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This study focuses on the genomic characterization of a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain responsible for a severe gastrointestinal infection in a 33-year-old male. The patient initially received sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim treatment, which proved ineffective. Fecal culture confirmed the presence of E. coli displaying a MDR profile to ampicillin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and tetracycline. Serotyping identified the strain as ONT:H19. Virulence analysis indicated a highly virulent profile with numerous virulence markers. Plasmid analysis uncovered various plasmids carrying both antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. MLST assigned the strain to ST10955. Phylogenomic analysis revealed similarity to an older Brazilian isolate, suggesting the persistence of a common lineage with evolving antimicrobial resistance. This report highlights the first identification of a multidrug-resistant ST10955 E. coli strain with a wide resistome and virulence potential, emphasizing the importance of ongoing surveillance of E. coli strains due to their potential for severe infections, resistance development, and virulence.
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Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Genoma Bacteriano , Filogenia , Humanos , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/patogenicidade , Escherichia coli/classificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/diagnóstico , Adulto , Masculino , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Fezes/microbiologia , Plasmídeos/genética , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Gastroenteropatias/microbiologia , Gastroenteropatias/diagnóstico , Virulência/genética , Sorotipagem , BrasilRESUMO
Background: This study aimed to characterize potential probiotic strains for use in dogs to prevent infectious enteropathies. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from canine milk and colostrum were characterized according to their functional properties, including their resistance to gastrointestinal conditions, inhibitory effect against pathogens, and intestinal adhesion. Methods: The immunomodulatory effects of the strains were also analyzed in in vitro and in vivo studies. Among the strains evaluated, two LAB strains (TUCO-16 and TUCO-17) showed remarkable resistance to pH 3.0, bile salts, and pancreatin, as well as inhibitory effects against pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Clostridium perfringens. Results: The TUCO-16 and TUCO-17 strains induced a significant increase in the expression of TNF-α, IL-8, and TLR2 in canine macrophages. The oral administration of TUCO-16 and TUCO-17 strains to mice significantly augmented their resistance to pathogenic E. coli or Salmonella intestinal infections. Both canine strains reduced intestinal damage and pathogen counts in the liver and spleen and avoided their dissemination into the bloodstream. These protective effects were related to the ability of TUCO-16 and TUCO-17 strains to differentially modulate the production of IFN-γ, IFN-ß, TNF-α, IL-6, KC, MCP-1, and IL-10 in the intestinal mucosa. Conclusion: Both strains, TUCO-16 and TUCO-17, are potential probiotic candidates for improving intestinal health in dogs, particularly for their ability to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative pathogens common in gastrointestinal infections and modulate the animal's immune response. Further studies are required to effectively demonstrate the beneficial effects of TUCO-16 and TUCO-17 strains in dogs.
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Parechovirus A (PeV-A, Parechovirus, Picornaviridae) are human pathogens associated with mild to severe gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in young children. While several studies have investigated the association of PeV-A with human disease, little is known about its epidemiology or detection in Latin America. Between the years 2014 and 2015, a total of 200 samples were collected from Panamanian pediatric patients aged < 16 years old exhibiting symptoms associated with respiratory (n = 64), gastrointestinal (n = 68), or neurological (n = 68) diseases. These samples were gathered from patients who had previously received negative diagnoses for the main respiratory viruses, rotavirus, and neurological viruses like herpes virus, enterovirus, and cytomegalovirus. The presence of PeV-A was analyzed by real time RT-PCR.Eight positive PeV-A infections (4.0%, 95% CI: 1.7 to 7.7) were detected: two in respiratory samples (3.0%, 95% CI: 0.3 to 10.8), five in gastrointestinal samples (7.3%, 95% CI: 2.4 to 16.3), and one in cerebrospinal fluid (1.5%, 95% CI: 1.4 to 7.9). The study provides evidence of PeV-A circulation in Panama and the data collectively, remarked on the importance of considering PeV-A in the Panamanian pediatric diagnostic landscape, especially when conventional testing for more common viruses yields negative results.
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Infecções por Enterovirus , Enterovirus , Parechovirus , Infecções por Picornaviridae , Picornaviridae , Humanos , Criança , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Parechovirus/genética , Infecções por Picornaviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Picornaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Picornaviridae/genéticaRESUMO
The laboratory diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is challenging since this bacteria may be detected in healthy people and toxin production detection is not sensitive enough to be used alone. Thus, there is no single test with adequate sensitivity and specificity to be used in laboratory diagnosis. We evaluated the performance of tests used in the diagnosis of CDI in symptomatic patients with risk factors in hospitals in southern Brazil. Enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for glutamate dehydrogenase antigen (GDH) and toxins A/B, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), GeneXpert system, and a two-step algorithm comprising GDH/TOXIN EIA performed simultaneously followed by GeneXpert for outliers were evaluated. Toxigenic strain in stool culture was considered CDI positive (gold standard). Among 400 samples tested, 54 (13.5%) were positive for CDI and 346 (86.5%) were negative. The diagnosis of the two-step algorithm and qPCR had an excellent performance with an accuracy of 94.5% and 94.2%, respectively. The Youden index showed that GeneXpert as a single test (83.5%) and the two-step algorithm (82.8%) were the most effective assays. Diagnosing CDI and non-CDI diarrhea could be successfully attained by the combination of clinical data with accuracy of laboratory tests.
