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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess and analyse the pattern of dental treatment services and their characteristics provided to children by evaluating the clinical use of materials and prevalence in material research in a major postgraduate paediatric tertiary care hospital in India over three years. Material and Methods: Institutionally approved retrospective analysis was conducted by auditing the clinical records of 2644 patients who visited and had treatment in the Outpatient and Inpatient Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry from January 2017 to December 2019. Clinical logbooks of postgraduate students were analysed by crosschecking with the department's data warehouse. Results: Out of the 2644 children who had treatment, more than two-thirds of them were in the age group of 4-7 years old. Around 5.6% of the patients were specially-abled children. Extraction (33.5%) was the most common treatment, followed by restorative treatment (29.1%). Endodontic treatment had a prevalence of 19.8%, with a reduced prevalence of preventive treatment care (0.5%). Patients who had traumatic tooth management included 2.8% of the study population. The prevalence of preventive care was found to be 2.1%. The teaching curriculum with theoretical and clinical skill practices was under the country's assigned authority. Conclusion: Despite advancements in paediatric dentistry, more children had extraction treatment with less observed utilization of preventive care. The widening of the training prospectus includes comprehensive care and an amplified focus on preventive care in the academic curriculum of paediatric postgraduates, which is the need of the hour.

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A Odontologia tem vivenciado, nos últimos tempos, um declínio acentuado do uso do amálgama, em consequência da evolução dos materiais e técnicas adesivas e das discussões acerca dos riscos de contaminação pelo mercúrio. Assim, buscou-se identificar a percepção dos cirurgiões-dentistas sobre a necessidade da continuidade do ensino do amálgama nos cursos de Odontologia. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, usando um questionário semiestruturado com aspectos relativos às condições sociodemográficas, capacitação para executar os procedimentos, conhecimento acerca do manejo do material e gerenciamento dos resíduos. As respostas objetivas foram analisadas pela estatística descritiva e as subjetivas processadas no software IRaMuTeQ. Dos 257 respondentes, 60,7%afirmam utilizar esse material, 91,8% usam amálgama encapsulado e 95,7% descartam os resíduos em lixo hospitalar. Sobre a permanência do material, 63,4% acreditam ser necessária e 88% concordam que o ensino deva continuar sobretudo considerando o perfil do egresso sugerido pelas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. Dos dados subjetivos emergiram cinco classes/categorias que retratam a percepção dos profissionais sobre relação custo-benefício, acesso ao serviço, condições de trabalho e longevidade das restaurações. Conclui-se que, mesmo com a evolução dos materiais adesivos, o amálgama ainda é necessário, principalmente no serviço público, onde a demanda por restaurações de baixo custo e grande longevidade é alta. Assim, para essa amostra, enquanto não houver um material restaurador livre de mercúrio, barato, de fácil manuseio e durável, o ensino desse conteúdo deve permanecer nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia (AU).

La odontología ha experimentado recientemente una fuerte disminución en el uso de amalgamas como resultado de las discusiones sobre los riesgos de contaminación por mercurio, así como la evolución de los materiales y las técnicas adhesivas. Así, buscamos identificar la percepción de los odontólogos sobre la necesidad de continuar enseñando amalgama en los cursos de odontología. Se trata de un estudio transversal utilizando un cuestionario semiestructurado con aspectos relacionados con las condiciones sociodemográficas, capacitación para realizar los procedimientos, conocimientos sobre manejo de materiales y gestión de residuos. Las respuestas objetivas se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y las respuestas subjetivas se procesaron mediante el software IRaMuTeQ. De los 257 encuestados, el 60,7% afirma utilizar este material, el 91,8% utiliza amalgama encapsulada y el 95,7% desecha los residuos en la basura de hospital. En cuanto a la permanencia del material, el 63,4% cree que es necesario y el 88% está de acuerdo en que la enseñanza debe continuar, sobre todo para la graduación de profesionales que van al servicio público. A partir de los datos subjetivos, surgieron cinco clases/categorías que retratan la percepción de los profesionales sobre la rentabilidad, el acceso al servicio, las condiciones de trabajo y la longevidad de las restauraciones. Se concluye que, aún con la evolución de los materiales adhesivos, la amalgama sigue siendo necesaria, especialmente en el servicio público, donde la demanda de restauraciones de bajo costo y gran longevidad es alta. Así, mientras no exista un material restaurador libre de mercurio, económico, fácil de manejar y duradero, la enseñanza de este contenido O ensino do amálgama na formação odontológica ainda é necessário? Percepção de cirurgiões-dentistas debe permanecer en los cursos de graduación en odontología (AU).

