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Abstract Background: The state of Aguascalientes, Mexico, has been recognized as a chronic kidney disease hotspot. Screening studies have revealed a high prevalence of persistent albuminuria (pA), histologically characterized by glomerulomegaly, and incomplete podocyte fusion, probably associated with oligonephrony. To date, urinary biomarkers have not been explored in this population. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the presence of potential biomarkers of early renal injury in patients with pA (pACR) and that correspond with the characteristic nephropathy profile that prevails in this entity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, analytical, and comparative study. Four groups were recruited: adolescents aged 10-17 years with pACR, isolated albuminuria (iACR), no albuminuria (negative control), and adults with biopsy-confirmed glomerulopathy (positive control). Urinary excretion of SerpinA3, heat-shock protein-72 (HSP-72), podocalyxin (PCX), and nephrin was evaluated in urine samples. SerpinA3 and HSP-72 were analyzed by Western blot, and PCX and nephrin were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The mean GFR in the pACR group was 113.4 mL/min/1.73m2 and differed significantly only from that of the positive control group (65.1 mL/min/1.73m2). The mean albuminuria value in the pACR group was 48.9 mg/g. SerpinA3 concentration differed between groups (0.08 vs. 0.25 ng/mL, p < 0.001): it was significantly higher in the pACR group compared to the negative controls (p = 0.037). Conclusion: SerpinA3 was significantly associated with pA and could become a biomarker of early kidney injury. Further investigations are required to determine whether SerpinA3 precedes the development of albuminuria and its pathogenic role.

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Background: The state of Aguascalientes, Mexico, has been recognized as a chronic kidney disease hotspot. Screening studies have revealed a high prevalence of persistent albuminuria (pA), histologically characterized by glomerulomegaly, and incomplete podocyte fusion, probably associated with oligonephrony. To date, urinary biomarkers have not been explored in this population. Objective: The aim of the study was to identify the presence of potential biomarkers of early renal injury in patients with pA (pACR) and that correspond with the characteristic nephropathy profile that prevails in this entity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, analytical, and comparative study. Four groups were recruited: adolescents aged 10-17 years with pACR, isolated albuminuria (iACR), no albuminuria (negative control), and adults with biopsy-confirmed glomerulopathy (positive control). Urinary excretion of SerpinA3, heat-shock protein-72 (HSP-72), podocalyxin (PCX), and nephrin was evaluated in urine samples. SerpinA3 and HSP-72 were analyzed by Western blot, and PCX and nephrin were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The mean GFR in the pACR group was 113.4 mL/min/1.73m2 and differed significantly only from that of the positive control group (65.1 mL/min/1.73m2). The mean albuminuria value in the pACR group was 48.9 mg/g. SerpinA3 concentration differed between groups (0.08 vs. 0.25 ng/mL, p < 0.001): it was significantly higher in the pACR group compared to the negative controls (p = 0.037). Conclusion: SerpinA3 was significantly associated with pA and could become a biomarker of early kidney injury. Further investigations are required to determine whether SerpinA3 precedes the development of albuminuria and its pathogenic role.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of renal impairment in a large cohort of youths with histologically confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to determine its association with liver disease severity. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical, laboratory, and histology data were collected retrospectively in a pediatric cohort with biopsy-confirmed NAFLD at a tertiary care center between 2010 and 2017. Histological NAFLD severity was scored using validated criteria. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated and categorized as low (<90 mL/min/1.73 m2), normal (90-136 mL/min/1.73 m2), or high (>136 mL/min/1.73 m2). Univariate and multivariate modeling were used to determine differences between the GFR groups and to control for confounders. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 179 patients (82% non-Hispanic; median age; 14 years; IQR, 12-16 years). One-third of the patients had abnormal renal function, including 36 (20%) with glomerular hyperfiltration and 26 (15%) with low GFR. In multivariable logistic regression, compared with normal GFR, hyperfiltration was independently associated with higher NAFLD activity score (aOR, 2.96; 95% CI, 1.49-5.87; P = .002), after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, obesity severity, presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and medications. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort with histologically confirmed NAFLD, renal impairment was highly prevalent and associated with liver disease severity, independent of obesity severity. Screening patients with confirmed NAFLD for renal complication is recommended.

