on day 15 and day 7 mice increased significantly compared with the first day. In the conditioned place preference experiment, compound C and compound D induced conditioned place preference in mice compared with the Veh group. CONCLUSION: The results of the forced swimming test, locomotor sensitization test, and conditioned location preference test showed that compounds C and D may have certain anti-depressant activity. However, HNK exerts a rapid and significant antidepressant effect within 1 week, but the duration is short.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This article proposes a data collection technique for describing experiences of a built environment. Besides the experiences of the visual and physical aspects of the place, this technique helps describe the sensory, bodily, emotional, interactive, and social experiences occurring during the human-environment encounter. The enabling technique presented is called Reactions and Actions Description Survey (RADES). It employs 120 images depicting people going through different situations involving all the senses, showing expressions related to positive and negative emotions, and realizing varied activities. Forty-five participants visited the esplanade in the exterior of a historic building called Obispado. The case study is located on a hill and is a scenic viewpoint of Monterrey, Mexico. The participants answered the RADES and the Environmental Description Survey (ENVIDES), which focuses on describing the qualities of the place and the appraisals with which it is experienced. The comments about the experiences of the place obtained through both surveys were grouped into 133 categories. Qualitative and quantitative data about the experiences of the place were obtained through both techniques. A quantitative analysis of the data was realized since the participants not only described their experiences with words but also indicated numerically the intensity of such experiences. Spearman correlations between the experiences were calculated, and a general map of the experiences of the place was created through multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS). The study revealed the connections between the elements and qualities of the site and the views with specific positive and negative experiences occurring during the visit. Furthermore, MDS allowed the discovery of 10 dimensions of environmental experience-pleasure/displeasure, high/low arousal, dominance/submissiveness, knowing/inhabiting, environment/self, higher/lower cognition, spatiality/materiality, states/processes, natural/built, and visual/sensory. The presented techniques and the findings obtained through them can assist architects in recognizing valuable environmental features for the design of livable spaces.

RESUMO

Background: The place of death profoundly affects end-of-life care quality, particularly in cancer. Assisting individuals at home enhances support, privacy, and control, reducing healthcare costs. This study seeks to elucidate factors associated and trends in place of death by cancer in Brazil. Methods: Using data obtained from the National Mortality Information System, this study extracted tumour topography, sociodemographic characteristics, and the place of death (outcome classified into hospital or home death) by cancer in Brazil from 2002 to 2021. Findings: The analysis included 3,677,415 cases, with 82.3% of deaths occurring in hospitals and 17.7% at home. Most participants were male (53.1%), had gastrointestinal tumours (32.2%), and resided in the Southeastern region (48.7%). Home deaths were more frequent in the Northeastern (30.2%) and Northern (24.8%) regions compared to the Southern (17.1%) and Southeastern (12.2%) regions. A strong inverse correlation was found between home deaths and the Human Development Index of the region. Over the years, there was a reduction in home deaths, followed by a recent increase. Individuals with no formal education, indigenous individuals, and patients from the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions had higher rates of home deaths, while patients with haematological malignancies had lower rates compared to those with gastrointestinal tumours. Interpretation: The minority of deaths by cancer in Brazil occur at home, with distinct trends over time. Home death was associated with regional, racial and educational level differences. Funding: No funding.

RESUMO

Puerto Rico (PR) is facing an unprecedented healthcare crisis due to accelerating migration of physicians to the mainland United States (US), leaving residents with diminishing healthcare and excessively long provider wait times. While scholars and journalists have identified economic factors driving physician migration, our study analyzes the effects of spatial stigma within the broader context of coloniality as unexamined dimensions of physician loss. Drawing on 50 semi-structured interviews with physicians throughout PR and the US, we identified how stigmatizing meanings are attached to PR, its people, and its biomedical system, often incorporating colonial notions of the island's presumed backwardness, lagging medical technology, and lack of cutting-edge career opportunities. We conclude that in addition to economically motivated policies, efforts to curb physician migration should also address globally circulating ideas about PR, acknowledge their roots in coloniality, and valorize local responses to the crisis that are in danger of being lost to history.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El artículo sistematiza una concepción teórica y metodológica que sustenta el lugar como categoria espacial, dimensión de la existencia, a partir de la cual se materializan los objetos, fenómenos y procesos que se relacionan con la forma en la que se vive, en identidad con el entramado social y territorial en el que se desarrolla. A partir de la crítica de las fuentes bibliográficas registradas, emerge la espacialidad, en la que se insertan e imbrican los objetos de diverso carácter, la sociedad y sus acciones en su disposición, articulación y localización. El presente artículo deriva de un grupo de resultados del proyecto de investigación Proyección pedagógica de la Tarea Vida en los diferentes niveles educativos que se ejecuta en la Universidad de Camagüey Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz en el período enero 2020 - diciembre 2025 y tiene como objetivo sistematizar una concepción teórica y metodológica que sustente el estudio del lugar como categoría espacial para los estudios sociales. Entre los resultados se destaca la caracterización de las funciones del lugar; así como su comprensión como sistema, en el que están presentes dos totalidades, las que, en calidad de dimensiones, definen los atributos y características propias que trascienden el sistema; como un conjunto complejo de relaciones de carácter biofísico y cultural, sostenidas teóricamente desde su evolución, vistas desde una concepción práctico-actitudinal-espacial.