Dentistry has recently experienced a sharp decline in the use of amalgam, as a result of the evolution of adhesive materials and techniques and discussions about the risks of mercury contamination. Thus, we sought to identify the perception of dentists about the need to continue teaching amalgam in dentistry courses. This is a cross-sectional study, using a semi-structured questionnaire with aspects related to sociodemographic conditions, training to perform the procedures, knowledge about material management and waste management. The objective responses were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the subjective ones processed in the IRaMuTeQ software. Of the 257 respondents, 60.7% claim to use this material, 91.8% use encapsulated amalgam and 95.7% dispose of waste in hospital waste. Regarding the permanence of the material, 63.4% believe it is necessary and 88% agree that teaching should continue, especially considering the profile of the graduate suggested by the National Curriculum Guidelines. From the subjective data emerged five classes/categories that portray the perception of professionals about cost-benefit ratio, access to service, working conditions and longevity of restorations. It is concluded that, even with the evolution of adhesive materials, amalgam is still necessary, especially in the public service, where the demand for low cost and high longevity restorations is high. Thus, for this sample, as long as there is no mercury-free, inexpensive, easy to handle and durable restorative material, the teaching of this content should remain in undergraduate courses in Dentistry (AU).

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The literature contains little information on several non-clinical factors such as the association between graduate residency programs and the application of minimally invasive dentistry, or on dentists' clinical decision-making processes for replacing restorations for esthetic reasons. This study evaluated whether non-clinical subjective factors influence the treatment decisions made by Brazilian dentists regarding technical and esthetic matters. Dentists were invited to participate in a cross-sectional survey by answering an electronic questionnaire containing clinical cases, regarding what treatment they would select for: T1 - a molar tooth with significant crown destruction and spontaneous pain, and T2 - premolar teeth with extensive amalgam restorations and no carious lesion or associated complaint. The survey also included questions about subjective variants (sociodemographic and professional). Chi Square test and Fischer's Exact test were used toanalyzetheanswers to T1, and one-factor analysis of variance and post-hoc Tamhane were applied to T2. The significance level was set at 5% for all analyses. A total 302 professionals participated in the study. For T1, it was found that clinical decision-making was influenced by the Brazilian region of clinical practice (p=0.005). For T2, a significant association was found between increased loss of patient tooth tissues and whether the professional had completed a residency program in Operative Dentistry (p=0.035), worked in a private practice (p=0.033), or if most of his/her patients belonged to a high estimated socioeconomic level (household income above $4350) (p=0.002). In conclusion, the clinical decision-making of Brazilian dentists varies according to professional profile, mainly with relation to the replacement of restorations due to esthetic concerns.

Vários fatores não clínicos, como a associação entre programas de especialização e a aplicação da odontologia minimamente invasiva, ainda são escassos na literatura. Outro aspecto relevante é a tomada de decisão clínica do dentista quanto à substituição de restaurações em função da aparência estética. Este estudo avaliou se fatores subjetivos não clínicos influenciam na tomada de decisão clínica de dentistas brasileiros com base em questões técnicas e estéticas. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com um questionário eletrônico contendo casos clínicos que foram apresentados a uma lista de profissionais. No questionário, interrogou-se o tratamento proposto para um dente molar com destruição coronária significativa e dor espontânea (T1). Também foi questionado o tratamento proposto para dentes prémolares com extensas restaurações de amálgama e sem lesão cariosa ou queixas associadas (T2). Em seguida, foram questionadas as variantessubjetivas(sociodemográfica eprofissional). Na análise de T1, foram utilizados os testes Qui Quadrado e Exato de Fischer. Em T2, foi aplicada a análise de variância de um fator e post-hoc Tamhane. Para todas as análises, o nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Um total de 302 profissionais participaram deste estudo. A tomada de decisão clínica para T1 foi influenciada pela região brasileira de prática clínica (p = 0,005). Em T2, realizar especialização em Dentística Operatória (p = 0,035), trabalhar em consultório particular (p = 0,033) e a maioria dos pacientes apresentar nível socioeconômico estimado elevado (renda familiar acima de R$10.000,00) (p = 0,002) aumentou significativamente a perda de tecidos dentários. Em conclusão, a tomada de decisão clínica dos dentistas brasileiros varia de acordo com o perfil dos profissionais, principalmente no que se refere à substituição de restaurações por questões estéticas.

