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Haff disease typically develops after eating contaminated marine or freshwater species, especially fish. Despite still having an unknown etiology, recent reports have suggested its possible correlation with palytoxins. Therefore, the present work aimed to optimize and perform a validation of a sensitive method using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the analysis of palytoxin and some of its analogs, with the main purpose of investigating their presence in marine and freshwater food samples associated with Haff disease in Brazil. The method optimization was performed using a central composite rotatable design and fish samples fortified with the palytoxin standard. Then, the optimized method was validated for different food matrices, including freshwater and marine fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. The sample preparation involved a solid-liquid extraction using methanol and water, solid-phase extraction using Strata-X cartridges, and on-column palytoxin oxidation. The detection of the main oxidized fragments (amino and amide aldehydes) was achieved by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization in positive mode, using a C18 column, as well as acetonitrile and water as mobile phases, both acidified with 0.1 % of formic acid. After optimization and validation, the etiological investigation involved the analysis of 16 Brazilian Haff disease-related food samples (in natura and leftover meals) from 2022. The method was demonstrated to be appropriate for quantitative analysis of freshwater and marine species. So far, it has proven to be one of the most sensitive methods related to palytoxin detection (LOD 10 µg/kg), being able to work in a range that includes the provisional ingestion limit (30 µg/kg). Regarding the Haff disease-related samples analysis, there is a strong indication of palytoxin contamination since the amino aldehyde (common fragment for all palytoxins) was detected in 15 of the 16 samples. Selected results were confirmed using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS).
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Acrilamidas , Venenos de Cnidários , Contaminação de Alimentos , Água Doce , Alimentos Marinhos , Animais , Acrilamidas/análise , Brasil , Peixes , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Água Doce/química , Limite de Detecção , Espectrometria de Massa com Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Toxinas de Poliéter , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Extração em Fase Sólida/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodosRESUMO
Food-borne diseases are a global public health issue with 1 in 10 people falling ill after eating contaminated food every year. In response, the food industry has implemented several new pathogen control strategies, such as biotechnological tools using the direct application of bacteriophages for biological control. We have undertaken a systematic review and meta-analysis that evaluated the efficiency of patented phages as a biological control for food-borne pathogens and determined the physical-chemical characteristics of the antimicrobial effect. Included and excluded criteria was developed. Included criteria: Phage patent files with an application in biological control on food and scientific articles and book chapters that used phages patented for food biological control. Excluded criteria: Patent documents, scientific articles, and book chapters that included phage therapy in humans, animals, and biological control on plants but did not have an application on food were not considered in our study. The systematic analysis identified 77 documents, 46 scientific articles, and 31 documents of patents and 23 articles was included in the meta-analysis. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella sp. comprised most of the targets identified in the screening, so that we focused on these strains to do the meta-analysis. There are a total of 383 and 192 experiments for Listeria and Salmonella phages for quantitative data analysis.Indexing databases for the bibliographic search (Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed (Medline) were addressed by an automated script written in Python 3 Python Core Team (2015) and deposited on GitHub ( https://github.com/glenjasper ).A random-effects meta-analysis revealed (i) significant antimicrobial effect of Listeria phages in apple, apple juice, pear, and pear juice, (ii) significant antimicrobial effect of Salmonella phages in eggs, apple, and ready-to-eat chicken, (iii) no heterogeneity was identified in either meta-analysis, (iv) publication bias was detected for Listeria phages but not for Salmonella phages. (v) ListShield and Felix01 phages showed the best result for Listeria and Salmonella biological control, respectively, (vi) concentration of phage and bacteria, time and food had significant effect in the biological control of Listeria, (vii) temperature and time had a significant effect on the antimicrobial activity of Salmonella phages. The systematic review and meta-analyses to determine the efficiency of bacteriophages previously patented against pathogenic bacteria on dairy products, meat, fruits and vegetables. Besides, the discovering of key factors for efficacy, so that future applications of phage biotechnology in foods can be optimally deployed.