The article systematizes a theoretical and methodological conception that sustains the place as a spatial category, dimension of existence, from which the objects, phenomena and processes that are related to the way we live are materialized, in identity with the framework, social and territorial in which we develop. From the critique of the registered bibliographical sources, spatiality emerges as a process in which objects, processes of diverse character, society and its actions are inserted and intertwined in their arrangement, articulation and location. This article derives from a group of results from the research project Pedagogical projection of the Life Task at the different educational levels that is carried out at the University of Camagüey Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz in the period January 2020-December 2025 and aims to systematize a conception theoretical and methodological that supports the study of place as a spatial category for social studies. . Among the results, the characterization of the functions of the place stands out; as well as its understanding as a dialectical totality, in which two totalities are present, which, as dimensions, define the attributes and characteristics that transcend the system; as a complex set of relationships of a biophysical and cultural nature, theoretically sustained since its evolution, seen from a practical-attitudinal-spatial conception.

RESUMO

Psychostimulants regulate behavioral responses in zebrafish via epigenetic mechanisms. We have previously shown that DNA methylation and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition abolish nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) but little is known about the role of histone methylation in addictive-like behaviors. To assess the influence of histone methylation on nicotine-CPP, zebrafish were treated with a histone (H3) lysine-9 (K9) dimethyltransferase G9a/GLP inhibitor, BIX-01294 (BIX), which was administered before conditioning sessions. We observed a dual effect of the inhibitor BIX: at high doses inhibited while at low doses potentiated nicotine reward. Transcriptional expression of α6 and α7 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and of G9a, DNA methyl transferase-3, and HDAC-1 was upregulated in zebrafish with positive scores for nicotine-CPP. Changes in relative levels of these mRNA molecules reflected the effects of BIX on nicotine reward. BIX treatment per sé did not affect transcriptional levels of epigenetic enzymes that regulate trimethylation or demethylation of H3. BIX reduced H3K9me2 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner in key structures of the reward pathway. Thus, our findings indicated that different doses of BIX differentially affect nicotine CPP via strong or weak inhibition of G9a/GLP activity. Additionally, we found that the lysine demethylase inhibitor daminozide abolished nicotine-CPP and drug seeking. Our data demonstrate that H3 methylation catalyzed by G9a/GLP is involved in nicotine-CPP induction. Dimethylation of K9 at H3 is an important epigenetic modification that should be considered as a potential therapeutic target to treat nicotine reward and perhaps other drug addictions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RATIONALE: Relapse into substance use is often triggered by exposure to drug-related environmental cues. The magnitude of drug seeking depends on the duration of abstinence, a phenomenon known as the incubation of drug craving. Clinical and preclinical research shows that the insular cortex is involved in substance use disorders and cue-induced drug seeking. However, the role of the insula on memory retrieval and motivational integration for cue-elicited drug seeking remains to be determined. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the role of the anterior insular cortex (aIC) and its glutamatergic projection to amygdala nuclei (aIC-AMY) on the expression of conditioned place preference (CPP) during early and late abstinence. METHODS: Male adult C57BL/6J mice underwent amphetamine-induced CPP, and their preference was tested following 1 or 14 days of abstinence. aIC and aIC-AMY functional role in CPP expression was assessed at both abstinence periods by employing optogenetic silencing and behavioral pharmacology. RESULTS: Compared to a single day, an exacerbated preference for the amphetamine-paired context was observed after 14 days of abstinence. Photoinhibition of either aIC or aIC-AMY projection reduced CPP expression following late but not early abstinence. Similarly, the antagonism of aIC NMDA receptors reduced CPP expression after 14 days of abstinence but not 1 day. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that aIC and its glutamatergic output to amygdala nuclei constitute critical neurobiological substrates mediating enhanced motivational cue reactivity during the incubation of amphetamine craving rather than contextual memory recall. Moreover, cortical NMDA receptor signaling may become sensitized during abstinence, ultimately modulating disproportioned drug seeking.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract The present study describes the behavior of male Emphorini bees in exploiting Convolvulaceae flowers as sleeping-sheltering place. The observations occurred inadvertently during a field study in an Agroforestry System in the Caatinga region, near the banks of the São Francisco River in Petrolina, Pernambuco - NE-Brazil. Males were observed and collected in wilted flowers of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) during the evening. The sampling revealed nine Emphorini bees, belonging to three oligolectic species specialized on Convolvulaceae. We propose that the infundibuliform morphology of Ipomoea carnea flowers and the varied timing of anthesis could influence the choice of these flowers as overnight resting places. Furthermore, we endorse the idea present in the literature that males of oligolectic bees generally engage in patrolling flowers utilized by females, thereby enhancing the chances of encountering potential mates, making these flowers rendezvous places. The observation of this behavior highlights the interdependence between bees and plants and raises the possibility that the loss of these flowers could negatively impact bees not only in a nutrition aspect but also regarding shelter and reproduction.