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ABSTRACT The literature contains little information on several non-clinical factors such as the association between graduate residency programs and the application of minimally invasive dentistry, or on dentists' clinical decision-making processes for replacing restorations for esthetic reasons. This study evaluated whether non-clinical subjective factors influence the treatment decisions made by Brazilian dentists regarding technical and esthetic matters. Dentists were invited to participate in a cross-sectional survey by answering an electronic questionnaire containing clinical cases, regarding what treatment they would select for: T1 - a molar tooth with significant crown destruction and spontaneous pain, and T2 - premolar teeth with extensive amalgam restorations and no carious lesion or associated complaint. The survey also included questions about subjective variants (sociodemographic and professional). Chi Square test and Fischer's Exact test were used to analyze the answers to T1, and one-factor analysis of variance and post-hoc Tamhane were applied to T2. The significance level was set at 5% for all analyses. A total 302 professionals participated in the study. For T1, it was found that clinical decision-making was influenced by the Brazilian region of clinical practice (p=0.005). For T2, a significant association was found between increased loss of patient tooth tissues and whether the professional had completed a residency program in Operative Dentistry (p=0.035), worked in a private practice (p=0.033), or if most of his/her patients belonged to a high estimated socioeconomic level (household income above $4350) (p=0.002). In conclusion, the clinical decision-making of Brazilian dentists varies according to professional profile, mainly with relation to the replacement of restorations due to esthetic concerns.

RESUMO Vários fatores não clínicos, como a associação entre programas de especialização e a aplicação da odontologia minimamente invasiva, ainda são escassos na literatura. Outro aspecto relevante é a tomada de decisão clínica do dentista quanto à substituição de restaurações em função da aparência estética. Este estudo avaliou se fatores subjetivos não clínicos influenciam na tomada de decisão clínica de dentistas brasileiros com base em questões técnicas e estéticas. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com um questionário eletrônico contendo casos clínicos que foram apresentados a uma lista de profissionais. No questionário, interrogou-se o tratamento proposto para um dente molar com destruição coronária significativa e dor espontânea (T1). Também foi questionado o tratamento proposto para dentes prémolares com extensas restaurações de amálgama e sem lesão cariosa ou queixas associadas (T2). Em seguida, foram questionadas as variantes subjetivas (sociodemográfica e profissional). Na análise de T1, foram utilizados os testes Qui Quadrado e Exato de Fischer. Em T2, foi aplicada a análise de variância de um fator e post-hoc Tamhane. Para todas as análises, o nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Um total de 302 profissionais participaram deste estudo. A tomada de decisão clínica para T1 foi influenciada pela região brasileira de prática clínica (p = 0,005). Em T2, realizar especialização em Dentística Operatória (p = 0,035), trabalhar em consultório particular (p = 0,033) e a maioria dos pacientes apresentar nível socioeconômico estimado elevado (renda familiar acima de R$10.000,00) (p = 0,002) aumentou significativamente a perda de tecidos dentários. Em conclusão, a tomada de decisão clínica dos dentistas brasileiros varia de acordo com o perfil dos profissionais, principalmente no que se refere à substituição de restaurações por questões estéticas.

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Abstract Objective: To determine the patients' management pattern for restorative treatment procedures at the Restorative Dentistry Clinic at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH). Material and Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study design was employed to determine patients' management patterns for the restorative treatment procedures at the Restorative Dentistry Clinic at LASUTH. Treatment records of patients who attended the Restorative Clinic at the Lagos State University Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria, from 2011 to 2014 were reviewed; the effective treatments during the period under review were recorded as treatment procedures and were recorded as operative, endodontic, fixed prosthodontics, and removable procedures. Results: A total of 14,437 (75%) operative; 1,353 (7.0%) endodontic; and 559 (2.9%) fixed prosthodontics and 2,852 (14.9%) removable prosthodontic procedures were carried out during the period under review. This study showed that operative procedures were the most performed restorative procedures, whereas removable prosthodontics and endodontic procedures ranked second and third, respectively, to operative procedures. Fixed prosthodontics procedures were the least performed restorative procedures. Conclusion: This study showed that more efforts were being expended by dentists on operative services compared to endodontic, removable, and fixed prosthodontics services combined. Comprehensive studies, embracing all disciplines of dentistry, should be carried out to determine the level of demand and clinical relevance of procedures in clinical dental practice and hence to set specific and general objectives of dental education for the populace. Access to dental health Insurance services should also be increased in the country.

