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Abstract The Scale of Attitudes towards External Assessments applied on a Large-Scale was developed to capture what basic education teachers think, feel, and how they behave in response to this type of assessment. Considering the potential of the instrument to support management decisions in the field of educational assessment policies, this article aimed to evaluate construct validity, via factor analysis, as well as scale reliability, via composite reliability of the scale, based on its application to a sample of teachers affiliated with the Education Department of Espírito Santo/Brazil. This is a quantitative, nonexperimental, instrumental study that involved 405 teachers from the public school network, whose results indicate adequate psychometric indices and a satisfactory factor structure consistent with the proposed three-dimensional attitude construct. The statistical coefficients found at the level of the analyses performed legitimize its use for the development of public policies and effective practices in the educational field.

Resumo A Escala de Atitudes perante as Avaliações Externas aplicadas em Larga Escala foi desenvolvida para capturar o que os professores da educação básica pensam, sentem e se comportam mediante esse tipo de avaliação. Considerando as potencialidades do instrumento para subsidiar decisões gerenciais no âmbito das políticas de avaliação educacional, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a validade do construto, mediante a Análise Fatorial, e a confiabilidade da escala, por meio da fidedignidade composta, a partir da aplicação para uma amostra de professores vinculados à Secretaria de Educação do Espírito Santo/Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, não experimental, de cunho instrumental, que envolveu 405 docentes da rede, cujos resultados indicam para adequados índices psicométricos e uma estrutura fatorial satisfatória e condizente com a proposta tridimensional do construto atitudes. Os coeficientes estatísticos encontrados ao nível das análises realizadas legitimam sua utilização para o desenvolvimento de políticas e práticas efetivas no âmbito educacional.

Resumen La Escala de Actitudes ante las Evaluaciones Externas aplicadas a Gran Escala se desarrolló para identificar lo que el profesorado de educación básica piensa, siente y hace frente a este tipo de evaluación. Teniendo en cuenta el potencial del instrumento para respaldar las decisiones gerenciales en las políticas de evaluación educativa, este artículo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la validez del constructo, mediante el análisis factorial, y la confiabilidad, mediante la fiabilidad compuesta de la escala, basándose en su aplicación a una muestra de profesores de la Red de Educación de Espírito Santo/Brasil. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, de naturaleza instrumental, que involucró a 405 docentes; y los resultados indican índices psicométricos adecuados y una estructura factorial satisfactoria y coherente con la propuesta tridimensional del constructo de actitudes. Los coeficientes estadísticos encontrados a partir de los análisis realizados legitiman su uso para el desarrollo de políticas públicas y prácticas efectivas en el campo educativo.

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Background: Technology plays a fundamental role to achieve higher education key learning objectives. Digital competence (DC) is defined as a set of skills, knowledge, abilities, and attitudes in technological aspects. It is necessary to employ an effective training action plan in higher education institutions to advance towards a level of teaching digital competence (TDC). The objective of this study was to validate the COMDID A instrument to assess Teaching Digital Competence (TDC) of active teachers, through a confirmatory factor and internal reliability analysis. Methods: The research was developed within a descriptive-correlational scope and a non-experimental-cross-sectional design to validate the dimensionality and reliability of the COMDID A instrument and evaluate the self-perceived digital competence of active teachers. The population was made up of 690 professors who were part of the teaching staff of the National University of Chimborazo, Ecuador, in the first academic period of the year 2021. The sample was probabilistic, in a simple random scheme, the percentage of potential error admitted was 3%. The representativeness of the sample was 50%, and the confidence level was 97%. A total of 511 teachers completed the questionnaire compared to the 452 individuals needed. Results: The instrument was robust, and it was reliable for the calculated sample. There were correlations between the variables, and the statistical calculation ensured the development of the multivariate analysis to validate the dimensionality of the instrument. Moreover, the correct dimensionality was determined through a confirmatory analysis and high reliability of the instrument. Conclusions: The calculated factorial scores were defined in order for further studies to be carried out. It is important to apply confirmatory factor analysis in educational technology research to validate the dimensionality of data collection instruments.

