RESUMO

Although several indices used in clinical practice identify cardiometabolic risk (CR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), it is imperative to develop indices for specific populations. Therefore, we proposed and validated sex-specific indices to identify CR associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation or MetS in Mexican adults. Additionally, a cut-off value for the visceral fat area (VFA) to identify CR was proposed. Clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, and body composition variables were evaluated in 904 subjects (25-45 years old) (84.4% men). Multiple and logistic regressions were used to model the indices and ROC curve analysis to determine predictive performance. An additional cohort (n = 186) was used for indices validation, and Cohen's kappa coefficient was employed for agreement analysis. The proposed sex-specific indices, called Mexican adiposity indices (MAIs) and biochemical-anthropometric indices (BAIs), were good predictors for CR and MetS. The kappa coefficients showed a moderate agreement level. The VFA cut-off value chosen to identify CR was 100.3 cm2 because it had the best combination of sensitivity (66.8%) and specificity (64.4%). MAIs and BAIs could be clinical tools to identify either CR associated to VAT accumulation or MetS, respectively. A VFA cut-off value of 100.3 cm2 could identify CR in Mexican men.

RESUMO

Objective: To assess insulin sensitivity and pancreatic ß-cell function in an adult population of Ecuadorian individuals with Turner syndrome (TS). Design and Methods: This was a cross-sectional correlational study conducted in TS subjects (>20 years old; n = 38). A standard 2-h oral glucose tolerance test was performed in both women with TS and the reference group. Glucose, lipids, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations were measured. Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) of Insulin Resistance, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index, McAuley, Matsuda, and Belfiore indices were calculated to evaluate the degree of insulin resistance (IR). The pancreatic ß-cell function was assessed using HOMA-ß, basal C-Peptide Index (CPI), and CPII at 120'. Results: A higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance was found in TS subjects compared with the reference group. Although significant differences were found for glucose concentrations at 60' and 120' (but not at 0'), only the baseline insulin concentrations differed significantly between the two groups. The values of the IR indices were statistically different between study and reference groups. A significant number of TS subjects diagnosed with IR were differently classified according to the index applied. The concentrations of C-peptide at 0' and 120' of TS subjects were similar to those of the control group. In contrast, the CPI and CPII values in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Conclusion: It is impossible to select the best surrogate method for the assessment of IR in women with TS. The CPI and CPII values could be preferable to other indices to assess the pancreatic ß-cell function in TS subjects. Our findings suggest that IR and pancreatic ß-cell dysfunction could be independent events in women with TS, and both conditions seem to be caused by the disease per se. Our results imply that early screening and intervention for TS would be therapeutic for TS women.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DBT2) es muy frecuente en la población pero no siempre está diagnosticada. Las alteraciones en el metabolismo de la glucosa (Glu) y el síndrome metabólico (SM) se presentan años antes de DMT2. Se realizó un estudio poblacional transversal, aleatorio y estratificado según nivel socioeconómico en 223 sujetos de 45 y más años con riesgo para DMT2. SM se determinó según AHA/NHLBI. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en: a) Determinar la frecuencia de sujetos con Glu alterada en ayunas y SM; b) Determinar la relación entre diferentes índices de insulino-resistencia (IR), QUICKI, HOMA, Insulina (Ins) e Ins/Glu con SM y sus componentes. Los resultados fueron: la Glu elevada en ayunas (100-125 mg/dL) fue 19,3% (varones 22,1% y mujeres 17,8% (ns)); Glu≥126 mg/dL, 2,2%; SM 38,1% (varones 33,8%, mujeres 40,4% (ns)). La IR se asoció con cintura y triglicéridos (p2,1; Ins>10 mU/L, Ins/Glu>1,8. HOMA-IR>2,1 vs SM mostró: sensibilidad 72,6%, especificidad 70,1%, valor predictivo positivo 60,4%, valor predictivo negativo 80,3%. Por análisis de regresión logística se hallaron predictores de SM: HOMA>2,1, OR = 8,76, (IC95% 4,37-17,55), p2,1 y QUICKI<0,33 fueron fuertes predictores de SM asociados a aumentos de cintura y triglicéridos. La historia familiar de diabetes y el bajo nivel de educación formal configuraron un perfil fuertemente predictor de SM.(AU)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is very common in the population but not always diagnosed. Alterations in the metabolism of glucose (Glu) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) are presented years before T2DM. A cross-population study, randomized and stratified by socioeconomic level in 223 subjects aged 45 and over at risk for T2DM was performed. SM was determined according to AHA / NHLBI. Objectives: a) to determine the frequency of subjects with impaired fasting Glu and SM; b) to determine the relationship between different indices of insulin resistance (IR), QUICKI, HOMA, insulin (Ins) and Ins/Glu with MS and its components. Results: elevated fasting Glu (100-125 mg/dL) was 19.3% (males 22.1%, women 17.8% (ns)), Glu≥126 mg/dL, 2.2%, SM 38.1% (males 33.8%, women 40.4% (ns)). IR was associated with waist and triglycerides (p 2.1, Ins>10 mU/L, Ins/Glu>1.8. HOMA-IR>2.1 vs MS showed: sensitivity 72.6%, specificity 70.1%, positive predictive value 60.4%, negative predictive value 80.3%. For logistic regression analysis found predictors of MS: HOMA> 2.1, OR=8.76 (95% CI 4.37-17.55), p 2.1 and QUICKI <0.33 were strong predictors of SM associated with increases in waist and triglycerides. Family history of diabetes and low levels of formal education shaped a strong predictor of SM profile.(AU)

A diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DBT2) é muito frequente na populaþÒo mas nem sempre está diagnosticada. As alteraþ§es no metabolismo da glicose (Glu) e da síndrome metabólica (SM) se apresentam anos antes de DMT2. Foi realizado um estudo populacional transversal, aleatório e estratificado conforme o nível socioecon¶mico em 223 sujeitos de 45 e mais anos com risco para DMT2. A SM foi determinada segundo AHA/NHLBI. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em: a) determinar a frequÛncia de sujeitos com Glu alterada em jejum e SM; b) Determinar a relaþÒo entre diferentes índices de insulino-resistÛncia (IR), QUICKI, HOMA, Insulina (Ins) e Ins/Glu com SM e seus componentes. Os resultados foram: Glu elevada em jejum (100-125 mg/dL) foi 19,3% (homens 22,1% e mulheres 17,8% (ns)); Glu≥126 mg/dL, 2,2%; SM 38,1% (homens 33,8%, mulheres 40,4% (ns)). A IR foi associada a cintura e triglicerídeos (p2,1, Ins>10 mU/L, Ins/Glu>1,8. HOMA-IR>2,1 vs. SM mostrou: sensibilidade 72,6%, especificidade 70,1%, valor preditivo positivo 60,4%, valor preditivo negativo 80,3%. Por análise de regressÒo logística foram achados preditores de SM: HOMA>2,1, OR = 8,76, (IC95% 4,37-17,55), p2,1 e QUICKI<0,33 foram fortes preditores de SM associados a aumentos de cintura e triglicerídeos. A história familiar de diabetes e o baixo nível de educaþÒo formal configuraram um perfil fortemente preditor de SM.(AU)