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Anti-Infecciosos , Bacteriófagos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Listeria monocytogenes , Bacteriófagos/fisiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controle , CarneRESUMO
Salmonella Typhimurium is an important agent of foodborne diseases. In Peru, the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates of S. Typhimurium from the food chain could be linked to guinea pig farming as a potential reservoir and their uncontrolled antibiotic treatment against salmonellosis. In this study, we performed the sequencing, genomic diversity, and characterization of resistance elements transmitted by isolates from farm and meat guinea pigs. The genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of S. Typhimurium isolates were performed using nucleotide similarity, cgMLST, serotyping, phylogenomic analyses, and characterization of resistance plasmids. We found at least four populations of isolates from farm guinea pigs and four populations from meat guinea pigs without finding isolated transmission between both resources. Genotypic resistance to antibiotics was observed in at least 50% of the isolates. Among the farm guinea pig isolates, ten were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid, and two isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to aminoglycosides, tetracycline-fluoroquinolone (carrying strA-strB-tetA-tetB genes and gyrA S83F mutation), or trimethoprim-sulfonamide (carrying AaadA1-drfA15-sul1 genes). Additionally, two isolates from the meat source were resistant to fluoroquinolones (one of which had enrofloxacin resistance). The transmissible resistance plasmids with insertion sequences (IS) such as IncI-gamma-K1-ISE3-IS6, IncI1-I (alpha)-IS21-Tn10, and Col (pHAD28) were commonly found in isolates belonging to the HC100-9757 cluster from both guinea pigs and human hosts. Altogether, our work provides resistance determinants profiles and Salmonella sp. circulating lineages using WGS data that can promote better sanitary control and adequate antimicrobial prescription.
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La leche materna donada es un recurso de alto valor que puede ser utilizado para la alimentación de neonatos hospitalizados y a término, por tanto, garantizar su inocuidad es imperativo. Esta revisión de literatura reúne los principales peligros de naturaleza física, química y microbiológica identificados en leche materna, con la intención de proveer una referencia que los consolide de tal forma que la información pueda ser utilizada por bancos de leche humana, gobiernos y agencias regulatorias para establecer mecanismos para su prevención y control. Se realizó una revisión de literatura entre agosto del 2021 y octubre del 2022, utilizando buscadores y descriptores específicos para peligros de transmisión alimentaria en leche materna. Se incluyeron estudios publicados en español o en inglés. Se identificaron 31 agentes biológicos patógenos incluyendo bacterias, virus y parásitos. Como peligros químicos se reportaron medicamentos, drogas, cafeína, infusiones herbales, micotoxinas, alérgenos, especias, suplementos nutricionales, contaminantes ambientales y desinfectantes. Se alerta sobre la presencia potencial de plástico y vidrio de tamaño menor a 7 mm proveniente del ambiente de extracción y recipientes. La presencia de peligros microbiológicos y químicos en leche materna puede darse por transmisión vertical, temperaturas inadecuadas durante el almacenamiento y contaminación en el proceso. La presencia de peligros físicos se relaciona con la manipulación de los implementos en etapas posteriores a la extracción. Se requiere prestar atención a los hábitos de la madre para prevenir peligros químicos, así como más investigación relacionada con micotoxinas en leche materna(AU)
Donated breast milk is a highvalue resource which can be used to feed hospitalized neonates and full-term infants, therefore, ensuring its safety is imperative. This literature review presents the main hazards of physical, chemical and microbiological nature identified in human milk, with the intention of providing a reference that consolidates the reported hazards reported, so the information can be used by human milk banks, governments and regulatory agencies to establish prevention and control mechanisms. A literature review was carried out between August 2021 and October 2022, using search engines and specific descriptors for foodborne hazards in breast milk. Studies published in Spanish and English were considered. 31 pathogenic biological agents including bacteria, viruses and parasites were identified. Medications, drugs, caffeine, herbal infusions, mycotoxins, allergens, spices, nutritional supplements, contaminants of environmental origin and disinfectants were reported as chemical hazards. No physical hazards were identified, however the potential presence of plastic and glass smaller than 7 mm from the extraction environment or containers is alerted. Presence of microbiological and chemical hazards can be due to vertical transmission, inadequate temperature of storing, contamination during extraction, packaging, and infant feeding. Whereas presence of physical hazards is related to implements handling after extraction. Attention to hygiene and habits of the mother to prevent chemical hazards and further research related to mycotoxins in human milk is required(AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Fatores Biológicos , Higiene , Poluentes Ambientais , Leite Humano , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Bancos de Leite Humano , Suplementos Nutricionais , Inocuidade dos AlimentosRESUMO
