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OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between presenting symptoms and oropharyngeal dysphagia diagnoses, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) diagnoses, and treatment with acid suppression medication in infants with brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a prospective cohort study of infants with BRUE to review presenting symptoms and their potential impact on testing and treatment. Videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) results and explanatory diagnoses were obtained from medical record review; acid suppression use was determined by parental survey. Binary and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between presenting symptoms and obtaining VFSS, VFSS results, GERD diagnoses, and acid suppression medication. RESULTS: Presenting symptoms were varied in 157 subjects enrolled at 51.0 ± 5.3 days of age, with many symptoms that may be related to GERD or dysphagia. Of these, 28% underwent VFSS with 71% abnormal. Overall, 42% had their BRUE attributed to GERD, and 33% were treated with acid suppression during follow-up. Presenting symptoms were significantly associated with the decision to obtain VFSS but not with abnormal VFSS results. Presenting symptoms were also associated with provision of GERD explanatory diagnoses. Both presenting symptoms and GERD explanatory diagnoses were associated with acid suppression use (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.03-5.3, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Presenting symptoms may play a role in clinicians' decisions on which BRUE patients undergo VFSS but are unreliable to make a diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Presenting symptoms may also influence assignment of GERD explanatory diagnoses that is associated with increased acid suppression medication use.

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Swallowing is an essential process to maintain homeostasis in the human body. With aging, changes occur in both central and peripheral structures, giving rise to presbyphagia, involving morphological and functional alterations in swallowing. However, there is a lack of consensus on the definition of presbyphagia and its relationship with dysphagia. The primary objective of this research is to analyze the proposed definitions for the term "presbyphagia" in specialized literature and, secondarily, to assess how these definitions can influence the diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). A systematic review was conducted to analyze the proposed definitions of presbyphagia and their impact on dysphagia diagnosis. Three main approaches to the definitions of presbyphagia were identified: (1) presbyphagia as an alteration in the swallowing process in healthy older adults, (2) presbyphagia as a swallowing disorder compensated by the physiological potential of healthy older adults, and (3) presbyphagia as a synonym for dysphagia. This study addresses the need for a clear definition of presbyphagia in older adults. It is concluded that presbyphagia should be understood as the etiology of OD rather than a compensated disorder or a synonym. This has significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of swallowing disorders in the aging population. Given the ongoing nature of scientific discussion in this field, further research is required.

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Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a swallowing disorder that involves difficulty in safely passing the food bolus from the oral cavity to the stomach. OD is a common problem in children with congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS). In this case series, we describe the clinical and acoustic alterations of swallowing in children exposed to the Zika virus during pregnancy in a cohort from Amazonas, Brazil. From July 2019 to January 2020, 22 children were evaluated, 6 with microcephaly and 16 without microcephaly. The mean age among the participants was 35 months (±4.6 months). All children with microcephaly had alterations in oral motricity, mainly in the lips and cheeks. Other alterations were in vocal quality, hard palate, and soft palate. Half of the children with microcephaly showed changes in cervical auscultation during breast milk swallowing. In children without microcephaly, the most frequently observed alteration was in lip motricity, but alterations in auscultation during the swallowing of breast milk were not observed. Regarding swallowing food of a liquid and pasty consistency, the most frequent alterations were incomplete verbal closure, increased oral transit time, inadequacy in capturing the spoon, anterior labial leakage, and increased oral transit time. Although these events are more frequent in microcephalic children, they can also be seen in non-microcephalic children, which points to the need for an indistinct evaluation of children exposed in utero to ZIKV.

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Thickening is efficacious and commonly recommended for oropharyngeal dysphagia and gastroesophageal reflux. Little is known about parental experience with this practice. Results of this cross-sectional questionnaire study suggest attitudes are positive, but parents frequently adjust recipes/nipple sizes, which might increase aspiration risk. Clinical follow-up is essential to ensure safe feeding.