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Toxinas Bacterianas , Clostridioides difficile , Infecções por Clostridium , Humanos , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/análise , Clostridioides difficile/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/análise , Fezes/microbiologia , Infecções por Clostridium/diagnóstico , Infecções por Clostridium/microbiologia , Enterotoxinas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Glutamato Desidrogenase/análise , Técnicas de Laboratório ClínicoRESUMO
Cyathostomins are considered one of the most important parasites of horses. A group of horses within a herd can be responsible for eliminating the majority of parasite eggs. This phenotype might be explained by genetic factors. This study aimed to identify genomic regions associated with fecal egg count (FEC) and hematological parameters by performing a genomic-wide association study (GWAS) in Thoroughbred horses naturally infected with cyathostomins. Packed cell volume (PCV), differential leukocyte, and FEC were determined from 90 horses. All animals were genotyped using the Illumina Equine 70 K BeadChip panel containing 65,157 SNP markers. The five genomic windows that have explained the highest percentage of the additive genetic variance of a specific trait (top 5) were further explored to identify candidate genes. A total of 33, 21, 30, 21, and 19 genes were identified for FEC, PCV, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocyte count, respectively. The top 5 marker regions explained 2.86, 2.56, 2.73, 2.33, and 2.37% of the additive genetic variation of FEC, PCV, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes count, respectively. This is the first study correlating phenotypic horse health traits to GWAS analysis, which may be used for animal breeding activities, reducing losses due to parasite infections.
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Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genômica , Animais , Cavalos/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/veterinária , Genótipo , Fenótipo , Fezes/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The burden of gastrointestinal infections related to hot ambient temperature remains largely unexplored in low-to-middle income countries which have most of the cases globally and are experiencing the greatest impact from climate change. The situation is particularly true in Brazil. OBJECTIVES: Using medical records covering over 78 % of population, we quantify the association between high temperature and risk of hospitalization for gastrointestinal infection in Brazil between 2000 and 2015. METHODS: Data on hospitalization for gastrointestinal infection and weather conditions were collected from 1814 Brazilian cities during the 2000-2015 hot seasons. A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to estimate the association. Stratified analyses were performed by region, sex, age-group, type of infection and early/late study period. RESULTS: For every 5 °C increase in mean daily temperature, the cumulative odds ratio (OR) of hospitalization over 0-9 days was 1.22 [95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.21, 1.23] at the national level, reaching its maximum in the south and its minimum in the north. The strength of association tended to decline across successive age-groups, with infants < 1 year most susceptible. The effect estimates were similar for men and women. Waterborne and foodborne infections were more associated with high temperature than the 'others' and 'idiopathic' groups. There was no substantial change in the association over the 16-year study period. DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate that exposure to high temperature is associated with increased risk of hospitalization for gastrointestinal infection in the hot season, with the strength varying by region, population subgroup and infection type. There was no evidence to indicate adaptation to heat over the study duration.
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Exposição Ambiental , Temperatura Alta , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Cross-Over , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , TemperaturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acute infective gastroenteritis (AIG) is a leading cause of mortality in children worldwide. In Peru, more than 40% of cases of AIG occurring in children under 5 years old. The disruption of the gut microbiota can increase risk for several health complications especially in patients with gastric infections caused by viruses or bacteria. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of 13 representative bacteria from the gut microbiota (GM) in stools samples from children under 5 years of age with acute infective gastroenteritis. RESULTS: The most commonly isolated bacteria from the GM were Firmicutes (63.2% 74/117) Bacteriodetes (62.4%; 73/117), Lactobacillus (59.8%; 70/117), Prevotella (57.2%; 67/117), Proteobacterium (53.8%; 63/117), regardless of the etiological agent responsible for the AIG. Interestingly, despite the high prevalence of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus and Prevotella across all samples, a visible reduction of these agents was observed especially among patients with a single bacterial infection or even bacteria-bacteria coinfections when compared to viral etiologies. Patients with exclusive or mixed breastfeeding registered the highest amount of gut microbiota bacteria, in contrast to infants who received formula or were not breastfed.
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BACKGROUND: Intestinal infections remain a major public health burden in developing countries. Due to social, ecological, environmental, and cultural conditions, Indigenous peoples in Colombia are at particularly high risk. MATERIALS: 137 stool samples were analyzed by microscopy and real-time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), targeting protozoan parasites (Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., and Cyclospora cayetanensis), bacteria (Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Shigella ssp./enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Yersinia spp., enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli ( EPEC), enterotoxin-producing E. coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and Tropheryma whipplei), and helminths (Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma spp., Trichuris. trichiura, Taenia spp., Hymenolepis nana, Enterobius vermicularis, and Schistosoma spp.). Microscopy found additional cases of helminth infections. RESULTS: At least one pathogen was detected in 93% of the samples. The overall results revealed protozoa in 79%, helminths in 69%, and bacteria in 41%. G. intestinalis (48%), Necator/hookworm (27%), and EAEC (68%) were the most common in each group. Noteworthy, T. whipplei was positive in 7% and T. trichirua in 23% of the samples. A significant association of one infection promoting the other was determined for G. intestinalis and C. jejuni, helminth infections, and EIEC. CONCLUSIONS: The results illustrate the high burden of gastrointestinal pathogens among Indigenous peoples compared to other developing countries. Countermeasures are urgently required.