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RESUMEN En este artículo hacemos una revisión de la producción de los últimos diez años sobre la inclusión de las personas con discapacidad en la Educación Superior en México. Se utilizaron bases de datos nacionales e internacionales y privilegiamos los artículos publicados en español. Recuperamos un total de 37 textos, que organizamos en dos tendencias: los derivados de investigaciones empíricas y los análisis de políticas. Respecto a los primeros, encontramos 15 artículos, 9 referidos a estudiantes con diferentes discapacidades y 6 enfocados en un solo tipo de discapacidad. Otro tipo de trabajos, también con referente empírico, son los que abordan las ideas y actitudes de los actores educativos hacia la discapacidad, en donde identificamos 8 artículos. En cuanto a los análisis de políticas para la inclusión, encontramos 14 materiales que dividimos en tres categorías: los que examinan el impacto de las políticas federales, los análisis comparados entre instituciones y los que se enfocan en una sola institución educativa. En general, la inclusión en el nivel superior es una línea de estudio que aún está en proceso de consolidación en nuestro país. Se necesita desarrollar más investigación que vayan más allá de los estudios de caso, así como indagaciones de tipo cuantitativo que brinden un panorama más amplio sobre la situación de los estudiantes con discapacidad.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we make a review of the academic production about inclusion of people with disabilities in the Mexican Higher Education, in the last ten years. We worked with national and international databases and focused on papers published in Spanish. A total of 37 texts was gathered, which we organized in two trends: those derived from empirical research and those who made policy analysis. Regarding the former, we found 15 papers, nine referring to students with different disabilities and six focused on a single type of disability. Another kind of papers, also with empirical results, includes those that analyze the ideas and attitudes of educational subjects towards disability, where we identified eight papers. Concerning the analyses of policies for inclusion, we found 14 texts that were divided into three categories: those that examine the impact of federal policies, comparative analyses between institutions, and those that focus on a single educational institution. In general, inclusion in Higher Education is a line of study which is still in the process of consolidation in our country. It is necessary to develop more research that goes beyond case studies, as well as quantitative inquiries that provide a broader picture of the circumstances of students with disabilities.

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Resumen Introducción: Hasta donde se tiene conocimiento, la investigación que se presenta constituye el primer trabajo multicéntrico en México que estudia el desarrollo de la aptitud clínica en unidades formadoras de cardiólogos. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de desarrollo de la aptitud clínica en residentes de cardiología en tres unidades médicas de alta especialidad. Métodos: Diseño transversal multicéntrico. Se analizaron todos los estudiantes del ciclo académico 2019-2020. Se construyó un instrumento que evaluó la aptitud clínica a partir de ocho indicadores y 170 ítems; la validez conceptual/de contenido y la confiabilidad fueron valoradas por cinco cardiólogos con experiencia docente y en investigación educativa. Resultados: Por indicador y año de residencia se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en la sede CMN20Nov; en HCSXXI e INCICh se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en uno de ocho indicadores. Se estimaron diferencias entre residentes R1 (n = 41) de las tres sedes por indicador, con significación estadística en tres de ocho indicadores. El resultado fue semejante al comparar R2 (n = 35) y R3 (n = 43). Conclusiones: El grado de desarrollo de la aptitud clínica se puede considerar medio en las tres sedes académicas, probablemente debido a que el instrumento exploró situaciones clínicas problematizadas que exigieron del residente la reflexión crítica de su experiencia clínica.

Abstract Introduction: To the best of our knowledge, the research herein presented is the first multicenter study in Mexico to analyze the development of clinical aptitude in medical units that train cardiologists. Objective: To determine the degree of development of clinical aptitude in cardiology residents at three High Specialty Medical Units. Methods: Multicenter, cross-sectional design. All students of the 2019-2020 academic year were included in the study. An instrument was constructed that evaluated clinical aptitude based on eight indicators and 170 items; conceptual/content validity and reliability were assessed by five cardiologists with teaching and educational research experience. Results: By indicator and year of residence, significant statistical differences were observed in the CMN20Nov academic site. At HCSXXI and INCICh, statistically significant differences were observed in one of eight indicators. Differences between R1 residents (n = 41) of all three academic sites were estimated by indicator, with statistical significance being recorded in three of eight indicators. Between R2 (n = 35) and between R3 residents (n = 43), the result was similar. Conclusions: The degree of clinical aptitude development can be considered intermediate in all three academic sites, probably because the instrument explored problematized clinical situations that required the residents to critically reflect on their clinical experience.