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ABSTRACT The face-to-face assessment of and training for dysphagia are considered aerosol-generating procedures, and thus are contraindicated for patients who are positive or suspected of having severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Considering the extremely infectious nature of the virus, transmission to other individuals during rehabilitation is possible. Some patients in the intensive care unit and those who are on endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation often have dysphagia. Therefore, assessment and training for oropharyngeal dysphagia are provided by rehabilitation professionals to restore normal feeding before patient discharged. Thus, we aimed to explore the advantages of telerehabilitation in dysphagia management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. An infected 50-year-old man admitted to the hospital underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation rescue therapy and tracheostomy. Upon gradual respiratory status stabilization, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy was discontinued, and he was weaned off the ventilator. He had difficulty swallowing and coughed after attempting to drink fluids. We considered the application of telerehabilitation for managing dysphagia while minimizing the risk of infection and usage of personal protective equipment. A videoconferencing software on a tablet device provided contactless telerehabilitation, thus reducing the risk of infection and preventing personal protective equipment shortage. Moreover, it facilitates discussion on the issues related to the evaluation of oropharyngeal dysphagia telerehabilitation. We highlight important considerations for the application of telerehabilitation in the assessment and treatment of dysphagia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Resumen Introducción: El trastorno de la deglución, se denomina disfagia y presenta como complicaciones fundamentales la deshidratación, desnutrición y neumonía por aspiración, situaciones que condicionan desfavorablemente el estado de salud, incrementando la morbimortalidad. En Chile, existen escasas publicaciones a la fecha que den cuenta de antecedentes clínicos que permitan describir a los pacientes con sospecha de disfagia. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados con sospecha de disfagia en el Hospital San Camilo de San Felipe, Chile. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo de 767 registros de pacientes, entre los años 2017 y 2019. Se revisó información demográfica y antecedentes clínicos. Para variables cualitativas, se utilizaron proporciones y distribuciones frecuenciales, para variables cuantitativas, se usaron medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: El 58,54% de los pacientes era de sexo masculino y el 79,4% correspondió a personas mayores (79,4%). Las patologías neurológicas representaron el diagnóstico de ingreso más frecuente (61,93%). El 14,73% presentó antecedentes de intubación endotraqueal, el 8,34% tenía traqueostomía y el 84,09% era edéntulo parcial o total. En la evaluación con alimentos, las degluciones múltiples y la presencia de tos correspondieron a las alteraciones de eficacia y seguridad más frecuentes. En el 82,01% se diagnosticó disfagia y la mayoría de etiología neurogénica (68,45%). Conclusión: El presente estudio permitió conocer las características clínicas de los pacientes con sospecha de disfagia hospitalizados. En este contexto los pacientes extubados, traqueostomizados y las personas mayores con trastornos neurológicos o patologías respiratorias se presentan como potenciales candidatos para la evaluación de deglución.

Abstract Introduction: The swallowing disorder is called dysphagia and presents complications such as dehydration, malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia, situations that unfavorably condition the state of health, increasing morbidity and mortality. In Chile, there are few publications to date that provide an account of clinical history that allow the description of patients with suspected dysphagia. Aim: To describe the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with suspected dysphagia at Hospital San Camilo de San Felipe, Chile. Material and Method: Descriptive study of 767 patient records, between the years 2017 and 2019. Demographic information and clinical history were reviewed. For qualitative variables, proportions and frequency distributions were used, for quantitative variables, measures of central tendency were used. Results: 58.54% of the patients were male and 79.4% corresponded to elderly people (79.4%). Neurological pathologies represented the most frequent admission diagnosis (61.93%). 14.73% had a history of endotracheal intubation, 8.34% had a tracheostomy, and 84.09% were partial or total edentulous. In the evaluation with food, multiple swallows and the presence of cough corresponded to the most frequent alterations in efficacy and safety. In 82.01%, dysphagia was diagnosed and the majority of neurogenic etiology (68.45%). Conclusion: The present study allowed us to describe the clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with suspected dysphagia. In this context, extubated, tracheostomized patients and the elderly with neurological disorders or respiratory pathologies are presented as potential candidates for swallowing evaluation.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) and its association with body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and functionality among institutionalized older adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted. The swallowing function and diagnosis of OD were evaluated with a volume-viscosity swallow test. Activities of daily living were evaluated by the Barthel Index. Body composition was evaluated by BIA, and phase angle (PhA) was determined. RESULTS Eighty institutionalized older adults were evaluated. The mean age of the study population was 82±9.5 years, and 65% were females. The OD prevalence was 30%, dependence was 30%, and sarcopenia was 16%. In the multivariate analysis, a low PhA (<3.5°) was independently associated with the presence of OD adjusted by sex and age (OR: 2.60, 95%CI 2.41-2.90, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS A higher prevalence of OD was found. Significant and independent associations were found between low PhA, dependence, and sarcopenia with the presence of OD among institutionalized older persons.

