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BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between early-life stress (ELS) and the trait mindfulness level in workers. METHOD: This study is quantitative cross-sectional and correlational research with a sample of 929 workers from a Brazilian public university. ELS and mindfulness assessment was performed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-BR (FFMQ-BR), respectively. The data were submitted to correlation tests adopting a significance level of .05 and a multivariate linear regression analysis. RESULTS: 50.0% of the participants obtained a score indicative of ELS exposure in at least one subtype among the five proposed by the CTQ, with emotional neglect predominating (63.0%). The group not exposed to emotional abuse had higher scores in the "describe-positive formulation" and "non-reactivity to inner experience" facets. Those that scored for physical abuse had higher values in "acting with awareness-autopilot". However, the group exposed to sexual abuse obtained the highest score in the "acting with awareness-autopilot" and "acting with awareness-distraction" facets. The correlation between FFMQ-BR and CTQ overall scores showed a weak correlation with statistical significance. The multiple linear revealed that the facets of mindfulness were significantly associated by at least one type of early stress; however, no significant association was found between CTQ and FFMQ-BR overall results. CONCLUSION: The results showed that emotional regulation might have effectively occurred in this specific population, even with the presence of some childhood trauma.

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Chronic early life stress (ECS) induced by limited bedding and nesting (LBN) material in rodents is a naturalistic stress model that mimics many of the behavioral and neural consequences of child abuse and neglect; however, the effect of ECS on adult impulsivity has never been studied. The aim of our work was to determine the effects of ECS on cognitive impulsivity and its relation to D2 immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adult male rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to LBN from postnatal day 2 to 9. We evaluated dams' maternal behavior and offspring corticosterone levels. The rats' impulsive cognitive behavior was evaluated by a delay-discounting task (transitional bridge) on P70, and we evaluated D2 receptors by immunostaining. Our results indicated that ECS affected maternal behavior in the dams and increased pups' corticosterone levels at P9, but not in adults. ECS rats showed lower frequencies of choosing the delayed reinforcer and shorter latencies to cross on the delay-discounting task. In addition, ECS rats showed increased D2 immunoreactivity in the NAc when compared with controls. Our data suggest that ECS can cause impulsive behaviors in adult rats characterized by less convenient choices, likely related to an increase in D2 receptors in the NAc. These findings could contribute to our understanding of the effects of child abuse and neglect on impulsive behavior.

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Aim: We investigated: Grin1, Grin2a, Grin2b DNA methylation; NR1 and NR2 mRNA/protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); and hippocampus of male Wistar rats exposed to isolation rearing. Materials & methods: Animals were kept isolated or grouped (n = 10/group) from weaning for 10 weeks. Tissues were dissected for RNA/DNA extraction and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA and pyrosequencing. Results: Isolated-reared animals had: decreased mRNA in PFC for all markers, increased NR1 protein in hippocampus and hypermethylation of Grin1 in PFC and Grin2b in hippocampus, compared with grouped rats. Associations between mRNA/protein and DNA methylation were found for both brain areas. Conclusion: This study indicates that epigenetic DNA methylation may underlie N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mRNA/protein expression alterations caused by isolation rearing.