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Spatial cognition is related to academic achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) domains. Neuroimaging studies suggest that brain regions' activation might be related to the general cognitive effort while solving mental rotation tasks (MRT). In this study, we evaluate the mental effort of children performing MRT tasks by measuring brain activation and pupil dilation. We use functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) concurrently to collect brain hemodynamic responses from children's prefrontal cortex (PFC) and an Eye-tracking system to measure pupil dilation during MRT. Thirty-two healthy students aged 9-11 participated in this experiment. Behavioral measurements such as task performance on geometry problem-solving tests and MRT scores were also collected. The results were significant positive correlations between the children's MRT and geometry problem-solving test scores. There are also significant positive correlations between dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) hemodynamic signals and visuospatial task performances (MRT and geometry problem-solving scores). Moreover, we found significant activation in the amplitude of deoxy-Hb variation on the dlPFC and that pupil diameter increased during the MRT, suggesting that both physiological responses are related to mental effort processes during the visuospatial task. Our findings indicate that children with more mental effort under the task performed better. The multimodal approach to monitoring students' mental effort can be of great interest in providing objective feedback on cognitive resource conditions and advancing our comprehension of the neural mechanisms that underlie cognitive effort. Hence, the ability to detect two distinct mental states of rest or activation of children during the MRT could eventually lead to an application for investigating the visuospatial skills of young students using naturalistic educational paradigms.

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Objective: The changing surgical education landscape in surgical training pathways greatly diminished cardiac surgical knowledge, interest, and skills among general surgery trainees. To address this issue, our department developed a cardiac surgery simulation program. Methods: All simulation sessions lasted at least 2 hours and occurred during resident physician protected education time. Participants were postgraduate year 2 through 5 general surgery residents assisted by staff and led by cardiac surgery faculty. Five of the 6 sessions were porcine heart wet labs simulating coronary anastomoses, surgical aortic valve replacement, mitral valve repair and replacement, and left ventricular assist device implantation. The transcatheter aortic valve replacement session was designed as a video simulation and a manikin for wire manipulation and implantation. At the end of each lab, all participants were surveyed about their experiences. Results: An average of 10 resident physicians participated in each session (range, 8-13), for a total of 120 simulation hours. One hundred percent of residents surveyed agreed that the labs improved knowledge and understanding of the disease process, improved understanding of cardiac surgical principles, and helped acquire skills for surgical residency and treatment. Factors that residents cited for increased attendance rate included protected education time, hands-on experience, and a high faculty-to-resident ratio. Conclusions: This program successfully demonstrates that cardiac surgery training and simulation can be integrated into general surgery residency programs, despite the lack of cardiac surgery requirements. Additional metrics for future study includes technical grades on resident physicians' performance to further assess the value of this program.

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Resumen El artículo expone elementos históricos que han incidido en la configuración de la investigación educativa en Colombia en las últimas décadas para mostrar de qué forma tal contexto ha influenciado en el investigador educativo. En primer lugar, describe vacíos presentes en los trabajos de investigación en educación. Desde allí, el análisis se centra en la universidad contemporánea y los efectos que ha tenido el capitalismo cognitivo y la mercantilización en estas instituciones que son uno de los escenarios donde se efectúa investigación educativa. En un tercer momento, muestra la incidencia de la lógica mercantil en la formación de investigadores educativos. Finalmente, el artículo propone elementos para tensionar el campo e incidir en la formación de los futuros investigadores y en las prácticas de los investigadores vigentes, de tal manera que se logre una reorientación de los parámetros que determinan al campo educativo.

Abstract The article exposes historical elements that have influenced the configuration of educational research in Colombia in recent decades to show how this context has influenced the educational researcher. In the first place, it describes gaps present in educational research works. From there, the analysis focuses on the contemporary university and the effects that cognitive capitalism and commodification have had on these institutions, which are one of the scenarios where educational research is conducted. Thirdly, it shows the incidence of mercantile logic in the training of educational researchers. Finally, the article proposes elements to stress the field and influence the training of future researchers and the practices of current researchers, so as to achieve a reorientation of the parameters, which determine the educational field.

