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BACKGROUND: Psychometric studies of the FACES III scale in Spanish-speaking countries show a lack of agreement on the factorial structure of the scale. In addition, most of the studies have only performed exploratory analyses of its factorial structure. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to confirm the structure and factorial invariance of the FACES III scale in nursing and obstetric students from Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico. METHODS: A total of 3303 students from the four countries participated in this study (Colombia = 1559, Chile = 1224, Peru = 215, Mexico = 305). RESULTS: The results of the study showed that the Bi-factor model presents the best-fit indexes to the data from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, but not from Peru. In addition, it was found that this model showed evidence of being strictly invariant among the three countries in the sequence of the invariance models proposed: metric invariance (ΔRMSEA = .000), scalar (ΔRMSEA = .008), and strict (ΔRMSEA = .008). The bi-factor model also showed adequate reliability indexes in the three countries. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the FACES III scale shows adequate psychometric performance under a bi-factor model in nursing and obstetric students from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico. The lack of fit of the model in Peru could be associated with the small sample size.

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Abstract Background Psychometric studies of the FACES III scale in Spanish-speaking countries show a lack of agreement on the factorial structure of the scale. In addition, most of the studies have only performed exploratory analyses of its factorial structure. Objective The objective of the present study was to confirm the structure and factorial invariance of the FACES III scale in nursing and obstetric students from Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Mexico. Methods A total of 3303 students from the four countries participated in this study (Colombia = 1559, Chile = 1224, Peru = 215, Mexico = 305). Results The results of the study showed that the Bi-factor model presents the best-fit indexes to the data from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, but not from Peru. In addition, it was found that this model showed evidence of being strictly invariant among the three countries in the sequence of the invariance models proposed: metric invariance (ΔRMSEA = .000), scalar (ΔRMSEA = .008), and strict (ΔRMSEA = .008). The bi-factor model also showed adequate reliability indexes in the three countries. Conclusion It is concluded that the FACES III scale shows adequate psychometric performance under a bi-factor model in nursing and obstetric students from Colombia, Chile, and Mexico. The lack of fit of the model in Peru could be associated with the small sample size.

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Background: University students often experience significant changes in their eating habits, which can increase the risk of developing eating disorders (ED). This situation calls for the creation of brief assessment tools to identify college students who may be most at risk. The aim of the study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Eating Attitudes Test-8 (EAT-8) in a Peruvian university population; additionally, the possible differences in the scores of the instrument according to sociodemographic variables, such as gender and age, were examined. Methods: A psychometric study was conducted on 610 participants (M = 24.3, SD = 2.16, and 61.5% female), aged 19 to 31 years, belonging to four universities of different professional careers. Results: The unidimensional eight-item model was found to have fit indices that confirm acceptable factorial validity (X2/df = 3.23, CFI = 0.984, TLI = 0.977, RMSEA = 0.061, SRMR = 0.049) and an internal consistency of 0.833 for the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and 0.838 for the McDonald's omega coefficient. In addition, the EAT-8 was reported to be invariant according to gender and age; likewise, there were no significant differences in the age and gender categories. Conclusion: The EAT-8 has solid psychometric properties, including validity, reliability, and invariance, in the Peruvian university population, which supports its ability to assess the risk of developing ED in this specific group.

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RESUMEN La imagen corporal varía a lo largo de la vida. Los cambios físicos que conlleva la adolescencia, pueden influir en el desarrollo de conductas de riesgo para trastornos alimentarios. Aunque los factores sociales y culturales afectan la imagen corporal, las formas de interacción modernas, mediante el uso de tecnología, en particular las redes sociales, permiten controlar la autopresentación de la imagen corporal en las fotografías que son publicadas, lo que podría servir como indicador de conductas de riesgo alimentarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la asociación de conductas alimentarias de riesgo con el control de la imagen corporal en fotografías, para analizar su invarianza factorial por sexo y proponer puntos de corte en población mexicana. La muestra estuvo conformada por 1 155 adolescentes (51.3 % hombres y 48.7 % mujeres), con una media de edad de 15.18 años. Se utilizó el cuestionario en español sobre el control de la imagen corporal en fotografías denominado BICP-S, además del cuestionario de conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR). Los resultados evidenciaron una relación entre las conductas alimentarias de riesgo y el control de la imagen en fotografías. La estructura factorial del BICP-S varía en función del sexo, por lo que se proponen diferentes puntos de corte del cuestionario, en donde aquellas ubicadas en el percentil 85 indican riesgo acerca de las preocupaciones por la imagen corporal en mujeres, mientras que en hombres se establece en el percentil 92, con una alta confiabilidad en el control de la imagen en ambos sexos (α > 0.90). El cuestionario tiene utilidad clínica para la detección de jóvenes con serias preocupaciones en torno a la imagen corporal que, de continuar, pueden constituirse en un factor de riesgo para trastornos de la conducta alimentaria.