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Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal e caráter correlacional, no qual, objetivou-se investigar as associações à cerca de características sociodemográficas, estresse percebido, estresse precoce e mindfulness em uma população de funcionários da categoria técnico administrativo da Universidade de São Paulo campus Ribeirão Preto. A amostra foi composta por 929 indivíduos, locados em 14 diferentes unidades do campus. Para coleta de dados que ocorreu no período de junho a dezembro de 2017, foram utilizados o Questionário Sociodemográfico, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire e Questionário das Cinco Facetas de Mindfulness (FFMQ-BR). Os dados foram submetidos à estatística descritiva e analítica. A idade média foi de 46,15 (DP=10,57) anos e o valor de correlação para a faceta 1(não julgar a experiência interna) foi (p=,033; p<0.05). Este resultado demonstra que existem possibilidades, de que quanto maior a idade, menor é o julgamento da experiência interna. A variável estresse percebido demonstrou valores de correlação positiva com as facetas 1(p=0,345; p< 0.001); faceta 2 (agir com consciênciapiloto automático) (p=0,518; p< 0.001) e faceta 7 (agir com consciência-distração) (p=0,444 p< 0.001). Assim quanto maior o "não julgamento da "experiência interna" (faceta 1); "agir com consciência-piloto automático" (faceta 2) e "agir com consciência-distração" (faceta 7), há uma tendência à maiores níveis de estresse percebido. Tratando-se de alguns subtipos de estresse precoce, foram observados que o "Abuso Emocional" (r=0,206; p< 0.001); "Abuso físico r=0,108; p< 0.001) e "Negligência Emocional (r=0,119; p< 0.001) atingiram valores estatisticamente significativos com a faceta 1. Desta maneira, a presença do estresse precoce, ao que tudo indica, parece estar associada em julgar com menor frequência a experiência interna. Os resultados sugerem que estas varáveis são de suma importância e associam-se com os desfechos a respeito do nível de mindfulness mensurado pelas facetas da FFMQ

This cross-sectional and correlational study aimed to investigate the associations of sociodemographic characteristics, perceived stress, early stress and mindfulness in a population of administrative technical staff at the University of São Paulo campus. Ribeirão Preto. The sample consisted of 929 individuals, located in 14 different campus units. For data collection that took place from June to December 2017, we used the Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-BR). Data were submitted to descriptive and analytical statistics. The mean age was 46.15 (SD = 10.57) years and the correlation value for facet 1 (not judging internal experience) was (p = .033; p <0.05). This result demonstrates that there are possibilities that the older you are, the lower your judgment of inner experience. The perceived stress variable showed positive correlation values with facets 1 (p = 0.345; p <0.001); facet 2 (act with autopilot awareness) (p = 0.518; p <0.001) and facet 7 (act with awareness-distraction) (p = 0.444 p <0.001). Thus the greater the "non-judgment of" internal experience "(facet 1); "Acting with autopilot awareness" (facet 2) and "acting with distraction awareness" (facet 7), there is a tendency to higher levels of perceived stress. With regard to some subtypes of early stress, it was observed that "Emotional Abuse" (r = 0.206; p <0.001); "Physical abuse r = 0.108; p <0.001) and "Emotional Neglect (r = 0.119; p <0.001) reached statistically significant values with facet 1. Thus, the presence of early stress seems to be associated with judging the experience less frequently. internal. The results suggest that these variables are of paramount importance and are associated with outcomes regarding the level of mindfulness measured by the FFMQ facets

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Nas últimas décadas houve um aumento significativo da prevalência de sujeitos que fazem o consumo de substâncias psicoativas de forma problemática. O consumo dessas drogas tornou-se preocupação mundial em virtude dos riscos e consequências que essa situação pode acarretar ao dependente. A literatura evidencia que um dos fatores que podem contribuir com o consumo de drogas na vida adulta são as situações estressoras vivenciadas na infância, denominadas como estresse precoce, além disso, a impulsividade e o comportamento suicida são elencados como graves resultados desencadeados pela dependência química. Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre o estresse precoce, a impulsividade e o comportamento suicida. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo de abordagem quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas do município de Rio Verde - Goiás. As avaliações foram realizadas por meio do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt e a Escala de Ideação Suicida de Beck. Os dados foram compilados e analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. A amostra consistiu em 105 pacientes diagnosticados com transtorno por uso de álcool ou crack. Os resultados identificaram uma alta prevalência da exposição aos diferentes subtipos de estresse precoce entre os usuários de drogas, com maiores índices entre os usuários de crack. O estresse precoce mostrou uma significativa influência nas manifestações de impulsividade na amostra avaliada, explicando por meio da exposição aos diferentes tipos de abuso e negligência significativa variabilidade dos escores de impulsividade. Ao analisar a relação entre o estresse precoce e o comportamento suicida, os usuários que haviam realizado a tentativa pregressa de suicídio apresentaram maiores exposições ao abuso emocional, físico e sexual. Somado a isso, os subtipos de abuso foram significativamente associados à probabilidade da tentativa de suicídio. O comportamento suicida, avaliado por meio da ideação e tentativa de suicídio, foi mais prevalente em dependentes de crack quando comparado aos dependentes de álcool. No entanto, a diferença no transtorno por uso de substância não foi preditora do comportamento suicida, revelando que a problemática do suicídio é observada no paciente com transtorno por uso de drogas independente da substância utilizada. A presente pesquisa proporcionou uma melhor compreensão de fatores contribuintes e de risco do consumo de substâncias psicoativas e a relação entre essas variáveis, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de ações da prática clínica e de pesquisa para trabalhadores e pesquisadores da saúde mental e áreas afins