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INTRODUCTION: To the best of our knowledge, the research herein presented is the first multicenter study in Mexico to analyze the development of clinical aptitude in medical units that train cardiologists. OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of development of clinical aptitude in cardiology residents at three High Specialty Medical Units. METHODS: Multicenter, cross-sectional design. All students of the 2019-2020 academic year were included in the study. An instrument was constructed that evaluated clinical aptitude based on eight indicators and 170 items; conceptual/content validity and reliability were assessed by five cardiologists with teaching and educational research experience. RESULTS: By indicator and year of residence, significant statistical differences were observed in the CMN20Nov academic site. At HCSXXI and INCICh, statistically significant differences were observed in one of eight indicators. Differences between R1 residents (n = 41) of all three academic sites were estimated by indicator, with statistical significance being recorded in three of eight indicators. Between R2 (n = 35) and between R3 residents (n = 43), the result was similar. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of clinical aptitude development can be considered intermediate in all three academic sites, probably because the instrument explored problematized clinical situations that required for the residents to critically reflect on their clinical experience.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Hasta donde se tiene conocimiento, la investigación que se presenta constituye el primer trabajo multicéntrico en México que estudia el desarrollo de la aptitud clínica en unidades formadoras de cardiólogos. OBJETIVO: Determinar el grado de desarrollo de la aptitud clínica en residentes de cardiología en tres unidades médicas de alta especialidad. MÉTODOS: Diseño transversal multicéntrico. Se analizaron todos los estudiantes del ciclo académico 2019-2020. Se construyó un instrumento que evaluó la aptitud clínica a partir de ocho indicadores y 170 ítems; la validez conceptual/de contenido y la confiabilidad fueron valoradas por cinco cardiólogos con experiencia docente y en investigación educativa. RESULTADOS: Por indicador y año de residencia se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en la sede CMN20Nov; en HCSXXI e INCICh se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en uno de ocho indicadores. Se estimaron diferencias entre residentes R1 (n = 41) de las tres sedes por indicador, con significación estadística en tres de ocho indicadores. El resultado fue semejante al comparar R2 (n = 35) y R3 (n = 43). CONCLUSIONES: El grado de desarrollo de la aptitud clínica se puede considerar medio en las tres sedes académicas, probablemente debido a que el instrumento exploró situaciones clínicas problematizadas que exigieron del residente la reflexión crítica de su experiencia clínica.

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As políticas afirmativas através da Lei de Cotas 12.711/2012 ampliaram a democratização do acesso ao ensino superior público no Brasil, otimizando a entrada de estudantes pobres, negros, indígenas e pessoas com deficiência. Esse artigo analisa as implicações psicossociais da pobreza para a permanência estudantil nas universidades públicas. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática a partir de 16 artigos, 22 dissertações e 10 teses nas bases de dados Scielo e BDTD (Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações). Os trabalhos são, em sua maioria, do campo da educação (54, 16%), a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa é predominante (58, 33 %) e os estudantes prevaleceram como participantes das investigações (52, 8%). As categorias analíticas foram construídas com o auxílio do Software Atlas Ti 5.2 e configuradas em macrocategorias: permanência material; permanência simbólica (dimensões pedagógica e cultural); estratégias de enfrentamento e vivências de opressão. A Lei de Cotas e demais políticas afirmativas possibilitaram a democratização do acesso, porém aspectos que permeiam a permanência precisam ser evidenciados em novas pesquisas. A contribuição dessa investigação consistiu em dar visibilidade aos aspectos subjetivos e psicossociais da pobreza nos trabalhos analisados.

The affirmative policies through the Law of Quota 12, 711/2012 expanded the democratization of access to public higher education in Brazil, optimizing the entry of poor, black, indigenous and disabled students. This article analyzes the psychosocial implications that poverty has in the student permanence up to the higher education conclusion in public universities. A systematic review was carried out from 16 articles, 22 dissertations and 10 theses in the databases Scielo and BDTD (Brazilian digital library of theses and dissertations). The majority of the works are in the field of education (54.16%), the qualitative approach to research is predominant (58.33%) and students prevailed as participants in the research (52.8%). The analytical categories were constructed with the aid of Atlas Ti 5.2 software and configured in macro categories: material permanence; symbolic permanence (pedagogical and cultural dimensions); coping strategies and experiences of oppression. The Quota Law and other affirmative policies have made it possible to democratize access, but aspects that permeate permanence need to be highlighted in further researches. The contribution of this research consisted in giving visibility to the subjective and psychosocial aspects of poverty in the analyzed works.

Las políticas afirmativas a través de la Ley de Cuotas 12.711/2012 ampliaran la democratización del acceso a la enseñanza superior pública en Brasil, optimizando la entrada de estudiantes pobres, negros, indígenas y personas con discapacidados. Este artículo analiza las implicaciones psicosociales de la pobreza para la permanencia estudiantil en las universidades publicas. Se realizó una revisión sistemática a partir de 16 artículos, 22 tesinas y 10 tesis en las bases de datos Scielo y BDTD (Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de Tesis y Disertaciones). Los trabajos son, en su mayoría, del campo de la educación (54, 16%), el abordaje cualitativo de investigación es predominante (58, 33%) y los estudiantes prevalecen como participantes de las investigaciones (52, 8%). Las categorías analíticas fueron construidas con la ayuda del Software Atlas Ti 5.2 y configuradas en macrocategorías: permanencia material; permanencia simbólica (dimensiones pedagógicas y culturales); estrategias de enfrentamiento y vivencias de opresión. La Ley de Cotas y demás políticas afirmativas posibilitaran la democratización del acceso, pero aspectos que permean la permanencia necesitan ser evidenciados en nuevas investigaciones. La contribución de esta investigación consistió en dar visibilidad a los aspectos subjetivos y psicosociales de la pobreza en los trabajos analizados.