Resumo O presente estudo documenta o comportamento de abelhas machos do grupo Emphorini em explorar flores da família Convolvulaceae como local para dormir e se abrigar. As observações foram realizadas inadvertidamente durante um estudo de campo em um Sistema Agroflorestal na região da Caatinga, próximo às margens do Rio São Francisco, em Petrolina, Pernambuco - Nordeste do Brasil. Machos foram observados e coletados em flores fechadas de Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) durante o entardecer. Em nossa amostragem, encontramos nove machos da tribo Emphorini, pertencentes a três espécies oligoléticas especializadas em Convolvulaceae. Propomos que a morfologia infundibuliforme das flores de Ipomoea carnea e os diferentes períodos de antese das flores podem influenciar a escolha dessas flores como locais de descanso durante à noite. Além disso, nossos dados endossam a ideia de que machos de abelhas oligoléticas geralmente patrulham flores utilizadas por fêmeas, aumentando assim as chances de encontrar possíveis parceiras, tornando essas flores locais de encontro para acasalamento. O registro desse comportamento destaca a interdependência entre abelhas e plantas e levanta a possibilidade de que a perda dessas flores possa impactar negativamente as abelhas não apenas em relação a sua nutrição, mas também em relação ao abrigo e reprodução.

RESUMO

Resumo O estudo investiga o impacto do intercruzamento de raça/cor, escolaridade e local de residência na não adequação do cuidado prestado em diferentes dimensões do pré-natal. Para tal, analisaram-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 com modelos de regressão logística múltipla. Os resultados sugerem que as variáveis operam em conjunto na não adequação ao pré-natal. As mulheres negras e as menos escolarizadas apresentaram maior probabilidade de não ter 6 consultas de pré-natal, iniciadas antes da 12ª semana de gestação. Mulheres de até 20 anos de idade, residentes nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste e menos escolarizadas foram menos submetidas aos exames laboratoriais e físicos preconizados. E, por último, mulheres negras e de até 20 anos de idade foram mais propensas a não receber orientações sobre o parto. Os achados reiteram a natureza multifacetada do problema e alertam para a insuficiência dos inquéritos populacionais, ao não incluir e não permitir a caracterização dos segmentos mais marginalizados da população, dificultando a investigação de realidades segundo uma perspectiva interseccional.

Abstract The present study investigates the intersecting impacts of race/color, education and place of residence on the non-adequacy of care provided in different dimensions of prenatal care. To this end, we analyzed data from the 2013 National Health Survey using multiple logistic regression models. The results suggest that the variables operate together to shape non-adequacy to prenatal care. Black women and those with less schooling were more likely to miss 6 prenatal consultations, starting before the 12th week of pregnancy. Women up to 20 years of age, those residing in the North, Northeast and Midwest regions and those with less schooling were less submitted to the recommended laboratory and physical exams. And, finally, black women and those up to 20 years of age were more likely to not receive guidance on childbirth. Our findings reiterate the multifaceted nature of the problem and point to the insufficiency of population surveys, by not including and not allowing the characterization of the most marginalized segments of the population, making it difficult to further investigate realities from an intersectional perspective.