In the last few decades, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of subjects who use psychoactive substances in a problematic way. The use of these drugs has become a worldwide concern due to the risks and consequences that this situation can bring to the addict. The literature shows that one of the factors that can contribute to drug consumption in adulthood are the stressful situations experienced in childhood, called early stress, in addition, impulsivity and suicidal behavior are listed as serious results triggered by chemical dependence. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the relationship between early stress, impulsivity and suicidal behavior. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Data collection was performed at the Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and Drugs in the city of Rio Verde - Goiás. The evaluations were carried out using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Barratt's Impulsivity Scale and the Suicidal Ideation Scale of Beck. The data were compiled and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The sample consisted of 105 patients diagnosed with alcohol or crack use disorder. The results identified a high prevalence of exposure to different subtypes of early stress among drug users, with higher rates among crack users. Early stress showed a significant influence on the manifestations of impulsivity in the sample evaluated, explaining through exposure to different types of abuse and significant neglect in the variability of impulsivity scores. When analyzing the relationship between early stress and suicidal behavior, users who had previously attempted suicide had greater exposure to emotional, physical and sexual abuse. In addition, the subtypes of abuse were significantly associated with the likelihood of attempted suicide. Suicidal behavior, assessed through ideation and attempted suicide, was more prevalent in crack addicts when compared to alcohol addicts. However, the difference in substance use disorder was not a predictor of suicidal behavior, revealing that the problem of suicide is observed in patients with drug use disorder regardless of the substance used. The present research provided a better understanding of contributing factors and risk of consumption of psychoactive substances and the relationship between these variables, favoring the development of clinical practice and research actionsfor workers and researchers in mental health and related areas.

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O estudo teve como objetivo descrever o processo terapêutico de um grupo de Terapia Ocupacional com enfoque no estresse precoce. Trata-se de uma pesquisa mista, quantitativa e qualitativa, realizada em um serviço de Psiquiatria, os dados foram obtidos a partir da comparação, com e sem intervenção, de um grupo terapêutico de Terapia Ocupacional. Foram onze pacientes em episódio depressivo, que participaram do grupo terapêutico com duração de 12 encontros, uma vez por semana e o enfoque estabelecido foi eventos estressores ocorridos na infância. Para a análise quantitativa dos dados, foram aplicados os testes de Wilcoxon para comparação de grupos pareados, comparando-se os resultados do grupo pré e pós- intervenção; o teste de Mann-Whitney, para comparar os resultados de pós intervenção do grupo que recebeu intervenção com o grupo que não recebeu. Para todas as provas aplicadas, foi considerado o nível de significância p=0,05. A análise dos dados qualitativa se constituiu a partir do referencial da análise temática proposta por Braun e Clarke (2006), o qual resultou em 7 temas principais (experiências positivas e possibilidades de recuperação e proteção; percepção de sintomas de transtorno mental; vivências e percepções da infância; experiências adversas potencialmente geradoras de estresse; sentimentos conflitantes em relação a alguém ou situação; atividades de vida diárias e laborais e estrutura e dinâmica familiares). Verificou-se que participantes expostos a grupos de Terapia Ocupacional, especificamente, para traumas ocorridos na infância associado a semi-internação psiquiátrica apresentam melhora significativa nos sintomas e desempenho ocupacional, além de um início de provável reelaboração do estresse precoce