ABSTRACT Body varies throughout life. Physical changes that take place during teenage years may influence the development of risky behaviors related to eating disorders. Although social and cultural factors affect body image, modern forms of interaction with technology, particularly social networks, allow controlling the self-presentation of body image in the photographs that are published, which could serve as an indicator of risky eating behaviors. The aim of this study was to establish the association of risky eating behaviors with the body image control in photographies, to analyze the factorial invariance by sex and to propose cut-off points in the Mexican population. The sample consisted of 1 155 adolescents (51.3 % males and 48.7 % females), with a mean age of 15.18 years. The BICP-S was used, in addition to the risky eating behaviors questionnaire (CAR). The results showed a relationship between risky eating behaviors and image control in photographs. The factorial structure of the BICP-S varies according to sex, so different cut-off points of the questionnaire are proposed, where those located at the 85th percentile indicate risk about body image concerns in women, while in men it is established at the 92nd percentile, with a high reliability in image control in both groups (α > 0.90). It is concluded that the questionnaire has clinical utility for the detection of at-risk youth who may have serious body image concerns, which if continued can be a risk factor for eating disorders.

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BACKGROUND: The stigma associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can lead to prejudice and discrimination against people who have been infected by this virus, consequently, it is important to have a validated tool to measure this phenomenon. However, there is only 1 national precedent that has validated the scores of this instrument in its 21-item version. Therefore, this study examined the bifactor structural equation method (SEM) and multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) structure of a 12-item human immunodeficiency virus stigma scale in Peruvian adults. METHODS: We evaluated 342 patients (57.6% female and 42.45% male) diagnosed with HIV receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) from a hospital located in East Lima, aged 18 to 45 years (M = 31.4, SD = 9.79). A SEM was used to test 2 measurement models, a 4-factor correlated oblique model and a bifactor model due to high interfactor relationships. RESULTS: Acceptable fit indices were identified for the oblique model (χ2/df = 1.26, SRMR = 0.044, RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.028 [0.000-0.047], CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.994). In the same way, similar results were evident for the bifactor model (χ2/df = 1.14, SRMR = 0.039, RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.020 [0.000-0.044], CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.997), however, in the latter it showed a greater explanation for the unidimensional model (H = 0.87, PUC = 0.82, LCA = 0.70), which was also evidenced by the bifactor MIRT analysis. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the 12-item HIV Stigma Scale meets the psychometric properties of internal structure and unifactorial reliability.

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Resumen Desde el surgimiento de la psicología cognitiva, las cogniciones han tomado gran relevancia para explicar una gran variedad de fenómenos psicológicos. Un constructo que ha sido empleado en el ámbito clínico y forense es el de las distorsiones cognitivas que tiene poder predictivo sobre la conducta violenta. Las distorsiones cognitivas se definen como cogniciones irracionales y negativas: pensamiento egocéntrico, culpar a los demás, minimización y asumir lo peor. Para evaluar las distorsiones cognitivas se ha empleado el cuestionario How I Think ("Cómo pienso"), que ha sido validado para población hispanoparlante, pero no contaba con una versión validada en Perú. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de una prueba que evalúa las distorsiones cognitivas en una muestra de adolescentes de la ciudad de Arequipa, Perú. Se evaluó a 2803 estudiantes nivel secundario (48.9 % mujeres y 51.1 % varones) entre 13 y 19 años, a través del cuestionario How I Think de Barriga y Gibbs (1996). El procesamiento psicométrico implicó el análisis de la validez por medio del análisis factorial confirmatorio, la confiabilidad por el método de consistencia interna y la invarianza factorial según el sexo. Los resultados psicométricos indican que la prueba tiene validez de constructo con tres factores: culpar a los demás/asumir lo peor, la minimización y el egocentrismo. También tiene índices de confiabilidad adecuados y no presenta sesgos entre varones o mujeres. Se concluye que el cuestionario How I Think es un instrumento válido y confiable para evaluar a los adolescentes peruanos, aunque presenta variaciones con respecto a su estructura original.