Giardia duodenalis is a significant cause of waterborne and foodborne infections, day-care center outbreaks, and traveler's diarrhea worldwide. In protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica, iron affects the growth, pathogenicity mechanisms, and expression of virulence genes. One of the proposed iron regulatory mechanisms is at the post-transcriptional level through an IRE/IRP-like (iron responsive element/iron regulatory protein) system. Recently, the expression of many putative giardial virulence factors in the free-iron levels has been reported in subsequent RNAseq experiments; however, the iron regulatory mechanism remains unknown. Thus, this work aimed to determine the effects of iron on the growth, gene expression, and presence of IRE-like structures in G. duodenalis. First, the parasite's growth kinetics at different iron concentrations were studied, and the cell viability was determined. It was observed that the parasite can adapt to an iron range from 7.7 to 500 µM; however, in conditions without iron, it is unable to survive in the culture medium. Additionally, the iron modulation of three genes was determined by RT-PCR assays. The results suggested that Actin, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase, and cytochrome b5 mRNA were down-regulated by iron. To investigate the presence of IRE-like structures, in silico analyses were performed for different mRNAs from the Giardia genome database. The Zuker mfold v2.4 web server and theoretical analysis were used to predict the secondary structures of the 91 mRNAs analyzed. Interestingly, the iron-induced downregulation of the genes analyzed corresponds to the location of the stem-loop structures found in their UTR regions. In conclusion, iron modulates the growth and expression of specific genes, likely due to the presence of IRE-like structures in G. duodenalis mRNAs.
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Giardia lamblia , Ferro , Humanos , Ferro/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro , Diarreia , Viagem , GiardiaRESUMO
The epidemiological dynamics of V. parahaemolyticus´ infections have been characterized by the abrupt appearance of outbreaks in remote areas where these diseases had not been previously detected, without knowing the routes of entry of the pathogens in the new area. However, there are recent studies that show the link between the appearance of epidemic outbreaks of Vibrio and environmental factors such as oceanic transport of warm waters, which has provided a possible mechanism for the dispersion of Vibrio diseases globally. Despite this evidence, there is little information on the possible routes of entry and transport of infectious agents from endemic countries to the entire world. In this sense, the recent advances in genomic sequencing tools are making it possible to infer possible biogeographical patterns of diverse pathogens with relevance in public health like V. parahaemolyticus. In this chapter, we will address several general aspects about V. parahaemolyticus, including their microbiological and genetic detection, main virulence factors, and the epidemiology of genotypes involved in foodborne outbreaks globally.
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/genética , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Saúde Pública , Surtos de DoençasRESUMO
Peru is currently one of the world's leading culinary destinations, whose world-renowned cuisine uses vegetables, mainly lettuce, as frequent ingredients. Vegetable consumption is promoted worldwide as a part of a healthy diet. However, vegetables, more frequently lettuce, have been implicated as a vehicle of infection for several foodborne parasites. This study aimed to determine the presence of potentially pathogenic parasites in lettuce marketed in the Central Andes of Peru. A total of 75 lettuce samples were collected from the two largest wholesale markets and the main open-air market in Jauja province, in the central Peruvian Andes. The province of provenance (coast vs. highlands), lettuce variety ("curly-leaf", "iceberg", and "butter"), and type of market were recorded. The samples were microscopically examined for detection of parasitic life forms using standard parasitological methods including direct slide smear, Lugol's iodine staining, and Modified Ziehl−Neelsen staining. The overall positivity of parasitic contamination in lettuces was 45.3% (CI 95%: 34−56.6%). Cryptosporidium spp., Isospora belli, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli, and Entamoeba spp. were detected in twenty-six (34.7%), six (8%), four (5.3%), two (2.7%), and two (2.7%) lettuces, respectively. I. belli was found in a significantly (p < 0.01) lower proportion in the "butter" variety, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher contamination with G. lamblia was found in lettuce sold at the open-air market. B. coli, G. lamblia, and E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii were detected only in lettuce from the highlands (Tarma province). This study provides important data for health authorities to develop food safety programs. This information is also of interest to the international community because of the increased visibility that Peru has gained as a tourist destination.