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Herein, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of impaired renal function after cancer treatment with potentially nephrotoxic chemotherapy in children. A cross-sectional study was performed in 41 cancer survivors after chemotherapy with potentially nephrotoxic drugs. 26 (63.4%) children were detected with glomerular hyperfiltration, and urinary levels of ß-2 microglobulin (B2MG) were higher than reference range in all patients. Levels of B2MG were positively correlated with plasma creatinine and negatively correlated with glomerular filtration rate. Plasma creatinine, systolic blood pressure and cholesterol were independently associated with B2MG values. The final multivariate model for glomerular hyperfiltration risk included plasma levels of urea and of magnesium. Urinary levels of B2MG and glomerular hyperfiltration may emerge as potential biomarkers of early renal dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors.

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Resumen: La diabetes mellitus 2 es una epidemia mundial, aunado a esto, la nefropatía diabética se ha convertido en la principal causa de insuficiencia renal en etapa terminal. En los pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2 existe sobreexpresión de los cotransportadores de glucosa ligados a la vía del sodio tipo 2 (SGLT2) que contribuyen al mantenimiento de la hiperglucemia. Por tanto, los inhibidores de este transportador representan un tratamiento innovador independiente de la acción de la insulina o la función de las células beta pancreáticas. En estudios recientes se ha demostrado que los iSGLT2 tienen efectos benéficos en la microvasculatura, en especial en la progresión de la nefropatía diabética. Este efecto no sólo se debe a la mejora del control glucémico, sino también a efectos directos en el riñón. Los iSGLT2, al inducir la glucosuria, revierten la glucotoxicidad renal. En estudios experimentales se ha observado que, además, se reduce la hiperfiltración, así como los marcadores inflamatorios y fibróticos. También se ha visto reducción del volumen circulante efectivo y aumento en la actividad de bloqueadores del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (bloqueadores RAA) circulantes, creando así un efecto nefroprotector.

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus 2 (DM2) is already a worldwide epidemic, in addition, diabetic nephropathy has become the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. In patients with DM2 there is an increased expression of the sodium-glucose cotransporters 2 (SGLT2) that contribute to the maintenance of hyperglycemia. Therefore, the inhibitors of this transporter represent an innovative therapy independent of the action of insulin or the function of pancreatic beta cells. Recent studies have shown that iSGLT2 have beneficial effects on microvasculature, especially in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. This effect is due not only to improved glycemic control but also to direct effects on the kidney. iSGLT2 induce glycosuria to reverse renal glucotoxicity. In experimental studies it has been observed that, in addition, hyper-filtration as well as inflammatory and fibrotic markers are reduced. There has also been a reduction in effective circulating volume and an increase in the activity of circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers (RAA blockers), thus creating a nephroprotective effect.

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La hiperfiltración glomerular (HF) en la enfermedad renal diabética es un complejo fenómeno hemodinámico que ocurre en etapas tempranas de la evolución de la enfermedad, y muy probablemente tenga influencias negativas, en cuanto a la progresión hacia la aparición de la microalbuminuria y la evolución de la nefropatía diabética (NFDBT) evidente. Los factores involucrados en su fisiopatología son múltiples, e incluyen al medio diabético y numerosos factores humorales como óxido nítrico, prostaglandinas, sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona, péptido auricular natriurético, especies reactivas de oxígeno y otros factores humorales y de crecimiento, que actúan básicamente provocando o potenciando la vasodilatación de la arteriola aferente (AA)...

Glomerular hyperfiltration (GH) in diabetic renal disease is a complex hemodynamic phenomenon that occurs early in the course of the disease and most likely has associated with poor prognosis with respect to the development of microalbuminuria and overt diabetic nephropathy. The factors involved in its pathophysiology are multiple and include the diabetic milieu and the effects of several humoral factors such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins, renin angiotensin aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide, reactive oxygen species and other humoral and growth factors that act basically causing or enhancing the afferent arteriole vasodilation (AA)...