The objective of this study was to describe the therapeutic process of an Occupational Therapy group with a focus on early stress. It is a mixed, quantitative and qualitative research performed in a Psychiatry service, data was obtained from the comparison, with and without intervention, of a therapeutic group of Occupational Therapy. There were eleven patients in a depressive episode who participated in the therapeutic group with duration of 12 meetings, once a week, and the focus were the stressors events occurred in childhood. For the quantitative analysis of the data the Wilcoxon tests were used for comparison of paired groups, comparing the results of the pre and post intervention group; the Mann-Whitney test, to compare the results of post intervention group that received intervention with the group that did not receive it. For all the tests applied, we considered the level of significance p = 0.05. Qualitative data analysis was based on the thematic analysis proposed by Braun and Clarke (2006), which resulted in 7 main themes (positive experiences and possibilities of recovery and protection, perception of symptoms of mental disorder, experiences and perceptions of childhood, adverse experiences potentially generating stress, conflicting feelings about someone or situation, daily and work life activities, and family structure and dynamics). It was verified that participants exposed to Occupational Therapy groups, specifically for traumas occurring in childhood associated with semi-psychiatric hospitalization, present a significant improvement in symptoms and occupational performance, as well as a beginning of probable re-elaboration of early stress

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Vulnerability to emotional disorders like depression derives from interactions between early and late environments, including stressful conditions. The serotonin (5HT) system is strongly affected by stress and chronic unpredictable stress can alter the 5HT system. We evaluated the distribution of active serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) through immunohistochemistry in maternally separated and chronically stressed rats treated with an antidepressant, tianeptine, whose mechanism of action is still under review. Male Wistar rats were subjected to daily maternal separation (MS) for 4.5 h between postnatal days (PND) 1-21, or to animal facility rearing (AFR). Between (PND) days 50-74, rats were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress and were treated daily with tianeptine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle. We found an interaction between the effects of MS and chronic unpredictable stress on Fos-5HT immunoreactive cells at mid-caudal level of the DR. MS-chronically stressed rats showed an increase of Fos-5HT immunoreactive cells compared with AFR-chronically stressed rats. The ventrolateral (DRL/VLPAG) and dorsal (DRD) subdivisions of the DR were significantly more active than the ventral part (DRV). At the rostral level of the DR, tianeptine decreased the number of Fos-5HT cells in DR in the AFR groups, both unstressed and stressed. Overall, our results support the idea of a match in phenotype exhibited when the early and the adult environment correspond.

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Life stressors during critical periods are reported to trigger an immune dysfunction characterised by abnormal production of inflammatory cytokines. Despite the relationship between early stressors and schizophrenia is described, the evidence on inflammatory biomarkers remains limited. We aimed to investigate whether an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain is reflected in the peripheral blood of rats submitted to post-weaning social isolation (pwSI), a model with validity to study schizophrenia. We evaluated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) simultaneously at blood, prefrontal cortex and hippocampal tissues (Milliplex MAP), including the respective cytokines gene expression (mRNA) (qRT-PCR TaqMan mastermix). We also performed a correlation matrix to explore significant correlations among cytokines (protein and mRNA) in blood and brain, as well as cytokines and total number of square crossings in the open field for isolated-reared animals. Male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were kept isolated (n = 1/cage) or grouped (n = 3-4/cage) since weaning for 10 weeks. After this period, rats were assessed for locomotion and sacrificed for blood and brain cytokines measurements. Prolonged pwSI decreased IL-10 protein and mRNA in the blood, and IL-10 protein in the hippocampus, along with decreased IL-6 and its mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex. Our results also showed that cytokines tend to correlate to one-another among the compartments investigated, although blood and brain correlations are far from perfect. IL-10 hippocampal levels were negatively correlated with hyperlocomotion in the open field. Despite the unexpected decrease in IL-6 and unchanged TNF-α levels contrast to the expected pro-inflammatory phenotype, this may suggest that reduced anti-inflammatory signalling may be critical for eliciting abnormal behaviour in adulthood. Altogether, these results suggest that prolonged early-life adverse events reduce the ability to build proper anti-inflammatory cytokine that is translated from blood-to-brain.