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Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Parasitos , Animais , Humanos , Lactuca , Peru , Verduras , Giardia , Proteínas de ProtozoáriosRESUMO
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a pathogen associated with acute diarrhoea in humans. To determine whether EPEC isolated from healthy food-producing animals possesses the same virulence gene repertoire as EPEC isolated from human with diarrhoea, we compared six typical EPEC (tEPEC) and 20 atypical EPEC (aEPEC) from humans with diarrhoea and 42 aEPEC from healthy animals (swine, sheep and buffaloes), using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), virulence markers, serotyping and subtyping of eae and tir genes. We found that human and animal isolates shared virulence genes, including nleB, nleE and nleF, which were associated with human diarrhoea. Serogroups and serotypes identified in isolates of food-producing animals such as O26:H11, O128:H2, O76:H7, O103, O108, O111 and O145, have previously been implicated in human disease. The subtypes eae and tir were also shared between human and animal isolates, being eae-γ1 and eae-ß1 the most prevalent in both groups, while the most common tir subtypes were α and ß. Despite PFGE analysis demonstrating that EPEC strains are heterogeneous and there was no prevalent clone identified, EPEC isolated from humans and food-producing animals shared some characteristics, such as virulence genes associated with human diarrhoea, indicating that food-producing animals could play a role as reservoirs for those genes.
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Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Doenças dos Ovinos , Doenças dos Suínos , Humanos , Animais , Suínos , Ovinos , Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica/genética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Adesinas Bacterianas/genética , Diarreia/veterinária , Sorotipagem/veterináriaRESUMO
Foodborne Diseases (FBDs) are a worldwide problem and occur after contaminated food has been ingested, signaling a lack of food quality. Even though the SARS-CoV-2 virus is not transmitted through food, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused several challenges worldwide that have had direct implications on food production and handling, stimulating and reinforcing the adoption of good manufacturing and food handling practices. The aim of this study was to analyze data on notifications of FBD in Brazil in the years before (2018 and 2019) and during (2020 and 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary data from the National System of Notifiable Diseases was analyzed, evaluating: overall incidence rate, lethality and mortality, contamination sites, and criteria for confirming the etiological agent. There were 2206 records of FBDs, and the mortality rate was 0.5% in both periods. The incidence rate before the pandemic was 6.48 and during the pandemic was 3.92, while the mortality coefficient was 0.033 before and 0.019 during the pandemic, both per 100,000 inhabitants. There was no significant difference in the number of FBD notifications in the evaluated periods. There was a migration of the location of FBD, with a significant increase in FBD notifications in hospitals and health units and a reduction in notifications from social events. There was a significant increase in the type of criteria used to confirm outbreaks, with an increase in clinical laboratory tests and clinical reports for bromatology. The increase in notifications in hospitals and health units demonstrates the necessity of improving food safety knowledge and the attitudes and practices of food handlers and healthcare professionals.