RESUMO

Abstract Objective: This study mainly explores (2R,6R; 2S,6S)-HNK and its compounds whether there are antidepressant effects. Methods: Four HNK compounds were obtained from 2-(Chlorophenyl) Cyclopentylmethanone. Forced swimming test, locomotor sensitization test, and conditioned location preference test were used to screen the antidepressant activity of the synthesized target compounds. Results: In the case of 10 mg HNK treatment, compared with saline, the immobile time of mice in the HNK group, I5 group and I6 group at 1 h and 7 days had statistical significance. In the case of 10 mg HNK treatment, compared with saline, the immobile time of compound C and D groups in the glass cylinder area was significantly different. In the locomotor sensitization test, the movement distance of compound C and D groups on day 15 and day 7 mice increased significantly compared with the first day. In the conditioned place preference experiment, compound C and compound D induced conditioned place preference in mice compared with the Veh group. Conclusion: The results of the forced swimming test, locomotor sensitization test, and conditioned location preference test showed that compounds C and D may have certain anti-depressant activity. However, HNK exerts a rapid and significant antidepressant effect within 1 week, but the duration is short.

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Preclinical studies suggest that cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid, may reduce addiction-related behaviours for various drug classes in rodents, including ethanol, opiates, and psychostimulants. CBD modulates contextual memories and responses to reward stimuli. Nonetheless, research on the impact of CBD on cocaine addiction-like behaviors is limited and requires further clarification. This study tested the hypothesis that CBD administration inhibits the acquisition and retrieval of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in adult male and female C57BL6/J mice. We also ought to characterise a 5-day CPP protocol in these animals. METHODS: Male and female C57BL/6J mice were administered CBD (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) 30 minutes before cocaine (15 mg/kg) acquisition of expression of CPP. RESULTS: Cocaine induces a CPP in both female and male mice in the 5-day CPP protocol. CBD failed to prevent the acquisition or retrieval of place preference induced by cocaine. CBD did not decrease the time spent on the side paired with cocaine at any of the doses tested in male and female mice, in either acquisition or expression of contextual memory. CONCLUSION: This study found no support for the hypothesis that CBD decreases reward memory involved in the formation of cocaine addiction. Further research is necessary to investigate the involvement of CBD in other behavioural responses to cocaine and other psychostimulant drugs. This study, however, characterised a 5-day CPP protocol for both female and male C57BL/6J mice.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Fentanyl is commonly laced with xylazine. People who use this combination report heightened effects, but it also increases death risk. Although no medication has been approved to counteract overdoses produced by fentanyl and xylazine, naloxone is frequently used. This paper studies the preclinical rewarding and lethal effects of fentanyl combined with xylazine and the efficacy of yohimbine or naloxone to prevent death. METHODS: Male Swiss Webster mice were treated with (in mg/kg, i.p.) xylazine (0.3, 1, 3, or 5.6), fentanyl (0.01, 0.3, or 0.1), or 1 xylazine plus 0.01 (non-effective) or 0.1 (effective) fentanyl doses during the conditioned-place preference (CPP) test. In addition, independent groups received (in mg/kg, i.p.): xylazine (31.6, 60, 74.2, or 100), fentanyl (3.1 or 10), or both substances at two doses: 31.6 xylazine + 3.1 fentanyl, or 60 xylazine + 10 fentanyl to analyze lethal effects. We determined whether yohimbine or naloxone (each medication tested at 10 or 30mg/kg) could prevent the lethality produced by fentanyl/xylazine combinations. Female mice were also tested in key experiments. RESULTS: Xylazine neither induced CPP nor altered fentanyl's rewarding effects. In contrast, lethality was potentiated when fentanyl was combined with xylazine. Naloxone, but not yohimbine, effectively prevented the lethality of the fentanyl/xylazine combinations. CONCLUSIONS: At the doses tested, xylazine does not increase the rewarding effect of fentanyl on the CPP in male mice but potentiates the risk of fatal overdose in male and female mice. A high naloxone dose prevents death induced by coadministration of fentanyl and xylazine in both sexes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Mammalian hippocampal circuits undergo extensive remodeling through adult neurogenesis. While this process has been widely studied, the specific contribution of adult-born granule cells (aGCs) to spatial operations in the hippocampus remains unknown. Here, we show that optogenetic activation of 4-week-old (young) aGCs in free-foraging mice produces a non-reversible reconfiguration of spatial maps in proximal CA3 while rarely evoking neural activity. Stimulation of the same neuronal cohort on subsequent days recruits CA3 neurons with increased efficacy but fails to induce further remapping. In contrast, stimulation of 8-week-old (mature) aGCs can reliably activate CA3 cells but produces no alterations in spatial maps. Our results reveal a unique role of young aGCs in remodeling CA3 representations, a potential that can be depleted and is lost with maturation. This ability could contribute to generate orthogonalized downstream codes supporting pattern separation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The ageing in place (AIP) model enjoys widespread recognition in gerontology and has been strongly encouraged through social policy. However, progress remains to be made in terms of analysing AIP for minority groups and groups with diverse life pathways in old age. This systematic review aims to identify studies that address the AIP model in indigenous communities, answering the following questions: In which geographical contexts and for which Indigenous Peoples have AIP been researched? Which physical dimensions are considered in the assessment of AIP? Which social dimensions are considered in the assessment of AIP? This systematic review applied the SALSA (Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis) method to AIP among Indigenous older adults on the Web of Science, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Scopus digital platforms for publications from 2011 to 2021. We identified 12 studies conducted in five countries in North and South America and Oceania. The results show that the following elements of the physical environment are assessed: household, neighbourhood, local surroundings or reserve and native territories. Meanwhile, assessed elements of the social environment are as follows: personal characteristics, attachment to place, social networks, social participation and social policies. There is discussion of the need to develop AIP in order to promote successful ageing among Indigenous older adults.