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O Estresse precoce pode ocasionar graves consequências na vida adulta. Entre pacientes com Transtorno Afetivo Bipolar sua ocorrência ainda carece de ser avaliada em estudos ampliados que contemplem sua complexidade de maneira mais abrangente, considerando fatores pessoais, ambientais e psicossociais. Com o objetivo de investigar e ampliar a compreensão da relação entre o Estresse precoce, sintomas do humor (depressão e mania), estratégias de enfrentamento e ideação suicida em pacientes com Transtorno Afetivo Bipolar em um serviço comunitário no interior de São Paulo, desenvolveu-se um estudo transversal, analítico, exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa, utilizando os instrumentos: entrevista clínica para confirmação diagnóstica, de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV; questionário sociodemográfico, de condições clínicas e de saúde, Escala de Depressão de Hamilton (HAM-D); Escala de Mania (YOUNG); Escala de ideação suicida (BSI); Escala de modos de enfrentamento de problemas (EMEP) e Questionário sobre Traumas na Infância (CTQ). Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e analítica, realizando-se testes Qui-quadrado, com coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e regressão logística, considerando níveis de significância de 0,05. Obteve-se aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e a amostra foi de conveniência não probabilística com 50 pacientes com TAB. Prevaleceram mulheres (66,0%), com idade média de 42,7 anos (dp +12,3), 56,0% possuíam ensino médio, 44,0% eram casados ou com companheiro fixo, 90,0% moravam com a família, 88,0% tinham religião, 60,0% estavam afastados ou desempregados, 74,0% viviam com renda mensal de até um salário mínimo, 48,0% tiveram tentativas de suicídio, 58,0% passaram por internações psiquiátricas prévias, 84,0% não praticavam atividade física e 56,0% possuíam comorbidades. A prevalência de Estresse precoce foi de 68,0%, não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre Estresse precoce, sintomas do humor, estratégias de enfrentamento e ideação suicida entre pacientes com TAB em seguimento em um serviço comunitário. Possivelmente, tais resultados reflitam o impacto que as ações de apoio e suporte social oferecidas pelo CAPS e pela família tem proporcionado a estes pacientes. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram alta prevalência de Estresse precoce que, embora não associado com as demais variáveis, mostra-se relevante na vida destes pacientes. Estudos sobre o Estresse precoce e TAB, relação entre serviço/paciente/família e estratégias de enfrentamento no contexto comunitário podem indicar melhores formas de tratamento e implementação de políticas públicas que garantam melhor qualidade de vida a estes pacientes