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Little information is available regarding the pathogens that cause diarrhea in hospitalized patients who also have various clinical problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of pathogens in fecal samples of hospitalized patients all suffering diarrhea in addition to other problems in Mexico. Diarrheic stools from 240 patients were obtained in a third-level hospital in Monterrey, Mexico. PCR was used for the detection of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., Aeromonas spp., Clostridioides difficile, and norovirus GI and GII. The presence of trophozoites, cysts of protozoa, eggs, and/or helminth larvae was determined by microscopic observation. Of the 240 patients analyzed, 40.4% presented at least one of the pathogens analyzed. Norovirus was the pathogen most frequently found (28.6%), followed by bacteria (11.7%), and parasites (8.3%). The majority of co-infections were parasites + norovirus, and bacteria + norovirus. Norovirus was detected mainly in children aged 0 to 10 years (9/15, 60%). Patients aged 0-20 years did not present co-infections. Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica were the most common parasites, (8/240), and Salmonella was the most prevalent bacteria (10/240). This information can help design specific strategies useful for hospitalized people with a compromised status.
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BACKGROUND: In France, no previous studies have focused specifically on health problems among medical students during internships abroad including the clinical symptoms suggestive of infectious diseases and the acquisition of pathogen carriage. METHODS: Clinical follow up and qPCR based respiratory, gastrointestinal and vaginal pathogen carriage before and after travel were prospectively assessed in a cohort of medical students departing from Marseille, France. RESULTS: 134 students were included. 73.9%, 38.8% and 5.0% of students reported gastrointestinal, respiratory and vaginal symptoms, respectively. The acquisition rate of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was 53% and 41%, respectively. The acquisition of respiratory viruses was low but associated with persisting symptoms, while bacterial acquisition ranged from 3.3% for Streptococcus pyogenes to 15.0% for Haemophilus influenzae. Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae acquisition rates were 7.7% and 14.3% respectively. Five students (5.1%) had molecular quantification criteria for bacterial vaginosis on return. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study demonstrates that besides the known risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and associated changes in intestinal and respiratory microbiota, medical students abroad may also experience changes in vaginal microbiota leading, in some cases, to clinical symptoms or the acquisition of bacterial vaginosis, which may be asymptomatic.
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Portador Sadio/microbiologia , Gastroenteropatias/microbiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Viagem , Doenças Vaginais/microbiologia , Ásia , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Gastroenteropatias/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , América do Sul , Estudantes de Medicina , Doenças Vaginais/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Rotaviruses are the leading cause of severe, acute, and dehydrating diarrhea affecting children under 5 years of age worldwide. Despite an important reduction in rotavirus-caused deaths as a consequence of the rotavirus vaccine, alternative or complementary strategies for preventing or treating rotavirus-associated diarrhea are needed mainly in the poorest countries. We describe the cases of four rotavirus-unvaccinated 12-13-month-old girls and a 5-year-old boy who developed rotavirus-associated diarrhea confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and immunochemistry analyses. After the first day of diarrheal episodes, three of the five patients were immediately administered oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 60 mg/kg daily, divided into three equal doses every 8 hours. The other two patients did not receive NAC and served as controls. Administration of NAC resulted in a decreased number of diarrheal episodes, excretion of fecal rotavirus antigen, and resolution of symptoms after 2 days of treatment. Our results suggest that NAC treatment after the first diarrheal episode could be an efficient strategy for treating rotavirus-affected children and preventing the associated severe life-threatening accompanying dehydration.
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Acetilcisteína/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Diarreia Infantil/prevenção & controle , Diarreia/prevenção & controle , Gastroenterite/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Rotavirus/tratamento farmacológico , Acetilcisteína/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Desidratação/etiologia , Desidratação/prevenção & controle , Diarreia/etiologia , Diarreia/fisiopatologia , Diarreia Infantil/etiologia , Diarreia Infantil/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Gastroenterite/fisiopatologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Recidiva , Infecções por Rotavirus/fisiopatologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The human bocavirus (HBoV), virus of the Parvoviridae family, discovered by molecular methods in 2005,has been reported in respiratory samples, stool, urine and blood, both in children and adults. Prevalence ratesrange from 0.8% in fecal samples of individuals with acute diarrhea, up to 19% in respiratory samples and blood.HBoV has been detected in up to 43% of nasopharyngeal samples in asymptomatic children. In Chile, HBoV wasdetected in 24.2% of nasopharyngeal swabs in children under 5 years of age with respiratory symptoms of which74% had coinfection with other viruses. In asymptomatic children under 5 years of age, 37.5% of NP sampleswere positive for HBoV. We discuss the role of HBoV as a causal agent of respiratory and/or enteric disease inlight of the high rates of coinfection and asymptomatic infections.