RESUMO
A new composite electrode (G-PSE) was developed from graphite powder and expanded polystyrene (EPS, Styrofoam) by simply dissolving the foam in chloroform, incorporating the graphite particles under mixing and volatilizing the solvent at 80 °C. The resulting rigid black composite can be softened with acetone and so it can easily be molded to any shape, e.g., into a PTFE tube with an electric contact, to build the electrode. A 75% graphite content (w/w) was found appropriate for preparing the G-PSE with a working potential similar to that of carbon paste electrodes, superior mechanical stability and a much faster response to ferrocyanide, close to reversible and similar to that of the much more expensive glassy carbon electrode. Applications of the G-PSE to dipyrone and paracetamol quantification in pharmaceutical formulations were demonstrated. The results accomplished by flow injection analysis with amperometric detection at the G-PSE were successfully validated against standards methods.
RESUMO
We assessed self-consistency (expressing similar traits in different situations) by having undergraduates in the United States ( n = 230), Australia ( n = 220), Canada ( n = 240), Ecuador ( n = 101), Mexico ( n = 209), Venezuela ( n = 209), Japan ( n = 178), Malaysia ( n = 254), and the Philippines ( n = 241) report the traits they expressed in four different social situations. Self-consistency was positively associated with age, well-being, living in Latin America, and not living in Japan; however, each of these variables showed a unique pattern of associations with various psychologically distinct sources of raw self-consistency, including cross-situationally consistent social norms and injunctions. For example, low consistency between injunctive norms and trait expressions fully explained the low self-consistency in Japan. In accord with trait theory, after removing normative and injunctive sources of consistency, there remained robust distinctive noninjunctive self-consistency (reflecting individuating personality dispositions) in every country, including Japan. The results highlight how clarifying the determinants and implications of self-consistency requires differentiating its distinctive, injunctive, and noninjunctive components.
Assuntos
Personalidade , Normas Sociais , Adulto , Austrália , Canadá , Comparação Transcultural , Equador , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Japão , Malásia , Masculino , México , Filipinas , Percepção Social , Estados Unidos , Venezuela , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Current theoretical models of emotion highlight the importance of distinguishing depression and anxiety. The present article critically evaluates a number of these models and provides a practical framework that could be applied in future studies to better understand the neural substrates that contribute to variation in anxiety and depressed mood. One influential model, the tripartite model, suggests that depression and anxiety can be distinguished on the basis of anhedonia and hyperarousal. Yet this model is based predominantly on questionnaire data. A more direct and powerful method to test this model is to identify biological markers of arousal and anhedonia. Other influential models, such as the approach-withdrawal and valence-arousal models, are based on biological measures and integrate the concept of arousal - but have generally restricted empirical enquiry into resting state paradigms, without an integrative approach to explore concurrent physiological arousal using autonomic measures, or to extend into emotion processing paradigms. The authors propose a practical framework that will have significant implications for theoretical models of depression and anxiety including integration of influential models of emotion and advancement of the knowledge base, clarification of the neurobiological specificity of depression and anxiety and identification of overlapping and distinctive features of these disorders.