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Oro-Pharyngeal Dysphagia - or simply dysphagia - is the difficulty (persistent) in swallowing/passing food and/or liquid from the mouth to the pharynx into the esophagus and finally the stomach; a deglutition disorder (a symptom, by definition, often due to neuro-degenerative/-muscular, drug-induced or localized structural pathologies such as head and neck tumors, lesions and associated surgical and/or radiation injuries) linked to severe consequences on Quality of Life (QoL), including malnutrition, dehydration, and even sudden death. Likewise, Temporo-Mandibular Jaw and Joint disorder(s) - or simply TMD - is a multifactorial etiological condition, regularly encountered in the dental office. Whether due to malocclusion, bruxism, stress and/or trauma, TMD destabilizes the whole cranio-mandibular system structurally and functionally, via affecting mastication, teeth, supporting structures, comfort and aesthetics, and thus, QoL, again. While several treatment regimens do exist for such conditions, some of which have been standardized for use over the years, most continue to lack proper evidence-based literature support. Hence, (1) caution is to be exercised; and (2) the need for alternative therapeutic strategies is amplified, subsequently, the door for innovation is wide open. Indeed, neuromuscular electrical stimulation or "NMES", is perhaps a fine example. Herein, we present the interested oro-dental health care provider with an up-dated revision of this therapeutic modality, its potential benefits, risks and concerns, to best handle the dysphagic patient: an intra-disciplinary approach or strategy bridging contemporary dentistry with speech and language therapy; a rather obscure and un-discovered yet critical allied health profession. A pre-clinical and clinical prospectus on employing inventive NMES-based regimens and devices to manage TMD is also highlighted.

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Severe brain damage associated with Zika-related microcephaly (ZRM) have been reported to result in oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD); however, it is unknown if OPD presents in children with prenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure but only mild or undetectable abnormalities. The aims of this study were: to compare the frequency and characteristics of OPD in children with ZRM and in children without microcephaly born to mothers who tested polymerase chain reaction positive (PCR+) for ZIKV during pregnancy; and to investigate the concordance of caregiver reports of OPD with the diagnosis from the clinical swallowing assessment (CSA). Between Mar/2017 and May/2018, we evaluated 116 children (n = 58 with microcephaly, n = 58 children without microcephaly born to ZIKV PCR + mothers) participating in the Microcephaly Epidemic Research Group (MERG) cohort of children born during the 2015-2016 ZIKV epidemic in Pernambuco, Brazil. To assess OPD we used: a CSA; a clinical assessment of the stomatognathic system; and a questionnaire administered to caregivers. The frequency of OPD was markedly higher in children with ZRM (79.3%) than in the exposed but normocephalic group (8.6%). The children with microcephaly also presented more frequently with anatomic and functional abnormalities in the stomatognathic system. There was a high degree of agreement between the caregiver reports of OPD and the CSA (κ = 0.92). In conclusion, our findings confirm that OPD is a feature of Congenital Zika Syndrome that primarily occurs in children with microcephaly and provide support for policies in which children are referred for rehabilitation with an OPD diagnosis based on caregiver report.

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Early detection of dysphagia and specifically aspiration is essential to prevent and reduce complications of hospitalized patients in rehabilitation centers. Bedside screening test are often used to evaluate swallowing disorders, but their results may be questionable due to insufficient and inconsistent sensitivity and specificity. To compare the sensitivity and specificity of various bedside screening tests for detecting aspiration in hospitalized rehabilitation patients. A prospective observational study was performed in 150 consecutive patients of a tertiary rehabilitation hospital. Patients were evaluated regarding clinical predictors for aspiration, maximum phonation time (MPT), Eating Assessment Tool 10 (EAT-10) questionnaire, tongue strength and endurance (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument [IOPI]) and a swallowing test (Volume-Viscosity Swallow Test [V-VST]). Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) was the reference test. Of the 144 patients included, 22% aspirated on FEES. Previous history of pneumonia, dysarthria, wet voice, and abnormal cough reflex were significantly associated with aspiration. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for V-VST (83.3%, 72.6%, 74.8%, respectively) and EAT-10 (82.8%, 57.7%, 62.8%, respectively) to detect aspiration were superior than those of other methods. Maximum tongue strength on IOPI and MPT presented high sensitivity but low specificity to detect aspiration. Clinical predictors of aspiration (previous history of pneumonia, dysarthria, wet voice, and abnormal cough reflex) associated with either V-VST or EAT-10 may be good screening methods to detect aspiration in patients hospitalized in a rehabilitation center.