Abstract Since the consolidation of the cognitive psychology and its diffusion around the world, the cognitions have taken a place of great relevance in order to explain a large variety of psychological events and phenomena. Nowadays the cognitive psychology is the dominant paradigm in the wide world of psychology, including obviously the Ibero-american countries. One construct that had been used in the field of clinical and forensic psychology is related to cognitive distortions, which have predictive power over the violent and aggressive behavior in children, adolescents, and adult people (Peña & Andreu, 2012). The cognitive distortions can be defined as a kind of negative and irrational cognitions (Ellis, 1999) that are used to explain or justify the aggressive behavior, and they are also linked to delinquent behavior (Roncero et al., 2016). Cognitive distortions can be classified in two types: self-serving and self-debasing cognitive distortions. In the first case, there are four types of self-serving cognitive distortions: Self-centered, Blaming others, Minimizing/Mislabeling, and Assuming the worst. In the second case, there are also four self-debasing cognitive distortions: Catastrophizing, Overgeneralizing, Personalizing, and Selective abstraction. Both types have great influence in people's beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors (Barriga et al., 2008). Several instruments have been applied to measure cognitive distortions. Some of them are orientated to measure the self-serving cognitive distortions and some others are orientated to measure the self-debasing type, such as The Cognitive Errors Questionnaire or The Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. One of the most used tests to assess the self-serving cognitive distortions is the How I Think Questionnaire, that has been validated in Spanish-speaking population such as Spain, with adequate goodness of fit indexes and reliability; but there is not a validated version in Peru (Rojas et al., 2019). The present research pretends to analyze the psychometrical properties of the How I Think Questionnaire, a mental test that measures the cognitive distortions. Following that aim, this instrument was applied in a sample of adolescents from Arequipa (Peru), comprised of 2 803 middle and upper High School students (48.9 % female and 51.1 % male) between 13 and 19 years old. The version used of the How I Think Questionnaire was the one developed and validated by Barriga and Gibbs (1996), which has 54 items with five levels of Likert's scale response. The psychometrical process implies the analysis of validity by confirmatory factor analysis, reliability by the internal consistency method, and factorial invariance according to the sex of the adolescents that participated in the sample. The psychometrical results indicate that the How I Think Questionnaire possesses construct validity with three factors: Blaming others/Assuming the worst (which contains two factors from the original version), Minimizing and Self-Centered. It also has adequate reliability indexes, estimated by McDonald's Omega Test, and there are no trends to male or female scores according to the factorial invariance applied, taking sex as a comparison criterion. It is concluded that the How I Think Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to assess Peruvian adolescents who live in Arequipa, although it presents some variations compared to its original structure. And the How I Think Questionnaire can be applied in male and female adolescents from Arequipa without the risk of biased scores. However, it is recommendable to perform new psychometric studies that include adolescent's samples from all of Peru to obtain a standardized version for the Peruvian population that could be used in several fields of psychological work. The version presented in this research is a useful instrument to assess cognitive distortions in educational, social, and forensic psychology, by mental health specialists in Arequipa Metropolitan City.

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Introducción: El objetivo de esta investigación fue confirmar la estructura interna de la Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS) y recoger evidencias de su relación con otros constructos en una muestra colombiana de 902 adultos que consintieron participar voluntariamente. Método: Se realizaron análisis psicométricos con Teoría Clásica de los Test y el modelo de Rasch. Se recolectaron evidencias de validez de la estructura interna y de la relación de las puntuaciones con otras variables. Resultados: Se obtuvieron buenos índices en los coeficientes alfa y omega de McDonald, nueve de los 10 ítems tuvieron buenos ajustes en los índices infit y outfit, y el ítem ocho presentó DIF en el nivel educativo. Se confirmó la estructura unidimensional de la EROS y fue invariante respecto al sexo y nivel educativo. Los puntajes tuvieron correlaciones de magnitud alta con sintomatología emocional y variables afines a la Activación Conductual. Conclusiones: La EROS presentó altas calidades psicométricas para su uso en población colombiana; sin embargo, se recomienda su uso solo para evaluación de tamizaje, porque los niveles de información están centrados en un área reducida a lo largo de la métrica logit.

Introduction: The aim of this research was to confirm the internal structure of the Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS) and to collect evidence of its relationship with other constructs in a Colombian sample of 902 adults who voluntarily consented to participate. Method: Psychometric analyses were performed using Classical Test Theory and the Rasch model. Evidence of validity based on internal structure and relations of scores with other variables was collected. Results: Good indexes were obtained in McDonald's Alpha and Omega coefficients, 9 of the 10 items had good adjustments in the Infit and Outfit indexes, and item 8 presented DIF in the educational level. The unidimensional structure of the EROS was confirmed and was invariant with respect to sex and educational level. Scores had high magnitude correlations with emotional symptomatology and variables related to Behavioral Activation. Conclusions: The EROS presented high psychometric qualities for its use in the Colombian population; however, its use is recommended only for screening assessment because the levels of information are centered in a reduced area along the Logit scaling.