RESUMO

Este artigo tem por objetivo identificar a estima de lugar de professores de Instituições de Ensino Superior localizadas no interior do Estado do Ceará, Brasil, com relação ao seu ambiente de trabalho. A estima de lugar é uma categoria de análise que diz respeito aos processos afetivos que se dão na inter-relação pessoa-ambiente. Esse afeto pode ser classificado como de pertencimento, agradabilidade, insegurança, destruição e contraste. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto foi realizada uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, na qual foi aplicado o Instrumento Gerador de Mapas Afetivos (IGMA) com professores de Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) da esfera privada, situadas nas regiões do Cariri e do Centro-Sul do Ceará, Brasil. As informações conseguidas através do IGMA foram apreciadas por meio da análise de conteúdo categorial. O material construído mostra que os professores de IES privadas do interior do Brasil tem estima de destruição e contraste entre agradabilidade e insegurança, com ênfase na insegurança. Esses resultados apontam uma tendência a divergências entre a estima de lugar de professores de instituições públicas da capital e privadas do interior do Estado do Ceará, Brasil. Além disso, servem de alerta para a necessidade de se refletir sobre as implicações das políticas neoliberais na educação.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar el lugar de estima de los profesores de Instituciones de Educación Superior ubicadas en el interior del Estado de Ceará, Brasil, en relación con su entorno de trabajo. La estima del lugar es una categoría de análisis que concierne a los procesos afectivos que ocurren en la interrelación persona-ambiente. Este afecto se puede clasificar en pertenencia, agrado, inseguridad, destrucción y contraste. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto, se realizó una investigación de enfoque cualitativo, en la que se aplicó el Instrumento Generador de Mapas Afectivos (IGMA) con docentes de Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) del ámbito privado, ubicadas en las regiones de Cariri y Centro- Sur de Ceará, Brasil. La información obtenida a través del IGMA se evaluó mediante análisis de contenido categórico. El material construido muestra que los profesores de las IES privadas del interior de Brasil tienen una sensación de destrucción y un contraste entre el agrado y la inseguridad, con énfasis en la inseguridad. Estos resultados apuntan a una tendencia a las divergencias entre la estimación de la posición de profesores de instituciones públicas de la capital y de instituciones privadas del interior del Estado de Ceará, Brasil. Además, sirven como alerta sobre la necesidad de reflexionar sobre las implicaciones de las políticas neoliberales en la educación.