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La hiperfiltración (HF) glomerular en la enfermedad renal diabética es un complejo fenómeno hemodinámico que ocurre en etapas tempranas de la evolución de la enfermedad, y muy probablemente tenga influencias negativas, en cuanto a la progresión hacia la aparición de la microalbuminuria y la evolución de la nefropatía diabética (NFDBT) evidente. Los factores involucrados en su fisiopatología son múltiples, e incluyen al medio diabético y numerosos factores humorales como óxido nítrico, prostaglandinas, sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona, péptido auricular natriurético, especies reactivas de oxígeno y otros factores humorales y de crecimiento, que actúan básicamente provocando o potenciando la vasodilatación de la arteriola aferente (AA), o factores con propiedad de vasoconstricción de la arteriola eferente, todos considerados como factores vasculares primarios. No obstante, estos factores no pueden explicar otras alteraciones observadas y que componen anormalidades tubulares primarias, como la mayor reabsorción en el túbulo contorneado proximal, probablemente condicionada por el crecimiento renal en la DBT y por la sobreexpresión del cotransportador SGLT2. Esta mayor reabsorción proximal generaría una menor llegada de solutos a la mácula densa (MD), lo cual sería incompatible con una acción del sistema de balance glomérulo tubular, pero sí con una acción mediada por el feedback túbuloglomerular (FBTG) que sensaría esta disminución de la concentración de ClNa en la MD, desactivando el FBTG y produciendo vasodilatación de la AA, con el consiguiente aumento del filtrado glomerular (FG) y del flujo plasmático renal (FPR), característicos del proceso de HF. Estos dos procesos (vascular y tubular) podrían actuar en forma sinérgica o simultánea, dependiendo de las condiciones metabólicas y evolutivas de la enfermedad renal diabética. Similares mecanismos podrían explicar la paradoja de la sal, por la cual una dieta baja en sal exacerbaría el fenómeno de HF, y una dieta alta en sal disminuiría el FG y el FPR, lo cual podría tener iA las medidas terapéuticas habituales del control metabólico estricto, la dieta hipoproteica y el uso de IECA o bloqueantes AT1, no testeados clínicamente para este fin, pero de extendido uso clínico, parecen agregarse los nuevos inhibidores específicos del cotransportador SGLT2, que han demostrado efectos beneficiosos en varios aspectos del manejo de los diabéticos y ya existen algunos trabajos con efecto específico sobre la HF que parecen ser alentadores. Menos experiencia existe con el uso potencial del péptido C, como herramienta terapéutica en estas situaciones clínicas. Es evidente que determinar con más claridad los mecanismos involucrados en este complejo fenómeno, permitirá un mejor conocimiento del mismo y un mejor abordaje terapéutico.mplicancias clínicas inesperadas.

Glomerular hyperfiltration (HF) in diabetic kidney disease is a complex hemodynamic phenomenon which occurs in early stages of the disease'Ts progress and probably has negative influences, regarding the progression to the occurrence of microalbuminuria and the progress of evident diabetic nephropathy (DN). Factors involved in its physiopathology are numerous, they include: diabetic biochemical environment and several humoral factors like nitric oxide, prostaglandins, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic peptide, reactive oxygen species, other humoral and growth factors. These factors cause or enhance the vasodilatation of the afferent arteriole (AA). Factors with vasoconstriction function over the efferent arteriole, all considered primary vascular factors. However, these factors cannot explain other observed alterations and they constitute primary tubular abnormalities such as the increased reabsorption at the proximal tubule, probably conditioned by kidney growth in DBT and by the overexpression of the SGLT2 cotransporter. This higher proximal reabsorption would produce a lower arrival of solutes to the macula densa (MD). This would be incompatible with an action of the tubuloglomerular balance system, but it would be compatible with an action performed by the tubuloglomerular feedback system (TGFB) that senses the decrease of the ClNa concentration at the MD. Also deactivating the TGFB and causing vasodilatation of the AA, resulting in an increase of glomerular filtration (GF) and renal plasma flow (RPF), characteristic of the HF process. These two processes (vascular and tubular) could act in synergy or simultaneously, depending on the metabolic and progressing conditions of the diabetic kidney disease. Similar mechanisms could explain the salt paradox, whereby a lowsalt diet would exacerbate the HF phenomenon and a high-salt diet would decrease the GF and the RPF, which could result in unexpected clinical implications. The common therapy measures for HF strict metabolic control, a low-protein diet, and the wide clinical use of IECA or AT1 blockers (not clinically tested for this purpose) seem to be added to the new specific inhibitors of the SGLT2 cotransporter, which have shown beneficial effects in several aspects of the diabetic management. There are already some works with specific effect over the HF that seem to be encouraging. There is less experience with the potential use of C-peptide, as a therapeutic tool in these clinical situations. Clearly, defining the mechanisms involved in this complex phenomenon, will allow a better knowledge of it and a better therapeutic approach.