Early stress can have serious consequences in adult life. Among patients with Bipolar Affective Disorder, its occurrence still needs to be evaluated in expanded studies that contemplate its complexity in a more comprehensive way, considering personal, environmental and psychosocial factors. With the objective of investigating and broadening the understanding of the relationship between early stress, mood symptoms (depression and mania), coping strategies and suicidal ideation in patients with Bipolar Affective Disorder in a community service in the interior of São Paulo, a cross-sectional, analytical, exploratory, quantitative approach using the instruments: clinical interview for diagnostic confirmation, according to DSM-IV criteria; sociodemographic questionnaire, clinical and health conditions, Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D); Mania Scale (YOUNG); Suicidal ideation scale (BSI); Scale of problem coping modes (EMEP) and Trauma Questionnaire in Childhood (CTQ). Descriptive and analytical statistics were used, with Chi-square tests, with Pearson correlation coefficient and logistic regression, considering levels of significance of 0.05. Approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee and the sample was of non-probabilistic convenience with 50 patients with BAD. Prevalence of women (66.0%), mean age 42.7 years (dp +12.3), 56.0% had a high school education, 44.0% were married or had a fixed partner, 90.0% lived with the family, 88.0% had religion, 60.0% were retired or unemployed, 74.0% lived with monthly income of up to one minimum wage, 48.0% had attempted suicide, 58.0% had psychiatric hospitalizations 84.0% did not practice physical activity and 56.0% had comorbidities. The prevalence of early stress was 68.0%; there was no statistically significant association between early stress, mood symptoms, coping strategies, and suicidal ideation among patients with BD at follow-up at a community service. These results may reflect the impact that the support and social support actions offered by the CAPS and the family have provided to these patients. The results of this study indicated a high prevalence of early stress that, although not associated with the other variables, is shown relevant in the life of these patients. Studies on early stress and BD, relationship between service / patient / family and coping strategies in the community context may indicate better ways of treatment and implementation of public policies that guarantee a better quality of life for these patients

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Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo, primeiramente, apresentar uma abordagem do desenvolvimento na área de saúde da criança, focalizando modelos teórico-conceituais sobre o impacto do estresse precoce no desenvolvimento e na saúde. Em segundo lugar, busca apresentar pesquisas na área de Psicologia Pediátrica, que foram realizadas no âmbito de um hospital universitário público, com neonatos e crianças hospitalizadas, cujas condições clínicas ou de tratamento médico envolviam situações altamente estressoras. O artigo trata dos principais modelos teórico-conceituais sobre estresse precoce com impacto no desenvolvimento e na saúde, a saber: Sameroff; Evans e Wachs; Shonkoff; e Kazak. As pesquisas, por sua vez, abordam a exposição a estressores durante a hospitalização de neonatos e crianças, bem como suas mães, e intervenções preventivas para manejo de estresse e/ou dor. Ao final do artigo, é apresentado um modelo com diretrizes para promover a transferência de evidências científicas para a prática clínica, visando implementar mudanças no âmbito hospitalar.

Abstract This paper aims firstly to present a developmental approach in child health focusing on theoretical-conceptual models about the impact of early stress on child development and health; secondly it aims to present studies on Pediatric Psychology which were carried out in a public teaching hospital with hospitalized neonates and children whose clinical conditions and medical treatment involved highly stressful situations. This paper examines the main theoreticalconceptual models of early stress with impact on child development and health, namely those proposed by Sameroff; Evans and Wachs; Shonkoff; and Kazak. These authors address the exposure of neonates, children, and their mothers to stressful situations during hospitalization and preventive interventions for the management of stress and/or pain. Finally, a model with guidelines to promote transfer of scientific evidence into clinical practice is introduced aiming to implement changes in the hospital context.