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A successful health care provider may be described as a clinician capable of establishing a comprehensive diagnosis including identifying related risk factors. However, an equally important quality a clinician should possess is the ability to understand the experiences and feelings of others to allow better communication for better outcomes. It is likely that faculty empathy levels influence students' ability to demonstrate this attribute. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of empathy of dental faculty members relative to dental students at the Universidad San Sebastian in Chile. Using a cross-sectional design of survey-collected data collected with the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, the authors compared the perceptions of the dental faculty involved in teaching fourth- and fifth-year dental students (n=116) to the perceptions of basic and preclinical students (n=346) and clinical students (n=189). The data were collected in 2016-17. The results showed that the mean faculty scores were higher than that of the students in compassionate care (90.1%) and perspective adoption (89.7%); however, for putting oneself in the other's shoes, the faculty had a lower score (57.8%) than the clinical students (58.2%). Future investigations are needed to understand the impact of faculty empathy scores on students and whether pedagogical interventions can increase empathy scores.

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Introducción: La investigación educativa desempeña un papel muy importante para la resolución de los problemas y desafíos que existen en los diferentes contextos sociales, en el cumplimiento de las políticas educativas y para lograr el perfeccionamiento de los diferentes sistemas educativos. Objetivo: Analizar el desarrollo de la ciencia en la sociedad de la información, y en específico, de la investigación educativa como tipo de investigación que estudia la realidad educativa. Métodos: Se utilizan métodos del nivel teórico como el analítico sintético, inductivo deductivo e histórico lógico, para realizar el análisis bibliográfico de libros, artículos científicos, tesis doctorales, diccionarios y materiales disponibles a través de internet. Conclusiones: La investigación y la intervención no existen de manera separada, son complementarias; no es posible desarrollar investigaciones educativas sin la intervención y la transformación del contexto educativo; mucho menos realizar una intervención sin antes investigar(AU)

Introduction: Educational research plays a very important role in solving the problems and challenges that exist in different social contexts in the fulfillment of educational policies and in order to achieve the improvement of the different educational systems. Objective: To analyze the development of science in the information society, and specifically, of educational research as a type of research that studies the educational reality. Methods: The article uses methods from the theoretical level such as: analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive and logical historical, to perform the bibliographic analysis of books, scientific articles, doctoral theses, dictionaries and materials available on the Internet. Conclusions: Research and intervention do not exist separately, they are complementary; it is not possible to develop educational research without the intervention and transformation of the educational context; let alone carry out an intervention without first investigating(AU)

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RESUMEN Fundamento: Las Ciencias Médicas se caracterizan por estudios profesionales en relación a la salud pública y al proceso de salud enfermedad, pero presentan debilidades en la formación del profesional de la Medicina, en el conocimiento y desarrollo de sus habilidades investigativas. Objetivo: Determinar las limitaciones del docente de las Ciencias Médicas en la investigación educativa en el colectivo de primer año de la carrera de Medicina. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal; la población estuvo conformada por 30 docentes del colectivo de año, 3 directivos de la facultad el resto profesores principales de las asignaturas. Se realizó el análisis de documentos, la entrevista a directivos, docentes y estudiantes, la encuesta a docentes, y la triangulación de datos en la carrera de Medicina durante el curso 2017-2018 de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus. Resultados: Reflejan la formación de un docente concentrado en el contenido de la enseñanza del saber disciplinar, en detrimento de su implicación hacia la investigación educativa, donde el colectivo del año académico no evidencia su potencial formativo. Conclusiones: La actuación del docente de las ciencias médicas se concibe desde lo individual y grupal en el ejercicio docente. Reconociendo que la investigación científica forma parte de sus funciones, pero se inclinan a la materia que imparten y el colectivo de año no los estimula hacia la investigación de los problemas educativos.

ABSTRACT Background: Medical Sciences are characterized by professional studies related to public health and the disease health process, but they present weaknesses in the training of the medical professional, also in the knowledge and development of their research skills. Objective: To determine the limitations of the Medical Sciences professors in the educational research in the first academic year group of the Medicine career. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out; the population consisted of 30 teachers from the teachers´ academic year group, 3 faculty directors, and the rest, some of the main professors of the subjects. The analysis of documents, the interview with managers, teachers and students, the survey of teachers, and the triangulation of data in the Medicine career during the course 2017-2018 at the Sancti Spíritus University of Medical Sciences were used. Results: The performance of teacher of medical sciences is conceived from both, the individual and the group in the teaching practice. Recognizing that the scientific research is part of their functions, but they are mainly interested into the subject they teach and the teachers´ academic year group does not encourage them to research about educational problems.