This article aims to identify the esteem of place of teachers from Higher Education Institutions located in the interior of the State of Ceará, Brazil, in relation to their place of work. The esteem of place is a category of analysis that concerns the affective processes that occur in the person-environment interrelationship. This affection can be classified as belonging, pleasantness, insecurity, destruction and contrast. To achieve the proposed objective, a qualitative approach research was carried out, in which the Affective Maps Generator Instrument (AMGI) was applied with teachers from Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) of the private sphere, located in the regions of Cariri and the Center-South cearenses, Brazil. The information obtained through the AMGI was evaluated through categorical content analysis. The constructed material will show that professors from private HEIs in the inner of Ceará have an esteem of destruction and contrast between pleasantness and insecurity, with an emphasis on insecurity. These results point to a tendency towards divergences between the esteem of place among professors from public institutions in the capital and private institutions in the interior of the State of Ceará, Brazil. In addition, they serve as a warning for the need to reflect on the implications of neoliberal policies in education.

RESUMO

There is limited knowledge regarding Colombian patients with advanced cancer preferences regarding their final moments, place of death, and post-death wishes. To better understand these preferences, we conducted 23 in-depth interviews with patients between the ages of 28 and 78 receiving treatment at two academic hospitals and the National Cancer Institute. While many participants desired a peaceful death, few were comfortable discussing the topic of death directly. Some younger participants expressed an interest in euthanasia but had not received any guidance or support. While several participants preferred a home death, some expressed a desire to die in a hospital due to better symptom control. Additionally, when discussing post-death wishes, some participants expressed frustration about being unable to have these conversations with their loved ones and their preferences for funeral arrangements. Socioeconomic and geographical factors significantly impacted the wishes and preferences expressed, with many individuals hesitant to initiate difficult conversations.

RESUMO

Chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) is a vast world health problem often associated with the somatosensory domain. This conceptualization is problematic because, unlike most other sensations that are usually affectively neutral and may present emotional, affective, and cognitive impairments. Neuronal circuits that modulate pain can increase or decrease painful sensitivity based on several factors, including context and expectation. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether subchronic treatment with Cannabidiol (CBD; 0.3, 3, and 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal route - i.p., once a day for 3 days) could promote pain-conditioned reversal, in the conditioned place preference (CPP) test, in male Wistar rats submitted to chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Then, we evaluated the expression of astrocytes and microglia in animals treated with CBD through the immunofluorescence technique. Our results demonstrated that CBD promoted the reversal of CPP at 3 and 10 mg/kg. In CCI animals, CBD was able to attenuate the increase in neuronal hyperactivity, measured by FosB protein expression, in the regions of the corticolimbic circuit: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), complex basolateral amygdala (BLA), granular layer of the dentate gyrus (GrDG), and dorsal hippocampus (DH) - adjacent to subiculum (CA1). CBD also prevented the increased expression of GFAP and IBA-1 in CCI animals. We concluded that CBD effects on CNP are linked to the modulation of the aversive component of pain. These effects decrease chronic neuronal activation and inflammatory markers in regions of the corticolimbic circuit.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The misuse of and addiction to opioids are serious public health problems in some countries, such as the USA. Drug addiction is a chronic and relapsing medical condition that involves motivational and memory-related processes due to the strong associations between drugs and consuming-related stimuli. These stimuli usually trigger continuous and compulsive use and are associated with relapses after periods of withdrawal. Several factors contribute to relapse, including withdrawal-induced mood changes. Therefore, drugs attenuating withdrawal-induced affective alterations could be useful alternative treatments for relapse prevention. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotomimetic component from the Cannabis sativa plant, has anti-anxiety and anti-stress properties and has been investigated as an alternative for the treatment of several mental disorders, including drug addiction. Here, we evaluated if CBD administered 30 min prior to test for a conditioned place aversion (CPA) would attenuate the aversion induced by morphine withdrawal precipitated by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone in male C57BL/6 mice. We also investigated if this effect involves the activation of 5-HT1A receptors, a mechanism previously associated with CBD anti-aversive effects. As expected, morphine-treated mice spent less time exploring the compartment paired with the naloxone-induced withdrawal, indicating a CPA induced by naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. This effect was not observed in animals treated with CBD, at 30 and 60 mg/kg, prior to the CPA test, indicating that CBD attenuated the expression of CPA induced by naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. Pretreatment with the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 (0.3 mg/kg) blocked CBD effects. Our findings suggest that CBD may reduce the expression of a previously established conditioned aversion induced by morphine withdrawal by a mechanism involving the activation of 5-HT1A receptors. Thus, CBD may be a therapeutic alternative for preventing relapse to opioid addiction by decreasing withdrawal-induced negative affective changes.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El valor de posición es una propiedad básica de los formatos de representación del Sistema de Numera- ción en Base Diez (SNBD), y su comprensión facilita el desempeño matemático de los estudiantes en diferentes grados escolares. Algunas investigaciones sugieren que nociones como la composición aditiva y la equivalencia numérica participan en la emergencia de la comprensión de este principio, sin embargo, pocos estudios han intentado analizar la relación entre estas nociones o se han interesado en indagar ­desde una perspectiva de la transcodificación numérica­, cómo estas afectan la producción de numerales arábigos durante los procesos iniciales del aprendizaje escolar. En tal sentido, esta investigación propone indagar si algunas de las invariantes del SNBD ­composición aditiva y equivalencia numérica­ facilitan la comprensión del valor de posición y la escritura numérica en estudiantes de primer grado de primaria. Participaron 96 estudiantes adscritos a escuelas públicas de Cali, Colombia, en un estudio cuasi-experimental pre-posprueba con grupo control, que involucra la aplicación de un proceso de intervención diferente para cada grupo experimental: composición aditiva y (b) equivalencia numérica. Los resultados plantean que los dos tratamientos apli- cados facilitan la comprensión del valor de posición y generan efectos diferentes en la comprensión y producción de numerales arábigos. Además, los análisis develan cambios significativos entre aplicaciones para los grupos experimentales, pero no para el grupo con- trol, lo cual sugiere que la composición aditiva y la equivalencia numérica son predictores en la escritura correcta de numerales.