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The interference between family and work roles has led to the development of scales for their measurement. However, instrumental studies of work-family conflict have not been conducted in the context of teacher teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this reason, the objectives of this study were set to obtain evidence of the internal structure and fairness of the Blanch and Aluja Work-Family Conflict Questionnaire, as well as its association with job satisfaction and other sociodemographic variables. A total of 235 Peruvian school teachers between the ages of 24 and 72 years (M = 43.79 and SD = 9.67) responded to the scale using the online form. The analysis employed the non-parametric item response theory modeling (Mokken scaling analysis). The structure of two correlated factors was confirmed: work conflict in the family (WCF) and family conflict in the work (FCW). Both dimensions were invariant with respect to sex group and educational level. The association of both dimensions with job satisfaction was theoretically convergent, and the gender of the teachers slightly moderated this relationship. The reliability was adequate for group research. Finally, the instrument can be useful in the organizational context of teachers who telework.

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Background: Insomnia is the sleep disorder with the highest incidence worldwide. It is estimated that this condition increases the risk of developing psychiatric, neurological, and cardiovascular problems. Due to this, it is important to have brief, reliable and valid psychometric instruments that allow health personnel their timely detection in first level health centers. Objectives: Analyze the psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) in its version adapted to Spanish in a sample of Mexican adults. Methods: The sample consisted of 310 adults, 223 (71.9%) women and 87 (28.1%) men. The comparison of four ISI measurement models of one, two and three factors and a bifactor model was carried out, its internal consistency was analyzed, an analysis of invariance by sex and correlation analysis with the Athens and Epworth scales. Results: The ISI bifactor model with a general factor (G) and a specific factor for insomnia impact (I) showed the best fit indices (χ2= 29.48, gl = 11, SRMR= 0.03, CFI= 0.98, TLI= 0.96, RMSEA= 0.07), and demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance by sex. Adequate reliability was demonstrated by Omega coefficients (General: ωG= 0.86, Impact: ωI= 0.86) showed adequate reliability; the scale showed very strong correlations with the Athens scale (rAGoverall= 0.84; rAImpact=0.75) and weak to moderate correlations with the Epworth scale (rEGeneral= 0.39; rEImpact=0.44). Conclusions: The ISI bifactor version in Spanish presents adequate psychometric properties for the measurement of insomnia and, as it is a brief tool, it can be used at different levels of health care.

Introducción: El insomnio es el trastorno de sueño de mayor incidencia a nivel mundial. Se estima que este padecimiento eleva el riesgo de desarrollar problemas psiquiátricos, neurológicos y cardiovasculares. Debido a ello es importante tener instrumentos psicométricos breves, confiables y válidos que permitan al personal de salud su oportuna detección en los centros de salud de primer nivel. Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Severidad de Insomnio (ISI) en su versión adaptada al español en una muestra de adultos mexicanos. Método: Participaron 310 adultos, 223 (71.9%) mujeres y 87 (28.1%) hombres. Se realizó la comparación de cuatro modelos de medida del ISI de uno, dos y tres factores y un modelo bifactor, se analizó su consistencia interna, un análisis de invarianza por sexo y análisis de correlación con las escalas de Atenas y de Epworth. Resultados: Se encontró que el modelo ISI bifactor con un factor general (G) y uno específico de Impacto del insomnio (I) fue el que mostró los mejores índices de ajuste (χ2=29.48, gl= 11, SRMR= 0.03, CFI= 0.98, TLI= 0.96, RMSEA= 0.07), y que presenta invarianza configuracional, métrica y escalar por sexo. El coeficiente Omega (General: ωG =0.86, Impacto: ωI=0.86 ) mostraron una confiabilidad adecuada; la escala mostró correlaciones muy fuertes con la escala Atenas (rAGeneral= 0.84; rAImpacto=0.75) y débiles a moderadas con la escala Epworth (rEGeneral= 0.39; rEImpacto=0.44). Conclusiones: La versión ISI bifactor en español presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para la medición del insomnio y al ser una herramienta breve puede emplearse en diferentes niveles de atención a la salud.