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La hiperfiltración glomerular y el aumento de la reabsorción de sodio son factores fundamentales para el desarrollo de la unidad feto placentaria. Dichos factores resultan de adaptaciones hemodinámicas y renales en las que participan sistemas vasoactivos. Se pudo demostrar en ratas que la activación del sistema kallicreína kinina (SKK) precede a la instalación de la hiperfiltración glomerular, dado que su inhibición por aprotinina previene el aumento del filtrado glomerular. Además, la inhibición individual o asociada de los efectores específicos del SKK, las prostaglandinas (PGs) y el óxido nítrico (ON), confirman la dependencia del filtrado glomerular del SKK durante la preñez. Encontramos también que el sistema renina angiotensina (SRA) participa en la generación de la hiperfiltración glomerular dado que ésta es afectada por la administración de bloqueantes del SRA. La inhibición máxima sobre el pico de hiperfiltración se obtuvo con el bloqueo de ambos sistemas (SKK y SRA). Además, estrategias para alterar la hiperfiltración glomerular y la reabsorción de sodio de la preñez evidenciaron alteraciones en el desarrollo de la unidad feto placentaria, menor número de crías, mayor cantidad de reabsorciones intrauterinas y retardo en el crecimiento. El tratamiento combinado de inhibidores del SKK asociados a bloqueantes del SRA o de óxido nítrico mostraron los mayores efectos. En consecuencia, demostramos que el SKK juega un rol central en los fenómenos de adaptación que acompañan la preñez normal. La interrelación del SKK con varios sistemas vasoactivos parecería formar una red que participa en las adaptaciones hemodinámicas para un adecuado desarrollo de la gestación y de la unidad feto-placentaria.

Glomerular hyperfiltration and increased sodium reabsorption are key factors for the development of the fetus and placenta in pregnancy. These adjustments result from hemodynamic and renal factors involving vasoactive systems. It was demonstrated in rats that activation of KKS precedes the installation of glomerular hyperfiltration as aprotinin prevents the increase in glomerular filtration. In addition, individual or associated inhibition of specific kallikrein kinin system effectors, prostaglandins (PGs) and nitric oxide (NO), confirm the glomerular filtration rate dependence of KKS during pregnancy. It was also found that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) contributes to glomerular hyperfiltration as this is affected by the administration of RAS blockers. The peak of hyperfiltration maximum inhibition was obtained by the blockade of both systems (KKS and RAS). In addition, strategies used to alter the glomerular hyperfiltration and increased sodium reabsorption during pregnancy, showed abnormalities in the development of the fetus and placenta, fewer offspring, more fetus resorptions and intrauterine growth retardation. KKS inhibitors associated with RAS or nitric oxide blockers showed the greatest impact. As a consequence, it was demonstrated that KKS plays a central role in the adaptation phenomenom that accompanies normal pregnancy. The interplay of KKS with several vasoactive systems, seem to arrange a network involved in the hemodynamic adaptations to allow the proper development of pregnancy and the fetus and placenta.

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