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Early maternal separation (MS) may produce lasting effects in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) that can change its response to chronic stress in adulthood. Chronic stress affects DH morphology and function, but tianeptine (an anti-depressant) can reverse the stress-induced morphological impairments. Morphologic alterations of hippocampus can affect contextual memory. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of tianeptine in MS and chronically stressed rats on: 1) volume of the DH and its areas using stereology and 2) hippocampal-dependent memory using a fear conditioning test. Male Wistar rats were subjected to daily MS for 4.5 h between postnatal days (PND) 1-21, or to animal facility rearing (AFR). Between (PND) days 50 and 74, rats were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress and were treated daily with tianeptine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle, providing eight groups: AFR-unstressed/vehicle (n = 5 for stereology, n = 18 for fear conditioning test); AFR unstressed/tianeptine (n = 6 and n = 10); AFR-chronic stress/vehicle (n = 6 and n = 14); AFR-chronic stress/tianeptine (n = 6 and n = 10), MS-unstressed/vehicle (n = 5 and n = 19), MS-unstressed/tianeptine (n = 6 and n = 10), MS-chronic stress/vehicle (n = 6 and n = 18), and MS-chronic stress/tianeptine (n = 6 and n = 10). MS-chronic stress/tianeptine rats showed a diminished CA1 area than the corresponding MS-unstressed/tianeptine rats. The combination of stressors produced a freezing response similar to those of the control group during postconditioning. During retrieval, MS led to a diminished freezing response compared to the AFR-unstressed groups. Tianeptine had no effect on freezing behavior. Our results show that tianeptine can affect the CA1 area volume differently depending on the nature and quantity of stressors but cannot alter freezing to context.

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A considerable amount experimental studies have shown that maternal separation (MS) is associated with adult offspring abnormal behavior and cognition disorder. Accordingly, this experimental procedure has been proposed as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence based on the neurodevelopmental soon after birth. Endocannabinoid system (eCBs) has been implicated in reward processes, including drug abuse and dependence. MS and associated stress causes changes in the eCBs that seem to facilitate alcohol consumption. In this study, we seek to evaluate potential morphological changes in neurons of the frontal cortex (FCx) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc), in the expression of receptors and enzymes of the endocannabinoid and dopamine systems and in second messengers, such as Akt, in adult rats subjected to MS and early stress (MS + ES; 2 × 180 min daily) vs. nonseparated rats (NMS). Results showed that MS + ES induces higher D2R expression and lower D3R, FAAH, and MAGL expression compared with NMS rats. Alterations in total dendritic length were also detected and were characterized by increases in the NAcc while there were decreases in the FCx. We believe MS + ES-induced changes in the dopaminergic and endocannabinergic systems and in the neuronal microstructure might be contributing to alcohol seeking behavior and, potential vulnerability to other drugs in rats. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 819-831, 2016.

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The purpose of the paper was to conduct a systematic review of early life stress and its association with psychiatric disorders in adulthood. The occurrence of early stress has lasting negative consequences on the individual, with psychopathology onset one of the most important consequences. The degree of early life stress is associated with the severity of psychiatric disorders and disability in adulthood. Methodology: We conducted a search of two databases (PubMed and SciELO), limited to the time span 1990-2010, using the following keywords: child abuse, maltreatment, early stress, and psychiatric disorders. Thirty-one papers were selected for this review. Results: We found that the subtypes of early life stress such as emotional and physical neglect and sexual, emotional, and physical abuse have associations with several psychiatric disorders, but the Borderline Personality Disorder and Mood Disorders are more associated with the categories listed. Conclusions: Exposure to adversities in childhood and adolescence is predictive of psychiatric disorders in adulthood. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which early life stress is a risk factor for future psychopathology.(AU)

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The purpose of the paper was to conduct a systematic review of early life stress and its association with psychiatric disorders in adulthood. The occurrence of early stress has lasting negative consequences on the individual, with psychopathology onset one of the most important consequences. The degree of early life stress is associated with the severity of psychiatric disorders and disability in adulthood. Methodology: We conducted a search of two databases (PubMed and SciELO), limited to the time span 1990-2010, using the following keywords: child abuse, maltreatment, early stress, and psychiatric disorders. Thirty-one papers were selected for this review. Results: We found that the subtypes of early life stress such as emotional and physical neglect and sexual, emotional, and physical abuse have associations with several psychiatric disorders, but the Borderline Personality Disorder and Mood Disorders are more associated with the categories listed. Conclusions: Exposure to adversities in childhood and adolescence is predictive of psychiatric disorders in adulthood. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which early life stress is a risk factor for future psychopathology.

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