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Introducción: El proceso de envejecimiento, al igual que en todo el organismo, genera una serie de cambios en las estructuras estomatognáticas, y estos cambios morfológicos, característicos en el mecanismo de la deglución en sujetos sanos de edad avanzada caracterizan a la Presbifagia. Objetivo: Realizar un análisis crítico-reflexivo en torno a la conceptualización desde las diversas ópticas de los autores que exponen el fenómeno, con el fin de abrir la discusión dirigida a establecer un lenguaje unificado en pro de dirigir las acciones fonoaudiológicas hacia las áreas de promoción de la salud de la función deglutoria y prevención de la disfagia esta población. Metodología: Se seleccionaron, por conveniencia, artículos y capítulos de libros de especialidad publicados en la última década, que abordan las alteraciones deglutorias en adultos mayores, para comparar similitudes y diferencias en la forma de abordar el fenómeno. Resultados: Se evidencia que, pese al exponencial progreso de la disciplina, no existe consenso conceptual entre los especialistas al momento de hacer referencia a los cambios anatomofuncionales de la biomecánica deglutoria y la transición de la presbifagia a la disfagia en los adultos mayores. Discusión: Una interesante discusión se genera en torno a la presbifagia y los parámetros de seguridad, efectividad, competencia y confortabilidad, dado que los cambios neurológicos-estructurales son frecuentes en la tercera edad, los cuales acarrean diversas consecuencias, desde grados leves a severos, que impactan de forma diferenciada en los indicadores que habitualmente se describen en la clínica. Sin embargo, la conceptualización utilizada no es clara al realizar una distinción entre un estado transicional o de afección. Conclusión: Los cambios en el envejecimiento deben seguir siendo estudiados desde las diferentes concepciones para comprender mejor los fenómenos neurofisiológicos y anatómicos que se originan entorno a la Presbifagia.