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COVID-19 , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Brasil/epidemiologia , Pandemias , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Foodborne infections caused by Salmonella have been linked to a variety of poultry products. The aim of this study was to compare the molecular profile of virulence genes considering different serotypes of Salmonella, isolates were from chicken breast sampled during the last two decades (1999 to 2010 and 2011 to 2018). The resistance to antimicrobials was also evaluated, establishing a comparative epidemiological parameter on the pathogenic potential on this bacterium over time. We tested 238 Salmonella isolates, and 18 different serotypes were observed. These being S. Enteritidis (42.3%, 58/137) and S. Ohio (28.3%, 36/137), the most frequent in the first decade; and S. Heidelberg (25.7%, 26/101) and S. Typhimurium (21.8%, 22/101), in the second. We found four (1.68%) multidrug resistant isolates from the first decade and 28 (11.76%) in the second. All extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positive isolates belonged to the S. Heidelberg serotype, and were also detected in the second decade. Considering the nine different antimicrobial classes tested, an increase in the number of resistant isolates was observed over time: from five classes with resistant isolates in the first decade to eight classes in the second, with cefotaxime being the antimicrobial with the highest number of resistant isolates in both decades. All isolates (100%) presented the invA, sitC and tolC genes. In sequence, the most frequent genes were flgL (99.6%), sopB (98.3%), flgK (97.9%), fljB (96.6%), sipA (94.9%), sipB (88.6%), sifA (86.4%), sipD (66.1%), ssaR (51.3%), sopD (37.3%) and spvB (34.3%) was the least frequent; and 13 isolates showing all 14 virulence genes investigated. The ability of these isolates to resist certain antimicrobials, and to express genes encoding virulence factors, reinforce their marked pathogenic potential; while the possibility to trigger diseases in humans through the food chain is a serious public health threat through.
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Galinhas , Fatores de Virulência , Humanos , Animais , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Brasil , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Salmonella/genéticaRESUMO
Because of growing urbanization and lack of time to prepare meals at home, eating out or getting food delivered have become common trends for many people. The consumption of food from unknown sources may impose an increased chance of contamination with microbiological hazards, especially if sanitary conditions are not met. We evaluated data from health surveillance agencies and scientific articles on foodborne diseases (FBD) reported internationally according to the exposure sites. We observed that the data are influenced by cultural, political, and socioeconomic differences. For instance, in New Zealand, Australia, United States, Denmark and India, the occurrence of FBD outbreaks was greater from foods prepared in commercial establishments and street vendors than from households. Conversely, in China, countries of the European Union and Brazil, the results are the opposite. Additionally, the pandemic imposed new eating behavior patterns, increasing delivery services and foods prepared in so-called "Dark Kitchens". The underreporting and heterogeneity of data among countries prevented a precise conclusion to the question of whether homemade foods are inherently safer than foods prepared out. Nevertheless, a lower level of development in a country influences its sanitation conditions, as well as the number of street food vendors, the search for cheaper foods, and insufficient knowledge of the population on good hygiene practices, which can all increase the chances of FBD cases.
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Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg has been associated with a broad host range, such as poultry, dairy calves, swine, wild birds, environment, and humans. The continuous evolution of S. Heidelberg raises a public health concern since there is a global dispersal of lineages harboring a wide resistome and virulome on a global scale. Here, we characterized the resistome, phylogenetic structure and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) array composition of 81 S. Heidelberg strains isolated from broiler farms (n = 16), transport and lairage (n = 5), slaughterhouse (n = 22), and retail market (n = 38) of the poultry production chain in Brazil, between 2015 and 2016 using high-resolution approaches including whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and WGS-derived CRISPR genotyping. More than 91% of the S. Heidelberg strains were multidrug-resistant. The total antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene abundances did not vary significantly across regions and sources suggesting the widespread distribution of antibiotic-resistant strains from farm to market. The highest AMR gene abundance was observed for fosA7, aac(6')-Iaa, sul2, tet(A), gyrA, and parC for 100% of the isolates, followed by 88.8% for bla CMY-2. The ß-lactam resistance was essentially driven by the presence of the plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) bla CMY-2 gene, given the isolates which did not carry this gene were susceptible to cefoxitin (FOX). Most S. Heidelberg strains were classified within international lineages, which were phylogenetically nested with Salmonella strains from European countries; while CRISPR genotyping analysis revealed that the spacer content was overall highly conserved, but distributed into 13 distinct groups. In summary, our findings underscore the potential role of S. Heidelberg as a key pathogen disseminated from farm to fork in Brazil and reinforce the importance of CRISPR-based genotyping for salmonellae. Hence, we emphasized the need for continuous mitigation programs to monitor the dissemination of this high-priority pathogen.
