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Ligand-modified nanocarriers can promote oral or inhalative administration of macromolecular drugs across the intestinal or pulmonary mucosa. However, enhancing the unidirectional transport of the nanocarriers through "apical uptake→intracellular transport→basolateral exocytosis" route remains a hot topic and challenge in current research. Forskolin is a naturally occurring diterpenoid compound extracted from the roots of C. forskohlii. In our studies, we found that forskolin could increase the transcellular transport of butyrate-modified nanoparticles by 1.67-fold and 1.20-fold in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell models and Calu-3 lung epithelial cell models, respectively. Further mechanistic studies revealed that forskolin, on the one hand, promoted the cellular uptake of butyrate-modified nanoparticles by upregulating the expression of monocarboxylic acid transporter-1 (MCT-1) on the apical membrane. On the other hand, forskolin facilitated the binding of MCT-1 to caveolae, thereby mediating butyrate-modified nanoparticles hijacking caveolae to promote the basolateral exocytosis of butyrate-modified nanoparticles. Studies in normal mice model showed that forskolin could promote the transmucosal absorption of butyrate-modified nanoparticles by >2-fold, regardless of oral or inhalative administration. Using semaglutide as the model drug, both oral and inhalation delivery approaches demonstrated significant hypoglycemic effects in type 2 diabetes mice model, in which inhalative administration was more effective than oral administration. This study optimized the strategies aimed at enhancing the transmucosal absorption of ligand-modified nanocarriers in the intestinal or pulmonary mucosa.

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Chronic inflammation is crucial in developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have shown that a leaf extract of Eucalyptus tereticornis, with ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA), and ursolic acid lactone (UAL) as the main molecules (78 %) mixed with unknown minor metabolites (22 %), provided superior anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects than reconstituted triterpenoid mixtures in macrophage cell lines and a pre-diabetic mouse model. Further identification of the molecular mechanisms of action of this mixture of triterpenes is required. This study aims to analyse the RNA expression profiles of mouse and human macrophage cell lines treated with the natural extract and its components. Activated macrophage cell lines were treated with the natural extract, UA, OA, UAL or a triterpene mixture (M1). RNA was extracted and sequenced using the DNBseq platform and the EnrichR software to perform gene enrichment analysis using the Gene Ontology database, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Reactome. To conduct clustering analysis, we standardised the normalised counts of each gene and applied k-means clustering. The combination of molecules in the natural extract has an additive or synergic effect that affects the expression of up-regulated genes by macrophage activation. Triterpenes (M1) regulated 76 % of human and 68 % of mouse genes, while uncharacterised minority molecules could regulate 24 % of human and 32 % of mouse genes. The extract inhibited the expression of many cytokines (IL6, IL1, OSM), chemokines (CXCL3), inflammatory mediators (MMP8 and MMP13) and the JAK-STAT signalling pathway in both models. The natural extract has a more powerful immunomodulatory effect than the triterpene mixture, increasing the number of genes regulated in mouse and human models. Our study shows that Eucalyptus tereticornis extract is a promising option for breaking the link between inflammation and insulin resistance.

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Drug delivery systems of natural antimicrobial compounds, such as copaiba oil (CO), have become relevant in the scientific community due to the recent prevalence of the public health complications related to antibiotic resistance. Electrospun devices act as an efficient drug delivery system for these bioactive compounds, reducing systemic side effects and increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. In this way, the present study aimed to evaluate the synergistic and antimicrobial effect of the direct incorporation of different concentrations of CO in a poly(L-co-D,L lactic acid) and natural rubber (NR) electrospun membrane. It was observed that CO showed bacteriostatic and antibacterial effects against S. aureus in antibiogram assays. The prevention of biofilm formation was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy. The test with crystal violet demonstrated strong bacteria inhibition in membranes with 75% CO. A decrease in hydrophilicity, observed in the swelling test, presented that the addition of CO promotes a safe environment for the recovery of injured tissue while acting as an antimicrobial agent. In this way, the study showed strong bacteriostatic effects of the CO incorporation in combination with electrospun membranes, a suitable feature desired in wound dressings in order to promote a physical barrier with prophylactic antimicrobial properties to avoid infections during tissue healing.