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RESUMO: O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar, analisar e discutir a constituição do campo da Educação Especial, tendo como fonte os textos publicados pelo periódico Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial - RBEE, no período de 1992 até 2017. Por meio da fonte selecionada, foi possível elaborar balanço tendencial referente aos sujeitos que produzem os discursos disseminados pelo periódico, bem como os sujeitos e as políticas que essas narrativas produzem e a forma pela qual são produzidas. Para tanto, foram selecionados, dentre o total de textos publicados, aqueles que apresentavam discussão ampla sobre a Educação Especial, por meio de três eixos de entrada: quem produziu esses artigos, o que produziram e por quais meios produziram essas narrativas. Os dados colhidos foram organizados por meio de indicadores que alimentaram o banco de dados, permitindo a elaboração de tabelas e a análise das principais tendências dessa produção desde o seu lançamento até o ano de 2017, tendo como referencial teórico os estudos de Pierre Bourdieu, especificamente as noções de campo e linguagem. Destacam-se como resultados da análise a grande incidência de produções da região Sudeste do Brasil, de autores com título de doutores inseridos no campo acadêmico vinculados à educação, culminando com a análise dos termos que designam a população atendida pela Educação Especial e que expressam a disputa pela autoridade científica desse campo de investigação.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to present, analyze and discuss the constitution of the field of Special Education, having the texts published by the Brazilian Journal of Special Education - RBEE- from 1992 to 2017 as its source. Through this selected source, it was possible to elaborate a trend balance regarding the subjects that produce the discourses disseminated by the journal, as well as the subjects and policies that these narratives produce and the way in which they are produced. In order to do so, among the total of published texts, those which presented a broad discussion on Special Education were selected through three axes of entry: who produced the papers, what was produced and by what means these narratives were produced. The collected data were organized through indicators that fed the database allowing both the elaboration of tables and the analysis of the main trends of this production from its launch until the year 2017, having Pierre Bourdieu's studies as theoretical reference, specifically the notions of field and language. The highlighted results of this analysis are the high incidence of productions in the Southeastern region of Brazil, coming from authors with a doctorate degree in the academic field related to education, culminating with the analysis of terms that designate the population assisted by Special Education and that express the dispute over the scientific authority of this field of investigation.

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RESUMEN: Este artículo se propone realizar un análisis crítico y sistemático de la producción científica acerca de los vínculos entre trabajo docente, escolarización y desigualdades sociales en el período 1985-2015 en Argentina, con el objeto de examinar los principales debates conceptuales y teórico-metodológicos, como así también sus contribuciones para las discusiones actuales en el campo de la educación. Para ello, este trabajo reconstruye tres núcleos de debate: las contribuciones de la reformulación de los abordajes estructurales y del redireccionamiento de la mirada hacia los sujetos y las instituciones escolares; las discusiones surgidas de la incorporación de preocupaciones centradas en la heterogeneidad y el dinamismo de las identidades sociales; y los debates respecto del lugar de los contextos de pobreza en las instancias de formación y trabajo docente, ligados nuevas aproximaciones a los vínculos entre docencia, escolarización y desigualdad.

RESUMO: Este artigo propõe-se a realizar uma análise crítica e sistemática da produção científica acerca dos vínculos entre trabalho docente, escolarização e desigualdades sociais no período entre 1985 e 2015, na Argentina, com o objetivo de examinar os principais debates conceituais e teórico-metodológicos, bem como suas contribuições para as discussões atuais no campo da educação. Para isso, este trabalho reconstrói três núcleos de debate: as contribuições da reformulação das abordagens estruturais e do redirecionamento do olhar para os sujeitos e as instituições escolares; as discussões surgidas a partir da incorporação de preocupações centradas na heterogeneidade e no dinamismo das identidades sociais; e os debates a respeito do lugar dos contextos de pobreza nas instâncias de formação e trabalho docente, ligados a novas aproximações dos vínculos entre docência, escolarização e desigualdade

ABTRACT: This article intends to present a critical and systematic analysis of the scientific production on the links between teaching work, schooling and social inequalities between 1985 and 2015 in Argentina, with the aim of examining the main conceptual and theoretical-methodological debates, as well as their contributions for the current discussions in the educational field. This paper will approach three cores of debate: the contributions of the reformulation of structural approaches and the reframing of the looking to the subjects and schools; the discussions from the incorporation of the questions centred in the heterogeneity and dynamism of social identities; and the debates centred on the place of contexts in the instances of teachers´ training and work, linked to new approaches to the links between teaching, schooling and inequality.