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This scoping review aimed to map the main evidence in the existing literature regarding consumer perceptions and beliefs regarding food safety in the context of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries. Articles were searched in the Web of Science, Scopus, and SciELO databases. The last search was performed on November 2021. Only the studies conducted within BRICS countries were included. The synthesis aimed to group similarities in consumer beliefs and perceptions of food safety. After screening, 74 eligible articles were included in the study. Of the 74 studies analyzed, 49 (66.2%) were carried out in China, 14 (18.9%) in Brazil, 5 (6.8%) in India,4 (5.4%) in South Africa, and 2 (2.7%) in Russia. Thirty-three motivators of perceptions and beliefs regarding food safety were identified. Food safety motivators were grouped into three categories: (1) sociodemographic characteristics, (2) cognitive aspects, and (3) other. In the "sociodemographic characteristics" category, the motivator with the highest number of corresponding results was education level (results = 22), followed by income (results = 22), both positive drivers for food safety perceptions. The "cognitive aspects" category comprised the majority of the identified motivators. Concern for food safety (results = 32) and risk perception (results = 30) were the motivators with the highest number of results among all categories and motivators. Finally, the main motivator in the "other" category was place of consumption/purchase (results = 8), focusing on consumers underestimating the risk of having a foodborne disease when eating away from home. China and Brazil are leading the way in studies on this topic. Consumers' perceptions are influenced by socioeconomic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, education level, income), cognitive aspects (e.g., knowledge, risk perception, food concerns, previous experience with food safety incidents) and other situational factors (e.g., price, place of purchase, traceability).
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Background: From late 2016 to early 2021, cases of Haff disease, a rare cause of rhabdomyolysis, possibly due to poisoning by palytoxin-like compounds in seafood, were detected in Salvador, Brazil. Surveillance was established to detect additional cases aiming at describing the clinical characteristics of the cases, identifying associated factors, estimating disease attack rate, and investigating the presence of biotoxins and trace metals in selected fish specimens obtained from cases. Method: Between December/2016-January/2021, surveillance investigated Haff disease suspected cases, and obtained clinical and fish samples to test. Findings: Of 65 cases investigated during the 2016-2017 outbreak, 43 (66%) had high creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels. Among those with laboratory-confirmed rhabdomyolysis, 38 (88%) were hospitalized, 11 (26%) required intensive care, and three (7%) dialysis. Ingestion of marine fish 24h before disease onset was reported by 74% of the cases with elevated CPK and by 41% of those without CPK measurement (P=0·02). Attack rate for individuals who ate fish related to the outbreak was 55%. Following this outbreak, surveillance identified 12 suspected cases between 2017-2019, and a second outbreak in 2020-2021, with 16 laboratory-confirmed rhabdomyolysis patients (five required intensive care; one died). No traces of ciguatoxins and metals were detected in fish specimens obtained in 2016, found to be Seriola rivoliana. Some fish samples from 2020 were screened for palytoxin (PlTX)-like compounds and contained detectable levels of molecule fragments characteristics of isobaric PlTX, ovatoxin-a (OVTX-a), OVTX-b and OVTX-d. Interpretation: These findings support the hypothesis that compounds related to PlTX accumulated in marine fish may be the toxic agent causing the disease. Haff disease is a life-threatening condition, requiring clinical suspicion for patients with sudden-onset myalgia following fish ingestion. Suspected cases should be reported to health authorities for investigation.
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Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most important bacteria associated with foodborne diseases, soft cheese being an important L. monocytogenes vehicle. In Ecuador, soft cheese is consumed in 84.3% of urban households. We determined the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and serogroups in 260 fresh artisanal soft cheese samples collected in 18 of 24 Ecuadorian provinces. Listeria spp. detection was carried out by culture-dependent and independent methods; 14.23% of samples were positive for L. monocytogenes. Serogroup IVb was found in 83.78% of the food isolates. Serogroups IIb and IIa were present in 8.11% of our isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. monocytogenes serogroups associated with food in Ecuador; we also found serogroup similarities between cheese isolates and clinical isolates.