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Background: Insomnia is the sleep disorder with the highest incidence worldwide. It is estimated that this condition increases the risk of developing psychiatric, neurological, and cardiovascular problems. Due to this, it is important to have brief, reliable and valid psychometric instruments that allow health personnel their timely detection in first level health centers. Objectives: Analyze the psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) in its version adapted to Spanish in a sample of Mexican adults. Methods: The sample consisted of 310 adults, 223 (71.9%) women and 87 (28.1%) men. The comparison of four ISI measurement models of one, two and three factors and a bifactor model was carried out, its internal consistency was analyzed, an analysis of invariance by sex and correlation analysis with the Athens and Epworth scales. Results: The ISI bifactor model with a general factor (G) and a specific factor for insomnia impact (I) showed the best fit indices (χ2= 29.48,gl= 11, SRMR= 0.03, CFI= 0.98, TLI= 0.96, RMSEA= 0.07), and demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance by sex. Adequate reliability was demonstrated by Omega coefficients (General: ω G = 0.86, Impact: ω I = 0.86) showed adequate reliability; the scale showed very strong correlations with the Athens scale (rAGoverall= 0.84; rAImpact=0.75) and weak to moderate correlations with the Epworth scale (r EGeneral = 0.39;r EImpact= 0.44). Conclusions: The ISI bifactor version in Spanish presents adequate psychometric properties for the measurement of insomnia and, as it is a brief tool, it can be used at different levels of health care.

Introducción: El insomnio es el trastorno de sueño de mayor incidencia a nivel mundial. Se estima que este padecimiento eleva el riesgo de desarrollar problemas psiquiátricos, neurológicos y cardiovasculares. Debido a ello es importante tener instrumentos psicométricos breves, confiables y válidos que permitan al personal de salud su oportuna detección en los centros de salud de primer nivel. Objetivo: Analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Índice de Severidad de Insomnio (ISI) en su versión adaptada al español en una muestra de adultos mexicanos. Método: Participaron 310 adultos, 223 (71.9%) mujeres y 87 (28.1%) hombres. Se realizó la comparación de cuatro modelos de medida del ISI de uno, dos y tres factores y un modelo bifactor, se analizó su consistencia interna, un análisis de invarianza por sexo y análisis de correlación con las escalas de Atenas y de Epworth. Resultados: Se encontró que el modelo ISI bifactor con un factor general (G) y uno específico de Impacto del insomnio (I) fue el que mostró los mejores índices de ajuste (χ2=29.48,gl= 11, SRMR= 0.03, CFI= 0.98, TLI= 0.96, RMSEA= 0.07), y que presenta invarianza configuracional, métrica y escalar por sexo. El coeficiente Omega (General: ω G =0.86, Impacto: ω I =0.86 ) mostraron una confiabilidad adecuada; la escala mostró correlaciones muy fuertes con la escala Atenas (r AGeneral =0.84; rAImpacto=0.75) y débiles a moderadas con la escala Epworth (r EGeneral =0.39; rEImpacto=0.44). Conclusiones: La versión ISI bifactor en español presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para la medición del insomnio y al ser una herramienta breve puede emplearse en diferentes niveles de atención a la salud.

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Abstract Introduction: Ethical culture stands out as an important variable in comprehending ethical norms and ethical behaviour at work. The Corporate Ethical Virtues (CEV) Scale is a widely used measure of ethical culture in organisations. This study aimed to adapt and validate the CEV Scale to a Brazilian context. Method: In Study 1 (n = 1.219), the CEV Scale was translated and adapted, the reliability and the internal structure were tested and the discriminant validity of ethical climate measures was demonstrated. In Study 2 (n = 635), measurement invariance in two groups was demonstrated, and there was evidence of validity based on the relationships with related constructs. Results: The results indicated that the Brazilian version of the CEV Scale showed reasonable psychometric properties and provided evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusion: This measure can be used by managers and consultants to diagnose ethical organisational culture.

Resumen Introducción: La cultura ética se destaca como una variable importante para comprender las normas y el comportamiento éticos en el trabajo. La escala de virtudes éticas corporativas (CEV) es una medida de cultura ética organizacional ampliamente utilizada. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y validar la escala CEV de cultura ética al entorno brasileño. Método: En el estudio 1 (n = 1.219), la Escala CEV fue traducida y adaptada, se probaron la confiabilidad y la estructura interna y se demostró la validez discriminante de las medidas de clima ético. En el estudio 2 (n = 635), se demostró la invariancia de medición en dos grupos y hubo evidencia de validez basada en las relaciones con constructos relacionados. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que la versión brasileña de la escala CEV mostró propiedades psicométricas razonables y proporcionó evidencia de validez convergente y discriminante. Conclusión: Esta medida puede ser utilizada por gerentes y consultores para diagnosticar la cultura organizacional ética.