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Recently, a worrying acceleration of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been reported. The increase in antibiotic-associated diseases, such as Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), has promoted research on new treatments that could be more effective and less aggressive for CDI patients. This study evaluates eight plants with antimicrobial activity commonly used in Mexican traditional medicine to evaluate their potential against C. difficile. We provide essential information about these plants' activities and action mechanisms against C. difficile and their effect on different bacterial infection activities: motility, adherence, sporulation, and germination. The selected plants are rosemary, estafiate, rue, epazote, mint, toloache, ajenjo, and thyme. We used clinical isolates to test their activity against strains responsible for current outbreaks to provide more information about the clinical impact of these extracts. We found that thyme, ajenjo, and mint were the most effective against the isolates. We identified that the extracts affected protein synthesis. In addition, the extracts affect the strains' motility, and some, such as thyme extract, affect adherence, whereas rue extract affects sporulation. These results led to the identification of new compounds beneficial to CDI treatment.

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Due to its abundance in nature and low cost, starch is one of the most relevant raw materials for replacing synthetic polymers in a number of applications. It is generally regarded as non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable and, therefore, a safe option for biomedical, food, and packaging applications. In this review, we focused on studies that report the use of starch as a matrix for stabilization, incorporation, or release of bioactive compounds, and explore a wide range of applications of starch-based materials. One of the key application areas for bioactive compounds incorporated in starch matrices is the pharmaceutical industry, especially in orally disintegrating films. The packaging industry has also shown great interest in using starch films, especially those with antioxidant activity. Regarding food technology, starch can be used as a stabilizer in nanoemulsions, thus allowing the incorporation of bioactive compounds in a variety of food types. Starch also presents potential in the cosmetic industry as a delivery system. However, there are still several types of industry that could benefit from the incorporation of starch matrices with bioactive compounds, which are described in this review. In addition, the use of microbial bioactive compounds in starch matrices represents an almost unexplored field still to be investigated.

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This work aimed to develop an integrated method to extract and fractionate phenolic compounds from lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel by in-line coupling pressurized liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction (PLE-SPE). The effect of the adsorbent used in the SPE (Sepra™ C18-E, Sepra™ NH2, and PoraPak Rxn), the combination of organic extraction-elution solvents (water-ethanol and water-ethyl lactate), extraction temperature (40-80 °C), and extraction water pH (4.0, 6.0, and 7.0) were the investigated variables. The highest yield and separation degree were observed using Sepra™ C18-E and the water-ethanol combination as the extraction solvent-eluent. Higher temperatures led to higher yields but negatively affected the retention of less polar compounds, hesperidin, and narirutin during the extraction step. The lower pH improved the yield of most evaluated compounds; however, it did not improve the adsorbent retention at high temperatures. Thus, the developed PLE-SPE method resulted in higher extraction yields from lemon peel, especially total less polar compounds (20.2100 ± 0,0050 mg/g) and hesperidin (12.8120 ± 0.0006 mg/g) and allowed the separation of polar compounds and less polar compounds in distinct extract fractions. Besides, PLE-SPE resulted in higher yields compared to other extraction methods. The integrated approach allowed obtaining extract fractions with different chemical composition through an environmentally friendly procedure. The research outcomes may be helpful for natural products chemistry, and industrial processes.