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Queijo , Listeria monocytogenes , Queijo/microbiologia , Equador/epidemiologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Genótipo , Listeria monocytogenes/genéticaRESUMO
Resumen La anisakidosis es una zoonosis parasitaria accidental y cosmopolita de los seres humanos, siendo su hospedero definitivo los mamíferos marinos como lobos de mar, focas y delfines, entre otros. El ser humano se infecta por el consumo en estado larvario del nemátodo de la familia Anisakidae presentes en pescados y mariscos crudos como la merluza o el congrio. Los helmintos se ubican preferentemente en el tubo digestivo alto, observándose la regurgitación del parásito a la boca o evidenciándose durante la realización de una endoscopía digestiva alta. En forma infrecuente las larvas pueden migrar al peritoneo o seguir su paso por el intestino delgado y colon, siendo inhabitual la expulsión por las deposiciones. Presentamos el caso de una expulsión dos larvas L3 de la familia Anisakidae en deposiciones.
Abstract Anisakidosis is an accidental and cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis of human beings, its definitive host being marine mammals such as sea lions, seals and dolphins, among others. Humans are infested by consumption in the larval stage of the nematode of Anisakis present in raw fish and shellfish such as hake or conger eel. The infestation is preferably located in the upper digestive tract, observing the regurgitation of the parasite to the mouth or becoming evident during an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In rare cases, the larvae can migrate to the peritoneum or continue their passage through the small intestine and colon, with expulsion in stools being unusual. We present a case of expulsion of two larvae of the Anisakidae family in feces.
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Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Anisakis , Anisaquíase/diagnóstico , Anisaquíase/parasitologia , Zoonoses , Fezes/parasitologia , Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Larva , MamíferosRESUMO
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, has often been linked to oral transmission through açai consumption. Molecular methods that allow fast and accurate identification of the pathogen are important for the detection of the presence of the parasite in this food. This study aimed to optimize polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection of T. cruzi DNA in açai pulp. Several dilutions of T. cruzi DTU TcI trypomastigote forms were cultured in liver infusion tryptose (LIT) medium. Trypanosoma cruzi DNA was extracted from the cells and subjected to PCR. Subsequently, culture dilutions were added to açai pulp to evaluate the detection threshold of the optimized PCR assay. We demonstrate that our assay can detect T. cruzi DNA in açai pulp at a concentration of 1.08 × 10-10 ng µL-1. We conclude that our optimized protocol is effective and can be used as an important tool for the detection of T. cruzi contamination in açaí.(AU)
A doença de Chagas, enfermidade causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, tem sido relacionada com frequência à transmissão oral pelo consumo de açaí. Métodos moleculares que fornecem uma identificação rápida e precisa do patógeno para a detecção da presença do parasita são de extrema importância para a detecção da presença do parasita neste alimento. Este estudo teve como objetivo otimizar a detecção de DNA de T. cruzi em polpa de açaí por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Foram preparadas várias diluições das formas tripomastigotas de T. cruzi DTU TcI cultivadas em meio de cultivo Liver Infusion Tryptose. O DNA de T. cruzi foi extraído das células e submetido à PCR. Posteriormente, as diluições da cultura foram adicionadas às polpas de açaí para avaliar o limite de detecção do novo ensaio de PCR otimizado. Mostramos que nosso ensaio pode detectar DNA de T. cruzi em polpas de açaí na concentração de 1.08 × 10-10 ng µL-1. Concluímos que a metodologia desenvolvida se mostra eficaz e pode ser uma ferramenta importante para a detecção de contaminação por T. cruzi em açaí.(AU)
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/classificação , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Noxas/análise , Euterpe/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/genéticaRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: El bivalvo Aulacomya ater (cholga), es uno de los moluscos de mayor consumo en la población chilena. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de contaminación fecal hídrica provocada por los cauces que llegan al mar, aumentando la probabilidad de contaminación por Cryptosporidium parvum, el que genera criptosporidiosis en el ser humano. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de C. parvum en cholgas extraídas desde la Región del Bío Bío (Chile). Material y Métodos: Se seleccionaron 55 cholgas provenientes de un centro de cultivo y de un banco natural de extracción. Estas muestras, fueron procesadas en el laboratorio y se evaluó la presencia de elementos ácido-alcohol resistentes. Las muestras positivas, se analizaron por inmunofluorescencia directa, con anticuerpo específicos contra C. parvum. Resultados: 16,4% del total de las muestras tenían ooquistes de C. parvum. Conclusiones: Por primera vez se describe C. parvum en A. ater provenientes de las costas chilenas, siendo este molusco un posible vehículo de transmisión de criptosporidiosis a la población y a sus animales depredadores. Además, la presencia de C. parvum refleja la contaminación fecal hídrica en las costas evaluadas. Actualmente estamos monitoreando otras zonas de extracción de este molusco.