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Introducción: en esta investigación se analiza la validez, confiabilidad e invarianza del Cuestionario de Agresión Reactiva/Proactiva. Método: el estudio fue de tipo instrumental. Se evaluó a 2803 adolescentes, de los cuales 48.9% fueron mujeres 51.1% varones de la ciudad de Arequipa. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Agresión Reactiva Proactiva (RPQ). Resultados: la prueba obtuvo índices de bondad de ajuste adecuados y se confirmó la estructura bifactorial mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio. La prueba presentó invarianza escalar y estricta en función al sexo de los estudiantes evaluados, de modo que los varones muestran una mayor agresividad reactiva y proactiva que las mujeres. Las medidas de confiabilidadfueron satisfactorias. Conclusión: el RPQ es válido con una estructura de dos factores, además es invariante en función al sexo de los evaluados.

Introduction: in this research, we analyze the validity, reliability and invariance of the Reactive/Proactive Aggression Questionnaire. Method: the study was an instrumental sort of. We assessed 2803 adolescents, 48.9% female and 51.1% male from Arequipa City. The Reactive/Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) was applied. Results: the test obtained adequate levels of goodness of fit and the bifactorial structure was confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis. The test presented scalar and strict invariance based on the sex of the evaluated students, so men showed greater reactive and proactive aggressiveness than women. Reliability measures were satisfactory. Conclusion: the RPQ is valid with a two-factor structure; it is also invariant depending on the sex of those evaluated.

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Abstract Introduction: This paper aims to examine the psychometric properties, i.e., validity, reliability, factorial invariance, and latent mean differences based on gender, of the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale, PSPS, in the Ecuadorian context. Method: A sample consisting of 597 Ecuadorian undergraduates participated in the study. Results: Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported a 14-item and three-dimensional model of the scale: Perfectionistic Self-Promotion, Nondisplay of Imperfection, and Nondisclosure of Imperfection. This model presented configural; measurement, i.e., metric, strong, and strict; as well as structural invariance across genders. Discriminant validity was observed by analysing correlations between PSPS factors and perfectionism traits. Males exhibited higher latent means of Perfectionistic Self-Promotion and also Nondisplay of Imperfection than females. Conclusions: The Spanish-translated and brief version of the PSPS represents a reliable and valid tool for assessing perfectionistic self-presentation in Ecuador.

Resumen Introducción: Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar las propiedades psicométricas, i.e., validez, fiabilidad, invarianza factorial y diferencias de medias latentes en función del género, de la Escala de Autopresentación Perfeccionista, PSPS, en el contexto de Ecuador. Método: La muestra se compuso de 597 universitarios ecuatorianos. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio apoyó una estructura de la escala compuesta por 14 ítems y tres dimensiones: autopromoción perfeccionista, no-divulgación de la imperfección, y no-verbalización de la imperfección. Este modelo mostró invarianza configural; de medida, métrica, escalar y estricta; y estructural a través del género. El análisis de correlaciones entre los factores de la PSPS y los rasgos perfeccionistas evidenció la validez discriminante de la escala. Los hombres obtuvieron medias latentes significativamente más altas en comparación con las mujeres en los factores autopromoción perfeccionista y no-divulgación de la imperfección. Conclusiones: La versión de la PSPS abreviada y traducida al español representa una medida fiable y válida para evaluar la autopresentación perfeccionista en Ecuador.

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Resumen La Escala de Bienestar Subjetivo (EBS-20) y su versión corta (EBS-8) fueron desarrolladas y validadas para medir en población hispanohablante la satisfacción con la vida y el afecto positivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue obtener evidencias adicionales de validez para la EBS-8. Para ello, se aplicó la escala en tres estudios sucesivos a un total de 2259 mexicanos de 12 a 81 años. Los resultados del primer estudio permitieron confirmar la estructura unifactorial (CMIN/DF = 2.336; CFI = .996; RMSEA = .047) y la adecuada confiabilidad de la escala (a = .958, co = .957); en el segundo se probó su invarianza de medición por sexo, grupo social y edad (A%2 p > .05, ACFI < .004, ARMSEA < .014); y en el tercer estudio se encontró, mediante la calibración de sus reactivos bajo la TRI, que la escala estima satisfactoriamente el constructo evaluado (a > 1.69; P1 entre -2.78 y -2.35). A partir de los índices psicométricos obtenidos, se concluye que la EBS-8 es un excelente instrumento breve construido en español para evaluar el bienestar subjetivo en adolescentes, jóvenes, adultos y adultos mayores.