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Background and aim: Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Benth is a rhizomatous shrub native from different zones of Argentine Republic. P. strombulifera aqueous extract (PsAE) has different effects and several biological activities have been reported. The goal of this study was to analyze the activity of PsAE on a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania amazonensis. Experimental procedure: PsAE was orally administered at 150 mg/animal/day on BALB/c mice infected in the right footpad (RFP) with 1 × 105 promastigotes of L. amazonensis. As a chemotherapeutic control of treatment, animals receive a commercial form of meglumine antimoniate (MA) (Glucantime®, Aventis, Paris, France). Results and conclusion: We observe that the size of RFP lesions of infected mice without treatment showed a grade of inflammation, ulceration and necrosis at the site of infection much greater than that observed with PsAE or MA treatment. Moreover, PsAE was capable of decreasing parasite burden and splenic index. Furthermore, PsAE treated mice showed a significant decrease in O.D. of total anti-Leishmania IgG antibody responses against L. amazonensis. This decrease was similar to those observed when the reference drug, MA, was used. This would indicate that PsAE treatment inhibits or delays disease progression in mice. In conclusion, our findings suggest that PsAE could be a potential candidate to be used, as a new therapeutic strategy, to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. amazonensis.

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Processed meat products have been increasingly consumed, a highlight being dried-cured coppa, commonly purchased sliced, making it more susceptible to bacterial deterioration and lipid oxidation. The aim of this work was to produce and apply bi-layers films based on gelatin (in both layers) with addition of nisin and/or Pitanga leaf hydroethanolic extract (PLHE) only in the food contact thinner layer, in order to evaluate their effect on the refrigerated storage of sliced dried-cured coppa. Dried-cured coppa slices covered with active films were vacuum-packaged and stored under refrigeration for 120 days. Every 30 days, samples were tested for moisture content, water activity, pH, color parameters, lipid oxidation by TBARS and peroxide index methods, and microbiological analysis. The different film formulations presented no influence on the water activity, pH and color parameters of sliced dried-cured coppa. However, they significantly affected moisture content, bacterial count and lipid oxidation. The addition of both active compounds - nisin and PLHE - in the food contact thinner layer was observed to have the most favorable effect.

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The current trends among consumers are pushing for the use of natural antioxidants options. Açaí fruit is rich on polyphenolic components but no studies have been carried out to evaluate their effect in meat products. The objective was to investigate the effect of açaí extract on refrigerated pork patties quality. Five treatments were done: without antioxidant (CON), Sodium Erythorbate 500 mg.kg -1 (ERY), Açaí Extract: 250 (AEL), 500 (AEM), 750 mg.kg -1 (AEH). Açaí extract did not affect the proximate composition, pH and cooking parameters. The concentrations of açaí extract studied increased antioxidant activity and reduced lipid oxidation (0.379, 0.293, and 0.217 vs. 0.889 mg MDA.kg-1 for AEL, AEM, AEH vs. CON, respectively). However, only the AEL treatment did not affect the color parameters, showing the best option for the application on pork patties. Thus, açaí extract at 250 mg.kg-1 can be used as a natural antioxidant replacing sodium erythorbate to preserve the quality of refrigerated pork patties.

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Forty young crossbred bulls (10 ± 2.2 months of age; 219 ± 11.7 kg) were finished in a feedlot with one of five different treatments: CON, control (no essential oil); CLO450, clove essential oil (450 mg/kg); CLO880, clove essential oil (880 mg/kg); CIN450; cinnamon essential oil (450 mg/kg); and CIN880, cinnamon essential oil (880 mg/kg). Instrumental meat quality attributes and consumer acceptability aspects (visual and sensory) were assessed during meat ageing and display. The inclusion of clove essential oil showed (P = 0.033) a quadratic effect on lipid oxidation in meat evaluated under display conditions. Level of cinnamon essential oil affected (P < 0.05) pH, shear force, and meat colour. On the other hand, the diet had no effect (P > 0.05) on sensory or visual acceptability. Ageing (7 days) enhanced (P < 0.05) sensory acceptability attributes. Globally, the addition of essential oil in bull diets can be an alternative to reduces lipid oxidation without modifying sensory acceptability attributes.