Introduction: The aging process, as in the whole organism, generates a series of changes in the stomatognathic structures, and these morphological changes, characteristic of the swallowing mechanism in healthy elderly subjects, characterize Presbyphagia. Objective: To carry out a critical-reflective analysis around the conceptualization from the different perspectives of the authors who expose the phenomenon, in order to open the discussion aimed at establishing a unified language in favor of directing speech therapy actions towards the areas of promotion of the health of the swallowing function and prevention of dysphagia in this population. Methodology: Articles and chapters of specialty books published in the last decade, which address swallowing disorders in older adults, were selected for convenience in order to compare similarities and differences in the way of approaching the phenomenon. Results: It is evident that, despite the exponential progress of the discipline, there is no conceptual consensus among specialists when referring to anatomical and functional changes in swallowing biomechanics and the transition from presbyophagia to dysphagia in older adults. Discussion: An interesting discussion is generated around presbyphagia and the parameters of safety, effectiveness, competence and comfort, given that neurological-structural changes are frequent in the elderly, which carry various consequences, from mild to severe degrees. that have a differentiated impact on the indicators that are usually described in the clinic. However, the conceptualization used is not clear when making a distinction between a transitional state or a state of affection. Conclusion: Changes in aging must continue to be studied from different conceptions to better understand the neurophysiological and anatomical phenomena that originate around Presbyphagia.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La disfagia tiene una morbimortalidad importante en pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivos: principal; describir las características de los pacientes con disfagia hospitalizados y, secundarios; cuantificar y analizar la prevalencia de mortalidad y de reingresos. Metodología: Estudio transversal descriptivo de las hospitalizaciones por disfagia durante el año 2015 en un Hospital General Universitario. Resultados: Se evaluaron 431 historias clínicas. La edad de los pacientes fue de 83,21 (DE 11,4) años, el 52,5% fueron mujeres y el 47,2% varones; la estancia media fue de 11,1 (DE 7,99) días. En el 71,2 % de los casos la disfagia fue por afectación de la fase orofaríngea. En el 80,51% de los casos se diagnosticaron complicaciones respiratorias: 48,12% neumonía aspirativa por líquidos, 40,05 % neumonitis química por aspiración y 11,81% neumonía aspirativa por sólidos. La mortalidad general asociada a las complicaciones respiratorias respecto del total de los casos de disfagia fue del 24,49%. El 50,48% de los pacientes con neumonía aspirativa fallecieron. La principal causa de la disfagia fue las enfermedades neurológicas (un 77,25%). La mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres - 42,3% frente al 7,8% - (p < 0,01) y esta diferencia se mantuvo tras ajustar el resultado por edad: OR 9,937, IC95%: 5,446; 18,131. El 13,10% de los pacientes reingresaron al menos en una ocasión. Los pacientes de geriatría presentaron un mayor número de reingresos por número de ingresos. Discusión: las enfermedades neurológicas fueron la principal causa de disfagia. La mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dysphagia is an important associated morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patient. Objectives: Main; to describe the characteristics of patients admitted for dysphagia and secondary; quantify and analyze the prevalence of mortality and readmissions. Methodology: Cross-sectional study descriptive revenues by dysphagia during the year 2015 in a University General Hospital. Results: 431 records were evaluated. The age of the patients was 83,21 (11.4), 52.5% women and 47.2% male; the average stay was 11.1 (7.99) days. In 71,2% of cases the dysphagia was involvement of the oropharyngeal phase. 80.51% of cases were diagnosed respiratory complications. The percentage distribution of these complications were: in 48.12% aspiration pneumonia due to fluids, in 40.05% chemical aspiration pneumonitis and in 11.81% aspiration pneumonia due to solids. The overall mortality associated with respiratory complications compared to the total of cases of dysphagia was 24.49%. 50.48% of patients diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia died. The main cause of dysphagia was neurological diseases (77.25%). Mortality was significantly higher in women - 42.3% of women compared with 7.8% of males - (p < 0.01) and this difference remained after adjusting the result by age: OR 9,937, 95% CI: 5,446; 18,131. 13.10% of patients re-entered at least on one occasion. Patients of geriatric unit that presented in greater number of readmissions by admissions. Discussion: neurological diseases were the main cause of dysphagia. Mortality was significantly higher in women