Abstract The Subjective Well-Being Scale (EBS-20) and its short version (EBS-8) were developed and validated to measure life satisfaction and positive affect in a Spanish-speaking population. The aim of the present study was to obtain additional evidence of validity for the EBS-8. To this end, the scale was applied in three successive studies to a total of 2259 Mexicans aged 12 to 81 years. The results of the first study allowed us to confirm its unifactorial structure (CMIN/DF = 2.336; CFI = .996; RMSEA = .047) and its adequate reliability (a = .958, co = .957); in the second its measurement invariance by sex, social group and age was tested (A%2 p >. 05, ACFI < .004, ARMSEA < .014); and in the third study it was found, by calibrating its items under IRT, that the scale satisfactorily estimates the construct assessed (a > 1.69; b1 between -2.78 and -2.35). From the psychometric indices obtained, it is concluded that the EBS-8 is an excellent brief instrument constructed in Spanish to assess subjective well-being in adolescents, young people, adults and older adults.

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The current social and political scenario in Chile has opened up the debate on two centuries of usurpation and discrimination towards the Mapuche people. Educational centers are not oblivious to the social exclusion faced by indigenous children and young people, and this forms part of the phenomenon of school violence. This study explores the differences in perception between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students regarding school violence. The issue is the lack of knowledge regarding cultural variations in the perception of school violence in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context. This study describes the characteristics of school violence perceived by students in relation to differences based on ancestry and characterizes the variations in perception. A total of 1404 students participated from urban schools in the city of Temuco, Chile, aged 10 to 13 (M = 11.4; SD = 1.1) who completed the CENVI questionnaire. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the total sample and categories provides indexes that fit the proposed model. The omega coefficients provide internal reliability guarantees. This study tests configural, metric and scalar invariance for all the categories explored, and statistically significant differences are found between Mapuche and non-Mapuche students in the perception of physical and verbal violence, where the Mapuche student perceives more violence. Results are discussed based on existing research on education in spaces of social and cultural diversity in the Mapuche context, with research into elements that can help explain the findings.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale-Second Edition (RCMAS-2) among Peruvian students. The sample consisted of 472 participants aged between 7 and 18 years, of whom 250 were female (53%). Likewise, 191 were enrolled from third to sixth grade of primary school (40.5%), and 281 were registered from first to fifth grade of secondary school (59.5%). The results of the study indicated that the RCMAS-2 scores had adequate levels of reliability for all its dimensions (ordinal alpha > .70). On the other hand, a four-factor structure (Physiological anxiety, Worry/Social anxiety, Defensiveness I, and Defensiveness II) was found to be invariant to gender and schooling level. Also, convergent and discriminant validity evidence was provided. Finally, a moderate difference in Defensiveness II according to the schooling level through the latent mean structure analysis was found. Taking into account the results, it was concluded that the RCMAS-2 scores have evidence of reliability, validity, and equity for its use in Peruvian regular elementary school students.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Ansiedad Manifiesta en Niños Revisada, Segunda Edición (CMASR-2), en estudiantes peruanos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 472 participantes con edades entre 7 y 18 años, siendo 250 mujeres (53%). Asimismo, 191 pertenecían del tercero al sexto grado de primaria (40.5%) y 281 cursaban del primero al quinto grado de secundaria (59.5%). Los resultados del estudio indicaron que las puntuaciones en el CMASR-2 presentan adecuados niveles de fiabilidad para todas sus dimensiones (alfa ordinal > .70). Por otro lado, se encontró una estructura de cuatro factores (Ansiedad fisiológica, Inquietud/Ansiedad social, Defensividad I y Defensividad II) que se mantuvo invariante al sexo y nivel de escolaridad. Además, se aportaron evidencias de validez discriminante y convergente. Finalmente, el análisis de medias latentes encontró una diferencia moderada en Defensividad II según el nivel de escolaridad. A partir de los resultados, se concluyó que, las puntuaciones en el CMASR-2 cuentan con evidencias de fiabilidad, validez y equidad para su uso en estudiantes peruanos de educación básica regular.

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Although the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) has been validated in some European and American countries, there are no studies that evaluate its factorial invariance among different nations. In this sense, the objective of the study is to evaluate the factorial invariance of the BRCS in samples of older adults in Peru and Spain, using multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis. 236 older adults from Peru participated (Mean age = 72.8, SD = 6.90) and 133 older adults from Spain (Mean age = 71, SD = 7). In the Peruvian sample 78.4% were women and 21.6% men; while in the Spanish sample the majority were women (69.9%). The BRCS was scalar invariant but not strictly invariant between Spain and Peru. Our results found invariance of the structure, factor loadings and intercepts in both countries. These results support the use of BRCS in studies that compare the resilience between samples of older adults in both countries, and encourage applied research for the development of resilience in older adults in Spain and Peru.