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Ilex paraguariensis is a plant from South America, used to prepare a tea-like beverage rich in caffeine and polyphenols with antioxidant proprieties. Caffeine consumption is associated with a lower risk of age-associated neuropathologies, besides several extracts that have antioxidant proprieties are known to be neuroprotective, and oxidative stress strongly correlates with Aß-toxicity. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the Ilex paraguariensis hydroalcoholic extract (IPHE) and to evaluate if caffeine agent present in IPHE exerts neuroprotective effects in an amyloid beta-peptide (Aß)-induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. The wild-type and CL2006 worms were treated with IPHE (2 and 4 mg/mL) or caffeine (200 and 400 µM) since larval stage 1 (L1) until they achieved the required age for each assay. IPHE and caffeine increased the lifespan and appeared to act directly by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger in both wild-type and CL2006 worms, also conferred resistance against oxidative stress in wild-type animals. Furthermore, both treatments delayed Aß-induced paralysis and decreased AChE activity in CL2006. The protective effect of IPHE against Aß-induced paralysis was found to be dependent on heat shock factor hsf-1 and FOXO-family transcription factor daf-16, which are respectively involved in aging-related processes and chaperone synthesis, while that of caffeine was dependent only on daf-16. Mechanistically, IPHE and caffeine decreased the levels of Aß mRNA in the CL2006 worms; however, only IPHE induced expression of the heat shock chaperonin hsp-16.2, involved in protein homeostasis. The results were overall better when treated with IPHE than with caffeine.

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Dengue is the most important infectious disease in the world and is a severe public health problem. The chikungunya is an arbovirus, in many cases, increased, which is transmitted by the same transmitter dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. The symptoms of both diseases are similar, and infections can be lethal. Although there is no preventive vaccine against any of the two diseases, therefore, it is extremely important to control the mosquito. The eggs of A. aegypti are very resistant and hatch into larvae, which later give rise to mosquitoes in any container with water. Natural plant extracts have come from active substances with larvicidal activity against A. aegypti. However, they tend to be highly hydrophobic and need some strategy to improve its affinity for water. Because of these factors, this research aims to synthesize and characterize polymeric materials with properties suitable for the release of hydrophobic principles with larvicidal action. The synthesized polymers are poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) and PBS block copolymer with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The synthesized polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal analysis simultaneous, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and diffraction of X-rays analysis. The analysis results showed that the synthesized materials have chemical composition and properties suitable for use in the controlled release of actives substances. Systems were prepared using the Dendranthema grandiflora extract, which has larvicidal activity was incorporated via fusion to polymers, to evaluate its release in aqueous media. The results proved that higher amounts of PEG in the copolymer chain speed up the delivery of the larvicidal extract. Besides that, the larvicidal extract concentration required to cause death larvae of A. aegypti was achieved from the first minutes of dissolution tests, indicating that the materials developed are promising tool to fight dengue and chikungunya. This new system is a vital tool for eliminating vectors, potentially contributing to saving millions of lives worldwide.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timbó seed coat on the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. Timbó seeds were collected from mature fruits in the Cerrado. The external layer of the seed coat was removed and crushed in a mill and used in the treatment of soybean seeds. Three lots of soybean seeds were used, from high, medium and low vigor seeds. The treatments were: powder; gel; hydroalcoholic extract; synthetic fungicide (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc), and untreated seeds. The physiological quality of the soybean seeds was determined by standard germination, accelerated aging, length, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. Blotter test was used to determine the sanitary quality. The statistical analyze used was a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial design, considering three seed lots and five treatments. Treatment with the coat seed extract and gel improves the physiological quality of soybean seeds from low vigor lots. The treatment of seeds with gel decreases the incidence of Fusarium and Penicillium genus; and treatment with the powder reduced the incidence of the Cercospora genus.