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(1) Background: The effect of dopaminergic treatment on swallowing response in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffering oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is not understood. Aim: To characterize OD pathophysiology in PD and to assess whether dopaminergic states affect swallow function and the effect of thickeners. (2) Methods: Fifty patients with PD (40 evaluated in OFF/ON states) and 12 healthy volunteers (HVs) were evaluated with videofluoroscopy (VFS) to assess the swallowing biomechanics and kinematics of the swallowing response at three different shear-viscosities (<50, 120, and 4000 mPa·s); (3) Results: Patients presented a mean age of 70.46 ± 10.03 years. Disease evolution was 5.09 ± 3.86 year and Hoehn-Yahr stage was 2.32 ± 0.81. For HVs, mean age was 40.20 ± 2.50 year. Penetrations were present in 37.50% of PD patients and were associated with delayed laryngeal vestibule closure (LVC = 293.33 ± 90.07 ms). In contrast, HVs presented a LVC = 164.00 ± 39.78 ms (p < 0.05). An LVC ≥ 260 ms cutoff predicted unsafe swallow (sensitivity ≥ 0.83, specificity ≥ 0.57, AUC = 0.80) in PD. Increasing bolus viscosity improved deglutition safety but increased oropharyngeal residue. There were no differences in swallowing between the OFF/ON states. (4) Conclusions: In initial PD stages, oropharyngeal swallow response is severely delayed, while mildly impaired swallow safety improves with increasing bolus viscosity, which increases residue. Dopaminergic treatment does not affect swallowing or the therapeutic effect of thickeners.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine if hospitalization, testing, diagnosis, and management of suspected gastroesophageal reflux, and follow-up visits decreased since introduction of American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for brief resolved unexplained events (BRUEs). STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective cohort study of infants with BRUE evaluated at Boston Children's Hospital in the year before and after guideline implementation to determine if practice patterns have changed. Outcomes included hospitalization rates, frequency of swallow assessments, other diagnostic testing, and reflux diagnoses, cost of care, and number of repeat visits. Groups were compared based on whether they presented before or after guideline implementation. RESULTS: In total, 359 subjects (186 pre-, 173 post-guidelines) were identified. There were no significant differences in practice patterns or outcomes before or after guideline implementation. Subjects had mean age 2.53 ± 0.15 months, and 80% were hospitalized for 2.49 ± 0.26 days. Each subject had 2.47 diagnostic tests performed, and 89% were noncontributory. Despite only 13% having videofluoroscopic swallow study performed, 72% showed aspiration/penetration. No subject had gastroesophageal reflux testing, yet reflux was implicated as the cause for admission in 40% of subjects, resulting in increased odds of discharge on acid suppressing medications (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.68-4.92, P = .0001). In follow-up, 28% of subjects had repeat hospitalizations or emergency department visits for persistent symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with BRUE continue to undergo low-yield diagnostic testing and after admission remain symptomatic and frequently re-present to medical care. Swallow testing remains infrequent despite its high-yield, reflux continues to be implicated and children are still being discharged on acid suppression despite lack of efficacy.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine if any presenting symptoms are associated with aspiration risk, and to evaluate the reliability of clinical feeding evaluation (CFE) in diagnosing aspiration compared with videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS). STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed records of children under 2 years of age who had evaluation for oropharyngeal dysphagia by CFE and VFSS at Boston Children's Hospital and compared presenting symptoms, symptom timing, and CFE and VFSS results. We investigated the relationship between symptom presence and aspiration using the Fisher exact test and stepwise logistic regression with adjustment for comorbidities. CFE and VFSS results were compared using the McNemar test. Intervals from CFE to VFSS were compared using the Student t test. RESULTS: A total of 412 subjects with mean (±SD) age 8.9 ± 6.9 months were evaluated. No symptom, including timing relative to meals, predicted aspiration on VFSS. This lack of association between symptoms and VFSS results persisted even in the adjusted multivariate model. The sensitivity of CFE for predicting aspiration by VFSS was 44%. Patients with a reassuring CFE waited 28.2 ± 8.5 days longer for confirmatory VFSS compared with those with a concerning CFE (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Presenting symptoms are varied in patients with aspiration and cannot be relied upon to determine which patients have aspiration on VFSS. The CFE does not have the sensitivity to consistently diagnose aspiration so a VFSS should be performed in persistently symptomatic patients.

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BACKGROUND: Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a swallowing disorder with signs and symptoms which may be present in older adults, but they are rarely noticed as a health concern by older people. The earliest possible identification of this clinical condition is needed by self-reported population-based screening questionnaire, which are valid and reliable for preventing risks to nutritional status, increased morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review was to identify self-reported screening questionnaires for oropharyngeal dysphagia in older adults to evaluate their methodological quality for population-based studies. METHODS: An extensive search of electronic databases (PubMed (MEDLINE), Ovid MEDLINE(R), Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science (WOS), PsycINFO (APA), Lilacs and Scielo) was conducted in the period from April to May 2017 using previously established search strategies by the two evaluators. The methodological quality and the psychometric properties of the included studies were evaluated by the COSMIN (Consensus based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments) checklist and the quality criteria of Terwee and colleagues, respectively. RESULTS: The analysed information was extracted from three articles which had conducted studies on the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia by self-reported screening questionnaires, showing poor methodological quality and flaws in the methodological description to demonstrate its psychometric properties. CONCLUSION: This study did not find any self-reported screening questionnaires for oropharyngeal dysphagia with suitable methodological quality and appropriate evidence in its psychometric properties for elders. Therefore, the self-reported questionnaires within the diagnostic proposal require greater details in its process for obtaining valid and reliable evidence.