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Given the lack of scales with a robust psychometric assessment of self-efficacy related to obesity in early adolescence, we aimed to obtain an instrument with high-quality validity and reliability items. Nonrandom samples (N = 2371) classified boys (1174, M = 12.83, SD = 0.84) and girls (1197, M = 12.68, SD = 0.78) from Mexico City and some cities of the Mexican Republic with obesity rates near to the national level mean. A multi-validity process and structural invariance analysis using the Perceived Self-efficacy Scale for Obesity Prevention were performed. A two-factor-physical activity and healthy eating-model with high effect-sized values-girls R2 (0.88, p < 0.01) and boys R2 (0.87, p < 0.01)-were obtained. Each factor explained more than half of the variance with high-reliability coefficients in each group and acceptable adjustment rates. The self-efficacy scale proved to have only girls, an invariant factor structure, or a psychometric equivalence between the groups. The obtained scale showed that a two-factor structure is feasible and appropriate, according to the highest quality of validity and reliability.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la invarianza factorial y la fiabilidad con respecto al sexo del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (ERQ) en una muestra de jóvenes ecuatorianos. Se trata de un estudio instrumental de la equivalencia de medida o invarianza factorial del ERQ y de la fiabilidad. Participaron 435 estudiantes de bachillerato (53,8% mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 20 (X̅= 16.7; s= 1.4). El modelo de dos factores es confirmado con χ²= 145.4 gl (68); p< .001;χ²/gl= 2.1; GFI= .94; CFI= .91 y RMSEA= .05 [.03 - .06]. Las restricciones al modelo en la equivalencia de medida muestran que este es invariante con respecto al sexo. Además, la fiabilidad muestra que las magnitudes son aceptables con ωSE= .636; ωRC= .762 en hombres y ωSE= .694; ωRC= .742 en mujeres. Se evidencia que el modelo del ERQ es invariante con respecto al sexo y que, a su vez, es fiable. (AU)

This study aimed to determine the factorial invariance by gender and the reliability of the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) in a sample of young Ecuadorians. A Measurement Equivalence or factorial invariance Instrumental study of the ERQ and its reliability was performed. Participants were 435 high school students (53.8% female), aged 14 to 20 (X̅= 16.7, s= 1.4). The ERQ's bifactor model was confirmed with χ²= 145.4; df (68); p <.001; χ²/df= 2.1; GFI=.94; CFI=.91 & RMSEA=.05 [.03-.06]. The restrictions to the model in the measure equivalence show that it is invariant regarding gender. In addition, the reliability showed that the magnitudes are acceptable with ωSE= .636; ωRC= .762 in men and ωSE= .694; ωRC= .742 in women. The ERQ model was found to be invariant by gender and reliable. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a invariância e a confiabilidade do fator em relação ao sexo do Questionário de Regulação Emocional (ERQ) em uma amostra de jovens equatorianos. Trata-se de um estudo instrumental da equivalência de medida ou invariância fatorial do ERQ e da confiabilidade. Participaram 435 estudantes do ensino médio (53,8% mulheres), com idades entre 14 e 20 anos (X̅ = 16,7; s = 1,4). O modelo de dois fatores do ERQ é confirmado com χ² = 145,4 gl (68); p < 0,001; χ²/gl = 2,1; GFI = 94; CFI = 0,91 e RMSEA = 0,05 [0,03-0,06]. As restrições do modelo na equivalência de mensuração mostram que isso é invariável em relação ao sexo. Além disso, a confiabilidade mostra que as quantidades são aceitáveis com ωSE = 0,636; ωRC = 0,762 em homens e ωSE = 0,694; ωRC = 0,742 em mulheres. É evidente que o modelo ERQ é invariável em relação ao sexo e que, por sua vez, é confiável. (AU)

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This research was done to find if using maximum likelihood could reduce the Interactive Optimism Scale-Garcia to a new valid and reliable shorter version. There were 502 adults: 263 women and 239 men (Mage = 34.67, SD = 12.27). It was used in confirmatory factor analysis. A four-item scale is obtained, having excellent goodness of fit: [χ2/df = .609, GFI (Jöreskog and Sörbom's Goodness-of-Fit Index) = .999, NFI (Normed Fit Index) = .999, CFI (Bentler's Comparative Fit Index) = 1.000, RMSEA (Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation) = .000 (90% CI = .0001, .077); SRMR (standardized root mean square residual) = .007], as well as factorial invariance across sexes; the scale has good internal consistency (ω = .869, α = .858, ordinal α = .906). Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-G correlates significantly with self-esteem (r = .779, p < . 01, 95% CI [.816, .736]), depression (r = -.810, p < .01, 95% CI [.843, .772]), and psychopathy (r = -.670, p < . 01, 95% CI [.723, .611]). In conclusion, Brief Interactive Optimism Scale-G is a good option for measuring optimism in Mexicans.

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