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tegumento das sementes de timbó sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de soja. As sementes de timbó foram coletadas de frutos maduros, no Cerrado. A camada mais externa do tegumento das sementes foi retirada e triturada em moinho e utilizada no tratamento de sementes de soja. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de soja, provenientes de sementes de alto, médio e baixo vigor. Os tratamentos foram: pó, gel, extrato hidroalcoólico; fungicida sintético (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc) e sementes não tratadas. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja foi determinada pelo teste padrão de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. Para a determinação da qualidade sanitária utilizou-se o teste de borrão (blotter test). O delineamento estatístico foi em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, inteiramente casualizado, considerando-se três lotes de sementes e cinco tratamentos. Os tratamentos com o extrato e o gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó melhoraram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja provenientes de lotes de baixo vigor. O tratamento com gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó diminuiu a incidência de fungos dos gêneros Fusarium e Penicillium; e o tratamento com o pó reduziu a incidência do gênero Cercospora.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timbó seed coat on the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. Timbó seeds were collected from mature fruits in the Cerrado. The external layer of the seed coat was removed and crushed in a mill and used in the treatment of soybean seeds. Three lots of soybean seeds were used, from high, medium and low vigor seeds. The treatments were: powder; gel; hydroalcoholic extract; synthetic fungicide (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc), and untreated seeds. The physiological quality of the soybean seeds was determined by standard germination, accelerated aging, length, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. Blotter test was used to determine the sanitary quality. The statistical analyze used was a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial design, considering three seed lots and five treatments. Treatment with the coat seed extract and gel improves the physiological quality of soybean seeds from low vigor lots. The treatment of seeds with gel decreases the incidence of Fusarium and Penicillium genus; and treatment with the powder reduced the incidence of the Cercospora genus.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tegumento das sementes de timbó sobre a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de soja. As sementes de timbó foram coletadas de frutos maduros, no Cerrado. A camada mais externa do tegumento das sementes foi retirada e triturada em moinho e utilizada no tratamento de sementes de soja. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes de soja, provenientes de sementes de alto, médio e baixo vigor. Os tratamentos foram: pó, gel, extrato hidroalcoólico; fungicida sintético (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc) e sementes não tratadas. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja foi determinada pelo teste padrão de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento, massa fresca e seca de plântulas. Para a determinação da qualidade sanitária utilizou-se o teste de borrão (blotter test). O delineamento estatístico foi em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, inteiramente casualizado, considerando-se três lotes de sementes e cinco tratamentos. Os tratamentos com o extrato e o gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó melhoraram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de soja provenientes de lotes de baixo vigor. O tratamento com gel do tegumento das sementes de timbó diminuiu a incidência de fungos dos gêneros Fusarium e Penicillium; e o tratamento com o pó reduziu a incidência do gênero Cercospora.(AU)