Abstract Background: The bivalve Aulacomya ater (cholga), is one of the most consumed mollusks by the population. However, there is evidence of fecal water contamination caused by causes that affect the sea, increasing the probability of contamination by the Cryptosporidium parvum, which generates cryptosporidiosis in people. Aim: To determine the presence of C. parvum in cholga extracted from the Bio Bio Region (Chile). Methods: Fifty-five cholgas were selected from a cultivation center and a natural extraction bank. These samples were processed in the laboratory and the presence of acid-alcohol resistant elements was evaluated. Positive samples were analyzed by direct immunofluorescence with anti-C. parvum antibody. Results: 16.4% of the total samples were affected by the oocysts of C.parvum. Conclusions: For the first time we described C. parvum in A. ater from the Chilean coast, being this mollusk a possible vehicle for transmission of cryptosporidiosis to the population and their predatory animals. Furthermore, the presence of C. parvum reflects fecal water contamination on the evaluated coasts. We are currently monitoring other extraction areas for this mollusk.
Assuntos
Animais , Cryptosporidium parvum , Criptosporidiose , Chile , Oocistos , FezesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to report an outbreak of human toxoplasmosis occurring in the municipality of Montes Claros de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil, from December 2015 to August 2016. Seven acute cases in June 2016 triggered the subsequent search. METHODS: A total of 251 individuals were selected through an active search, of which 114 (45.4%) agreed to participate in the research and blood collection. For serological diagnosis were used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG and IgM and avidity tests. RESULTS: Of the 114 serum samples evaluated, 12.3% (14/114) showed antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, with a profile indicative of acute infection. Samples of artisan fresh cheese, public water, vegetables and irrigation water were collected. Toxoplasma gondii DNA fragments were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction from two samples of artisan fresh cheese and a sample of irrigation water from the vegetable garden. A control case study was carried out, and the variable cow's artisan fresh cheese consumption was statistically significant (p = .01). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that cheese analysed and/or irrigated water of vegetable represented an important route of transmission for the disease. This is the first reported outbreak possibly caused by cow's artisan fresh cheese. It is difficult to prove that these routes were the cause of the outbreak; however, the findings allow us to infer that the individuals involved in the outbreak were in contact with these risk factors.
Assuntos
Queijo/parasitologia , Parasitologia de Alimentos , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Afinidade de Anticorpos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Adulto Jovem , ZoonosesRESUMO
Fowl paratyphoid infections are caused by different Salmonella serovars that can affect a wide range of hosts. Due to its complex epidemiology, Salmonella serovar identification is crucial for the development and implementation of monitoring and control programs in poultry farms. Moreover, the characterization of the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from livestock is relevant to public health because they are a common causative agent of foodborne diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. and to identify the antimicrobial resistance profiles of strains isolated in the midwestern region of São Paulo state, which accounts for the highest production of table eggs in Brazil. For this purpose, 2008 fecal samples were collected on 151 commercial layer farms and submitted to microbiological analyses. Twenty-two serovars were isolated from 80 (52.9%) farms, among which S. Mbandaka and S. Braenderup were the most prevalent. All isolates expressed resistance to at least one of the 23 antimicrobials tested, and the highest resistance rates were determined against streptomycin (93.5%) and sulfonamide (84.6%). Moreover, multidrug resistance was observed in 41% of the isolates and the maximum drug resistance profile was against ten different antimicrobials. Therefore, the identification of Salmonella serovars in poultry production provides epidemiological knowledge to develop prevention and control measures in order to ensure poultry health and to prevent human infection by multiresistant strains.(AU)