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No idoso, o momento da alimentação pode estar comprometido em decorrência de um distúrbio de deglutição durante a passagem do alimento pela região oral e faríngea denominado de disfagia orofaríngea (DO). Esta condição de saúde interfere na manutenção de seu estado nutricional e de hidratação, com possibilidades de complicações respiratórias. Reconhecida como síndrome geriátrica por duas importantes comunidades europeias, a DO afeta a autonomia e independência do idoso na realização de suas atividades de vida diária e contribui para o declínio funcional. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar um questionário autorreferido de rastreamento de disfagia orofaríngea em idosos (RaDI). A metodologia da pesquisa deste estudo de validação, não aleatorizado e transversal, seguiu as premissas dos Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing que descrevem o processo de obtenção de evidências baseadas: no conteúdo do teste, nos processos de resposta, na estrutura interna, em relação com outras variáveis (validade convergente, discriminante, de critério e de generalização). A coleta da pesquisa, realizada de março de 2013 a outubro de 2017, em Natal, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, incluiu idosos, a partir de 60 anos, de ambos os sexos e excluiu os com dificuldades funcionais para compreender ordens simples, transtorno psiquiátrico, neurológico, neuromuscular, neurodegenerativo ou rebaixamento cognitivo, perda auditiva, mesmo que utilizassem aparelho de amplificação sonora individual, sem nenhuma alimentação por via oral, que tivessem histórico de câncer de cabeça e pescoço e traqueostomizados. Nas duas primeiras etapas da validação, participaram quatro pesquisadores envolvidos nos temas Deglutição e Envelhecimento Humano, três fonoaudiólogos e um dentista sanitarista que compuseram um painel de experts para avaliar as análises de 32 juízes sobre a primeira versão do RaDI com 17 itens. Após sua reformulação, o questionário foi aplicado na população-alvo em 40 idosos. Ajustado para 14 questões, o instrumento foi administrado em 211 voluntários para realização da análise fatorial confirmatória, em que foi considerado o menor valor do qui-quadrado (2), mesmo se for significativo, qui-quadrado normado, raiz do erro quadrático médio de aproximação (RMSEA), raiz quadrada média ponderada residual (WRMR), índice de ajuste comparativo (CFI) e índice de Tucker Lewis (TLI). Realizado alguns ajustes no modelo, a avaliação de sua validade convergente (n=393) e discriminante (n=110) considerou a análise do coeficiente de Spearman  A confiabilidade do teste-reteste, em 75 idosos, utilizou a correlação intraclasse (CCI), Kappa ponderado, erro de medição do instrumento (SEM) e a menor diferença real (SRD), e a consistência interna, o alfa de Cronbach, dentro do intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: O RaDI foi ajustado em sua estrutura interna no modelo de nove questões 2=45,8, p < 0,05, 2/gl =1,76, RMSEA = 0,06, WRMR = 0,72, CFI = 0,97 e TLI = 0,96), com boa confiabilidade (ICC = 0,83, IC 0,74-0,89, p <0,001; SEM = 2,13; SRD = 5,90), alta consistência interna ( = 0,90) e excelente validade discriminante ( = -0,06; p = 0,6), porém moderada convergente  = 0,43; p<0,001). Conclusões: O RaDI produziu respostas válidas e confiáveis para identificar os sintomas de disfagia orofaríngea em idosos residentes na comunidade (AU).

In older adults, feeding may be compromised as a result of a swallowing disorder during the passage of food through the oral and pharyngeal region called oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). This health condition interferes with the maintenance of their nutritional and hydration status, with the possibility of respiratory complications. Recognized as a geriatric syndrome by two important European Communities, OD affects the autonomy and independence of older adults in carrying out their daily life activities and contributes to functional decline. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a self-reported questionnaire screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia in older people (RaDI). The methodology of this non-randomized, cross-sectional validation study was performed by the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, which describe the process of obtaining evidence based on test content, response processes, internal structure, with other variables (convergent validity, discriminant, criterion, and generalization). The data were collected from March 2013 to October 2017, in Natal city of the Rio Grande do Norte state, included older adults, aged 60 and older, of both sexes, and excluded those with functional difficulties to understand simple orders, with hearing loss, even they used individual sound-amplifier apparatus, no oral feeding, history of head and neck cancer and were undergoing to tracheostomy. In the first two stages of validation, four researchers involved in the issues of swallowing and aging, three speech pathologists and a sanitary dentist participated in a panel of experts to evaluate the analyzes of 32 judges on the first version of RaDI with 17 items. After its reformulation, the questionnaire was applied to the target population in 40 older people. Adjusted to 14 questions, the instrument were applied in 211 elders to perform the confirmatory factor analysis, by lower chi-square value (2), even if it is significant, normed chi-square, root of the mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), weighted root mean square residual (WRMR), comparative fit index (CFI) e Tucker Lewis index (TLI). After some adjustments in the model, the evaluation of its convergent validity (n = 393) and discriminant (n = 110) considered the analysis of the Spearman coefficient . The reliability of the test-retest in 75 older subjects, was achieved by intraclass correlation coeficient (ICC), weighted Kappa, standard error of measurement (SEM) and the smallest real difference (SRD), and the internal consistency by Cronbach's alpha with the 95% of confidence interval. Results: RaDI was adjusted in its internal structure to nine questions model 2 = 45,81, p < 0,05, 2/gl =1,76, RMSEA = 0,06, WRMR = 0,72, CFI = 0,97 e TLI = 0,96), with good reliability (ICC = 0,83, IC 0,74-0,89, p <0,001; SEM =02,13; SRD = 5,90) and high internal consistency ( = 0,90) and excellent discriminant ( = -0,06; p = 0,6) but moderate convergent validity  = 0,43; p<0,001). Conclusions: RaDI produced valid and reliable responses to identify the oropharyngeal dysphagia symptoms in community-dwelling older people (AU).