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Edible chitosan-based films, in pure form (CH100), or blended with gelatin (GEL50:CH50), with and without boldo extract (B) were prepared. The oxygen permeability of the films, as well as color changes and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities on beef hamburgers samples were evaluated. CH100+B film exhibited optimal oxygen barrier properties (6.40±0.170cc-mL/[m²-day]), and this value was significantly increased in blended films (GEL50:CH50+B = 12.99±1.50cc-mL/[m²-day]) (P<0.05). All films provoked color changes in hamburger samples during storage, and the samples covered with CH100+B film showed a lower brightness and a higher redness. All films effectively protected beef hamburger from lipid oxidation, and boldo extract incorporation in pure and blended films enabled significant protection, when compared to the control sample (155.78±0.85meq O2/kg) (P<0.05). Finally, all films proved to be effective in microbial growth control, suggesting that these films are an effective alternative in improving food safety and quality of fresh meat.(AU)

Filmes comestíveis à base de quitosana, na forma pura (CH100), ou misturados com gelatina (GEL50:CH50), com e sem extrato de boldo (B), foram preparados. Avaliou-se a permeabilidade ao oxigênio dos filmes, assim como mudanças de cor e atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas sob amostras de hambúrguer de carne bovina. Filmes de CH100+B exibiram ótimas propriedades de barreira ao oxigênio (6,40±0,170cc-mL/[m²-dia]), e este valor foi significativamente aumentado em filmes mistos (GEL50:CH50+B = 12,99±1,50cc-mL/[m²-dia]) (P<0,05). Todos os filmes provocaram mudanças de cor nas amostras de hambúrgueres durante o armazenamento, apresentando as amostras cobertas com o filme CH100+B uma menor luminosidade e um maior vermelhidão. Todos os filmes protegeram efetivamente o hambúrguer de carne bovina da oxidação lipídica, e a incorporação do extrato de boldo em filmes puros e misturados possibilitou significativa proteção, quando comparada à amostra controle (155,78±0,85 meq O2/kg) (P<0,05). Finalmente, todos os filmes mostraram-se eficazes no controle do crescimento microbiano, sugerindo que estes filmes são uma alternativa eficaz para melhorar a segurança dos alimentos e a qualidade da carne fresca.(AU)

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vitro activity of 8% rosemary, 2% castor oils, and 12% propolis glycolic extract against Candida albicans, as well as the physical changes of properties in colorless and pink acrylic resins after immersion in these liquids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Colorimetric, roughness, and Knoop microhardness assays were evaluated in 25 specimens distributed into five groups (3 test groups and 2 control groups - distilled water and hypochlorite 1%), totaling five specimens per group for each acrylic resin (colorless and pink). The specimens were individually immersed for 30 minutes in 10 mL of these liquids, washed, and dried once a week. They were maintained in distilled water at 37°C between processes during all experiments. The analyses were performed before immersion and in the 4th and/or 12th month. In vitro, 18 acrylic resins were exposed to C. albicans and, after a process of 30 minutes in immersion in the five groups cited and oil vehicle control of vesicle (liquid Vaseline), the specimens were washed and incubated for 24 hours in 37°C. The growth was determined by colony counting. For comparisons between the groups in each trial and the disinfection test, paired Student's t-tests and ANOVA with post hoc Tukey were performed by the SPSS program, considering α = 0.05. RESULTS: None of the liquids altered the microhardness, but all the natural compounds and 1% sodium hypochlorite (control) altered color and roughness after the 12th month of immersion in these agents. In the colorless specimens, 8% rosemary oil caused a color change similar to water, and less color and roughness alterations when compared to 2% castor oil and 1% sodium hypochlorite, respectively. There was no growth of yeast colonies after immersion in rosemary oil, propolis glycolic extract, and 1% sodium hypochlorite. CONCLUSION: Eight percent rosemary oil has the potential to be used as an acrylic resin disinfectant.

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ABSTRACT: Edible chitosan-based films, in pure form (CH100), or blended with gelatin (GEL50:CH50), with and without boldo extract (B) were prepared. The oxygen permeability of the films, as well as color changes and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities on beef hamburgers samples were evaluated. CH100+B film exhibited optimal oxygen barrier properties (6.40±0.170cc-mL/[m²-day]), and this value was significantly increased in blended films (GEL50:CH50+B = 12.99±1.50cc-mL/[m²-day]) (P<0.05). All films provoked color changes in hamburger samples during storage, and the samples covered with CH100+B film showed a lower brightness and a higher redness. All films effectively protected beef hamburger from lipid oxidation, and boldo extract incorporation in pure and blended films enabled significant protection, when compared to the control sample (155.78±0.85meq O2/kg) (P<0.05). Finally, all films proved to be effective in microbial growth control, suggesting that these films are an effective alternative in improving food safety and quality of fresh meat.