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Introducción: la educación médica superior en Cuba se fundamenta en los principios de excelencia, calidad y pertinencia. Es importante y necesaria la integración docente, asistencial, investigativa y gerencial. La excelencia universitaria se basa en el proceso docente educativo y el proceso de investigación científica. Objetivo: destacar la importancia de la investigación en las ciencias de la salud y la investigación pedagógica. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica a través de los descriptores de las ciencias de la salud en diferentes fuentes de información y se seleccionaron las que se consideraron más importantes. Resultados: se resalta la importancia de la investigación científica en las ciencias de la salud, la pedagógica y la superación profesoral. Se analizan dificultades con respecto al número y calidad de las investigaciones, la aplicación de los resultados, el creciente movimiento estudiantil en su participación en eventos científicos, el ascenso favorable de las investigaciones en enfermería, la participación de los profesionales docentes y no docentes en las investigaciones y el valor de colaboración científica internacional. Conclusiones: la investigación científica en las ciencias de la salud constituye un pilar importante de desarrollo. Deben generalizarse y aplicarse los resultados. Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, el cáncer y la emergencia y reemergencia de enfermedades infecciosas constituyen problemas prioritarios por su morbilidad y mortalidad. La investigación pedagógica y la superación profesoral son necesarias en la calidad de la enseñanza y en la obtención de un egresado de excelencia(AU)

Introduction: Higher medical education in Cuba is based on the principles of excellence, quality and relevance. It is important and necessary to integrate teaching, care, research and management. University excellence is based on the educational process and on the scientific research process. Objective: To highlight the importance of research in the health sciences and in pedagogical research. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out using the descriptors of the health sciences in different sources of information and the ones considered most important were chosen. Results: The importance is highlighted of scientific research in the health sciences, pedagogy and teacher improvement. Difficulties are analyzed regarding the number and quality of the research, the application of the results, the growing student movement in their participation in scientific events, the favorable rise of research in nursing, the participation of the teaching and non-teaching professionals in the research and the value of international scientific collaboration. Conclusions: Scientific research in the health sciences constitutes a cornerstone for development. The results should be generalized and applied. Chronic noncommunicable diseases, cancer and the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases are priority problems due to their morbidity and mortality. Pedagogical research and teaching excellence are necessary in the quality of teaching and for obtaining a graduate of excellence(AU)

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Resumen: El presente trabajo explora las tensiones en investigación cualitativa y educación. Con ese objetivo, el texto parte ofreciendo una breve introducción a la investigación cualitativa en educación, una visión del vínculo histórico de estos dos campos de estudio, para desembocar en una reflexión entre lo temático y lo metodológico cuando hablamos de investigación cualitativa en/y educación. Sobre esta base, el escrito pasa a centrarse en las tensiones que aparecen en la formulación de una propuesta, desarrollo, escritura y publicación de una investigación cualitativa en educación. Las tensiones en la propuesta se concentran en los formatos de formulación y presentación de proyectos de investigación cuando construimos el objeto de estudio desde la perspectiva cualitativa. En el desarrollo de la investigación, el tiempo aparece como una preocupación central desde diversos puntos de vista, así como la tensión entre el orden del análisis y el orden de la presentación. La escritura es abordada desde la tensión entre la opción por un texto argumentativo y un texto narrativo. Por último, las tensiones en la publicación se centran en el envío de manuscritos a revistas temáticas o revistas especializadas en metodología. Las tensiones en cada uno de estos momentos de la investigación cualitativa en educación son exploradas desde el punto de vista de las posibilidades.

Abstract: This paper explores the tensions in qualitative research and education. With this objective, it offers a brief introduction to qualitative research in education, a vision of the historical link of these two fields of study, to lead to a reflection between the thematic and the methodological when we talk about qualitative methodologies in education. Under that approach, the text focuses on the tensions that appear in the formulation of a proposal, development, writing and publication of a qualitative research in education. The tensions in the proposal are concentrated in the formats of formulation and presentation of research projects when we construct the object of study from a qualitative perspective. In the development of the research, time appears as a central concern from various points of view, as well as the tension between the order of analysis and the order of presentation. The writing is approached from the tension between the option for an argumentative text and a narrative text. Finally, the tensions in the publication focus on sending manuscripts to thematic journals or journals specialized in methodology. The tensions in each of these moments of qualitative research in education are explored from the point of view of their possibilities