The place value is a fundamental property of the base-10 system representation formats, and its under- standing facilitates the mathematical performance of children in different school grades. Some research sug- gests that notions such as additive composition and nu- merical equivalence participate in the emergence of the understanding of this principle. However, few studies have attempted to analyze the relationship between these notions or have been interested in investigating ­from a transcoding perspective numerical­ how these affect the production of Arabic numerals during the initial processes of school learning. This research explores how some invariants of the base-10 system: Additive Composition and Numerical Equivalence, facilitate the place value mastery and the numerical writing of children. First-grade students (n= 96) linked to public schools in the city of Cali, Colombia, in a quasi-experimental experimental study with a control group, which involves the application of different in- tervention processes to each experimental group: (a) numerical equivalence and (b) additive composition. The results suggest that both treatments facilitate the place value understanding and generate differ- ent effects on comprehending and producing Arabic numerals. In addition, analyses reveal significant changes between applications for the experimental groups but not for the group control, which specif- ically evidences both the additive composition and the numerical equivalence are predictors in correct number writing.

O valor posicional é uma propriedade básica dos forma- tos de representação do Sistema de Numeração Base Dez (SNBD), e sua compreensão facilita o desempenho mate- mático de alunos de diferentes séries escolares. Algumas pesquisas sugerem que noções como composição aditiva e equivalência numérica participam do surgimento da compreensão desse princípio, porém, poucos estudos têm tentado analisar a relação entre essas noções ou se interessado em investigar ­a partir de uma perspectiva de transcodificação numérica­ como essas afetam a produção de algarismos arábicos durante os processos iniciais de aprendizagem escolar. Esta investigação se propõe a investigar se alguns dos invariantes do SNBD; a composição aditiva e a equivalência numérica facilitam a compreensão do valor posicional e da escrita numérica em alunos da primeira série. Participaram do experi- mento 96 alunos da primeira série de escolas públicas de Cali, Colômbia; num estudo quase experimental pré/pós-teste com um grupo controle, que envolve a aplicação de um processo de intervenção diferen- te a cada grupo experimental; (a) composição aditiva e (b) equivalência numérica. Os resultados sugerem que os dois tratamentos aplicados facilitam a compreensão do valor posicional e geram efeitos diferentes na com- preensão e produção dos algarismos arábicos. Além disso, as análises revelam mudanças significativas entre as aplicações para os grupos experimentais, mas não para o grupo controle, o que sugere que a composi- ção aditiva e a equivalência numérica são preditores na escrita correta dos numerais.

Assuntos