RESUMO: Filmes comestíveis à base de quitosana, na forma pura (CH100), ou misturados com gelatina (GEL50:CH50), com e sem extrato de boldo (B), foram preparados. Avaliou-se a permeabilidade ao oxigênio dos filmes, assim como mudanças de cor e atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas sob amostras de hambúrguer de carne bovina. Filmes de CH100+B exibiram ótimas propriedades de barreira ao oxigênio (6,40±0,170cc-mL/[m²-dia]), e este valor foi significativamente aumentado em filmes mistos (GEL50:CH50+B = 12,99±1,50cc-mL/[m²-dia]) (P<0,05). Todos os filmes provocaram mudanças de cor nas amostras de hambúrgueres durante o armazenamento, apresentando as amostras cobertas com o filme CH100+B uma menor luminosidade e um maior vermelhidão. Todos os filmes protegeram efetivamente o hambúrguer de carne bovina da oxidação lipídica, e a incorporação do extrato de boldo em filmes puros e misturados possibilitou significativa proteção, quando comparada à amostra controle (155,78±0,85 meq O2/kg) (P<0,05). Finalmente, todos os filmes mostraram-se eficazes no controle do crescimento microbiano, sugerindo que estes filmes são uma alternativa eficaz para melhorar a segurança dos alimentos e a qualidade da carne fresca.

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Anthocyanins are used for food coloring due their low toxicity and health benefits. They are extracted from different sources, but black carrot has higher anthocyanin content compared with common fruits and vegetables. Here, we study alcoholic anthocyanin extracts from black carrot to enhance their stability. The objective of our research is to determine if microencapsulation with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is a feasible option for preventing black carrot anthocyanin degradation. Extraction solvents were solutions of (1) ethanol/acetic acid and (2) ethanol/citric acid. Samples were purified through a resin column and microencapsulated using TEOS. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of samples were obtained, and degradation studies were performed under different conditions of UV radiation, pH and temperature. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and electrochemical cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Color evaluation on food models were performed with CIE Lab at the beginning of experiments and after 25 days of storage. Results indicate that the more stable extracts against pH media changes are samples obtained with ethanol/acetic acid solution as extraction solvent. Extract purification through resin and TEOS microencapsulation had no significant effect on extract stability. In conclusion, although TEOS microencapsulation has proven to be effective for some dried materials from natural extracts in our previous research, we do not recommend its use for black carrot extracts considering our results in this particular case.