Assuntos

RESUMO

The motility of the pharynx, upper esophageal sphincter (UES), and proximal esophagus in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia is still not entirely understood. High-resolution manometry (HRM) was recently added to the armamentarium for the study of this area. This study aims to describe HRM findings in patients with vagal paralysis. Sixteen patients (mean age 54 years, 69% females) with oropharyngeal dysphagia due to unilateral vagal paralysis were prospectively studied. All patients underwent HRM. Motility of the UES and at the topography of the velopharynx and epiglottis were recorded. (1) UES relaxation is compromised in a minority of patients, (2) epiglottis pressure does not follow a specific pattern, (3) vellum is hypotonic in half of the patients, (4) dysphagia is related to a low pharyngeal pressure, not to a flow obstruction at the level of the UES, and (5) aspiration is related to low pressures at the level of the UES and epiglottis and higher pressures at the level of the vellum. Pharyngeal motility is significantly impaired in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia and unilateral vagal paralysis. In half of the cases, UES resting pressure is preserved due to unilateral innervation and relaxation is normal in most patients. Dysphagia therapy in these patients must be directed toward improvement in the oropharyngeal motility not at the UES.

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RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To determine which objective pressure-impedance measures of pharyngeal swallowing function correlated with clinically assessed severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-five children with OPD and 34 control children without OPD were recruited and up to 5 liquid bolus swallows were recorded with a solid-state high-resolution manometry with impedance catheter. Individual measures of pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) function and a swallow risk index composite score were derived for each swallow, and averaged data for patients with OPD were compared with those of control children without OPD. Clinical severity of OPD symptoms and oral feeding competency was based on the validated Dysphagia Disorders Survey and Functional Oral Intake Scale. RESULTS: Those objective measures that were markers of UES relaxation, UES opening, and pharyngeal flow resistance differentiated patients with and without OPD symptoms. Patients demonstrating abnormally high pharyngeal intrabolus pressures and high UES resistance, markers of outflow obstruction, were most likely to have signs and symptoms of overt Dysphagia Disorders Survey (OR 9.24, P = .05, and 9.7, P = .016, respectively). CONCLUSION: Pharyngeal motor patterns can be recorded in children by the use of HRIM and pharyngeal function can be defined objectively with the use of pressure-impedance measures. Objective measurements suggest that pharyngeal dysfunction is common in children with clinical signs of OPD. A key finding of this study was evidence of markers of restricted UES opening.

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RESUMO

Introduction Voice modification after swallowing may indicate changes in the transit of the bolus. Objective The aim of this study is to verify the use of perceptual voice analysis to detect oropharyngeal dysphagia. Study Design Case series. Methods Twenty-seven patients with dysphagia as diagnosed by videofluoroscopy and 25 without were evaluated. The sustained vowel /a/ was recorded before this exam and after swallowing different consistencies (pasty, liquid and solid). For the voice evaluation, the GRBAS scale (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia and strain) and the parameter "wet voice" were used. Three judges blinded to study group and time of emission performed voice analysis. Results Individuals with dysphagia showed significant decrease in grade of voice and asthenia and increase in strain after swallowing pasty substances, differing from individuals without dysphagia who showed no modification of the parameters after swallowing. The wet voice parameter showed no difference after swallowing in both study groups. Conclusion The decrease in grade and asthenia and increased strain are indicative of a swallowing disorder, indicating increased vocal strain to clean the vocal tract of food. The modification of vocal production after swallowing proved to be a trusted resource for detection of swallowing disorders.