Resumo: O presente trabalho explora as tensões em introdução qualitativa e educação. O objetivo desse trabalho é oferecer uma breve introdução sobre a introdução qualitativa em educação, uma visão do vinculo histórico destes, dos campos de estudos, para levar á uma reflexão entre o tematico e o metodologico quando falamos de metodología qualitativa na educação. Com este contexto o manuscrito passa a centrar-se nas tensões que aparecem na formulação de uma proposta, desenvolvimento, escrita e publicacao de uma introdução qualitativa na educação. As tensões da proposta se concentram nos formatos de formulação e apresentação de projetos de introdução quando construimos o objeto de estudo desde a perspectiva qualitativa. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa, o tempo aparece como uma preocupação central á partir de diversos pontos de vista, assim como a tensao entre a orden das analises e a ordem da apresentação. A escrita é abordada desde a tensão entre a opção por um texto argumentativo ou um texto narrativo. Por fim, as tensões quanto a publicação se concentram no envio de manuscritos para as revistas temáticas ou revistas especializadas em metodologia. As tensões em cada um destes momentos da introdução qualitativa em educação são exploradas a partir dos pontos de vistas das posibilidades

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El Sistema Educativo basa su eficacia, entre otros aspectos, en la evaluación, que lejos de entenderse como una medición de los productos y realizaciones escolares, es un acto obligatorio y una práctica reflexiva propia del docente, constituye hoy uno de los pilares del mismo Sistema. Una de las novedades del concepto de evaluación son los ámbitos donde se establece que se debe realizar. Junto a ella aparece hoy con fuerza y obligación legal la evaluación de la enseñanza. El presente trabajo aborda una problemática actual sobre la investigación pedagógica y su vinculación con la actividad educacional. La investigación pedagógica abarca lo que la pedagogía, psicología y metódica han desarrollado en los últimos años relacionado con este tema. Se amplían aspectos de relacionados con la necesidad de que el maestro, o profesor se vincule de manera directa a la investigación pedagógica, como la única vía de lograr cada vez una enseñanza mejor y de mayor calidad, que dé respuesta a la demanda cada vez más creciente del desarrollo de las ciencias(AU)

The educational system bases its effectiveness, among other aspects, on the evaluation, which far from being understood as a measurement of the school's products and achievements, it is a compulsory act and a reflective practice of the profesor, as it is today one of the cornerstones of the system itself. A new feature of the concept of evaluation is the areas where it is established to be performed. Close to it, learning evaluation today appears with legal obligation and force. This paper addresses a current issue on educational research and its association with the educational activity. Educational research covers what has been developed by pedagogy, psychology and the methodic science in recent years and that is related to this issue. Issues ere broadened as being related to the fact of the teacher's or professors' need for being directly related to pedagogic research, as the only way to achieve an increasingly better education and with a higher quality, which responds to increasing demand for the development of science(AU)

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Objetivo: analizar la percepción de estudiantes de enfermería con relación a la vivencia de simulación clínica con participación de actores. Métodos: estudio en la modalidad de investigación-acción desarrollada junto a la carrera de enfermería. Realizado en mayo de 2013 con la participación de tres estudiantes de grado de enfermería. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas después de su participación en una práctica simulada, y organizados según la propuesta operativa para análisis cualitativos. Resultados: surgido tres temáticas: simulación clínica con paciente simulado: una vivencia auténtica; simulación clínica con paciente simulado: el desarrollo del racionamiento crítico por la autoevaluación y la simulación clínica con paciente simulado promueve el aprendizaje experiencial. Conclusión: la enseñanza con paciente simulado tiene un gran potencial para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico reflexivo utilizado con una teoría pedagógica constructivista.

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Se fundamenta una concepción sistémica de las contradicciones a tener en cuenta en la investigación educativa, en la que se incluyen las de esencia lógico formal y las de índole dialéctica (externas e internas). Se trabajó con métodos propios del nivel teórico del conocimiento para sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de las experiencias en la formación de doctores en Pedagogía registradas por el autor. Se ofrecen pautas metodológicas básicas para valorar las contradicciones develadas al comunicar los resultados científicos.

A systemic conception of the contradictions to keep in mind in the educational investigations is presented. In this general understanding the contradiction type logical - formal and of dialectical nature (external and intern) are included. Methods of the theoretical level of the knowledge (analytic - synthetic, inductive - deductive, historical - logical and the system focus) were utilized to systematize information coming from the consulted bibliography and of experiences in Ph. D. in Pedagogy tuition, registered by the author. Some basic methodological rules are offered to value the devalued contradictions when communicating the scientific results.