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RESUMO

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a ação antimicrobiana e antisséptica do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana (Jatobá). O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia da UNIVASF, na cidade de Petrolina-PE. Os extratos foram preparados utilizando diferentes diluentes, sendo estes: álcool etílico absoluto e a água destilada. Em seguida, foi empregada a técnica da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) e da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. A CBM média do extrato diluído em etanol foi de 358µg/µL e do extrato diluído em água destilada foi igual a 520,82µg/mL. Não houve diferença (P<0,05) quanto à inibição bacteriana para o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto ou água destilada autoclavada. Ao comparar a atividade do extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto e a relação com a presença do gene blaZ, observou-se que os isolados negativos para o gene pesquisado apresentaram uma CBM igual a 412,3µg/mL, e, quando comparadas aos que foram positivos para o gene blaZ, que foi de 308,80µg/mL, contudo sem diferença estatística. Quanto à inibição das bactérias utilizando extrato aquoso, a atividade foi igual para as bactérias com ou sem o gene (520,82µg/mL). Desse modo, tanto o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto quanto em agua destilada autoclavada demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana, sugerindo que ocorreu extração de substâncias bioativas. Em relação ao potencial antisséptico, H. martiana teve ação pareada com o cloro, contudo aquele agiu mais rapidamente, enquanto o cloro agiu de modo ideal uma hora após a aplicação; ambos os resultados destacam que o extrato etanólico bruto das folhas de H. martiana possui potencial de combate à proliferação de bactérias ambientais e infecciosas, surgindo como uma forma de prevenir a mastite.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiseptic action of the crude ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana leaves. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of UNIVASF, city of Petrolina, state o Pernambuco. The extracts were prepared using different solvents, such as absolute ethyl alcohol and distilled water. Then, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) techniques were used. All assays were performed in triplicate. The average of MBC extract diluted in ethanol was 358µg/mL, and the extract diluted in distilled water was equal to 520.82µg/mL. There was no difference (P<0.05) and bacterial inhibition to extract diluted in absolute ethanol or autoclaved distilled water. Comparing the activity of the extract diluted in ethanol and the relation with the presence of blaZ gene, it was observed that the negative strains for there searched gene showed a MBC equal to 412.3µg/mL in relation to those that were positive for blaZ gene, that was 308.80µg/µL, and, however, there was no statistical difference. The bacterial inhibition activity using an aqueous extract was equal for the bacteria that had or not the blaZ gene (520.82µg/mL). Thus, the extract diluted in absolute ethanol in autoclaved distilled water as demonstrated antimicrobial activity, suggesting that occurred extraction of bioactive substances. Regarding the antiseptic potential, H. martiana had the same action of chlorine, although, this acted immediately, while the chlorine action happened properly an hour after the application. Both results pointed out that the crude ethanolic extract of H. martiana leaves has potential to combat the proliferation of environmental and infectious bacteria, emerging as a way to prevent mastitis.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a ação antimicrobiana e antisséptica do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana (Jatobá). O estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia da UNIVASF, na cidade de Petrolina-PE. Os extratos foram preparados utilizando diferentes diluentes, sendo estes: álcool etílico absoluto e a água destilada. Em seguida, foi empregada a técnica da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (MIC) e da Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). Todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. A CBM média do extrato diluído em etanol foi de 358µg/µL e do extrato diluído em água destilada foi igual a 520,82µg/mL. Não houve diferença (P<0,05) quanto à inibição bacteriana para o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto ou água destilada autoclavada. Ao comparar a atividade do extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto e a relação com a presença do gene blaZ, observou-se que os isolados negativos para o gene pesquisado apresentaram uma CBM igual a 412,3µg/mL, e, quando comparadas aos que foram positivos para o gene blaZ, que foi de 308,80µg/mL, contudo sem diferença estatística. Quanto à inibição das bactérias utilizando extrato aquoso, a atividade foi igual para as bactérias com ou sem o gene (520,82µg/mL). Desse modo, tanto o extrato diluído em álcool etílico absoluto quanto em agua destilada autoclavada demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana, sugerindo que ocorreu extração de substâncias bioativas. Em relação ao potencial antisséptico, H. martiana teve ação pareada com o cloro, contudo aquele agiu mais rapidamente, enquanto o cloro agiu de modo ideal uma hora após a aplicação; ambos os resultados destacam que o extrato etanólico bruto das folhas de H. martiana possui potencial de combate à proliferação de bactérias ambientais e infecciosas, surgindo como uma forma de prevenir a mastite.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antiseptic action of the crude ethanolic extract of Hymenaea martiana leaves. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of UNIVASF, city of Petrolina, state o Pernambuco. The extracts were prepared using different solvents, such as absolute ethyl alcohol and distilled water. Then, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) techniques were used. All assays were performed in triplicate. The average of MBC extract diluted in ethanol was 358µg/mL, and the extract diluted in distilled water was equal to 520.82µg/mL. There was no difference (P<0.05) and bacterial inhibition to extract diluted in absolute ethanol or autoclaved distilled water. Comparing the activity of the extract diluted in ethanol and the relation with the presence of blaZ gene, it was observed that the negative strains for there searched gene showed a MBC equal to 412.3µg/mL in relation to those that were positive for blaZ gene, that was 308.80µg/µL, and, however, there was no statistical difference. The bacterial inhibition activity using an aqueous extract was equal for the bacteria that had or not the blaZ gene (520.82µg/mL). Thus, the extract diluted in absolute ethanol in autoclaved distilled water as demonstrated antimicrobial activity, suggesting that occurred extraction of bioactive substances. Regarding the antiseptic potential, H. martiana had the same action of chlorine, although, this acted immediately, while the chlorine action happened properly an hour after the application. Both results pointed out that the crude ethanolic extract of H. martiana leaves has potential to combat the proliferation of environmental and infectious bacteria, emerging as a way to prevent mastitis.(AU)

Assuntos