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Introdução: É crescente a busca por tratamentos estéticos nas clínicas odontológicas, dentre esta demanda, encontra-se soluções reabilitadoras para casos de diastemas e incisivos laterais superiores com morfologia conoide, pois são tidos como fatores antiestéticos. Objetivo: Apresentar uma abordagem interdisciplinar no tratamento de diastemas e unidades dentárias com morfologia conoide. Relato de caso: O paciente procurou atendimento odontológico especializado para reabilitação provisória da estética e função das unidades anterossuperiores durante finalização do tratamento ortodôntico e posteriormente, após conclusão da ortodontia, a reabilitação final. Durante o exame clínico foram observados incisivos laterais superiores com morfologia conoides, ângulo incisal amplo entre os incisivos centrais, ausência de guia canina e diastemas. Após registro fotográfico, foram realizadas as restaurações provisórias. Finalizado o tratamento ortodôntico, o plano de tratamento consistiu na reabilitação através das facetas semidiretas em resina composta. Após moldagem anatômica, enceramento e clareamento dentário, foram realizados os preparos dentários e moldagem funcional, sendo a seguir realizado o ensaio restaurador. Sobre o modelo, foram confeccionadas as facetas em resina composta e realizado o acabamento inicial. Para a fase de cimentação priorizou-se a utilização de condicionamento ácido seletivo para esmalte, cimento fotopolimerizado e uso de polimerizador de alta potência. Após a cimentação foram realizados os ajustes oclusais e acabamento final, com texturização da superfície, seguido pelo polimento. Conclusão: O tratamento realizado evidenciou a importância do tratamento ortodôntico associado a Odontologia Restauradora para o restabelecimento da estética e função, obtendo resultados que melhoraram as relações entre dentes, posicionamento dos lábios, harmonia e equilíbrio dental e facial(AU)

Introduction: There is a growing demand for aesthetic treatments in dental clinics, among this demand, there are rehabilitation solutions for cases of diastemas and upper lateral incisors with conoidmorphology, as they are considered as anti-aesthetic factors. Objective: Present an interdisciplinary approach in the treatment of diastemas and dental units with conoid morphology. Case report: The patient sought specialized dental care for provisional rehabilitation of the aesthetics and function of the anterosuperior units during the finalisation of the orthodontic treatment and later, after completion of orthodontics, the final rehabilitation. During the clinical examination, upper lateral incisors with conoid morphology, wide incisal angle between the central incisors, absence of canine guide and diastemas were observed. After photographic register, provisional restorations were performed. After orthodontic treatment was completed, the treatment plan consisted of rehabilitation through semi-direct facets in composite resin. After anatomical moulding, waxing and tooth whitening, dental preparations and functional mouldingwere performed, hereinafter the restorative test was performed. In this connection,facets were made in composite resin and the initial finishing was carried out. For the cementation phase, priority was given to the use of selective acid conditioning for dental enamel, photopolymerized cement and the use of high-power polymerizer. After cementation, occlusal adjustments and finishing touch were performed with surface texturing, followed by polishing. Conclusion: The treatment performed showed the importance of orthodontic treatment associated with restorative dentistry for the restorationof aesthetics and function, obtaining results that improved the relationship between teeth, positioning of the lips, harmony and dental and facial balance(AU)

Introducción: Crece la búsqueda de tratamientos estéticos en las clínicas dentales, entre esta demanda se encuentran las soluciones rehabilitadoras para casos de diastema e incisivos laterales superiores con morfología conoide, por considerarse factores antiestéticos. Objetivo: Presentar un abordaje interdisciplinario en el tratamiento del diastema y unidades dentales con morfología conoide. Caso clínico: El paciente buscó atención odontológica especializada para la rehabilitación temporal de laestética y función de las unidades anterosuperiores durante la finalización del tratamiento de ortodoncia y posteriormente, trasla finalización de la ortodoncia, la rehabilitación final. Durante el examen clínico se observaron incisivos laterales superiores con morfología conoide, amplio ángulo incisal entre los incisivos centrales, ausencia de guía canina y diastema. Después del registro fotográfico, se realizaron restauraciones provisionales. Una vez finalizado el tratamiento de ortodoncia, el plan detratamiento consistió en la rehabilitación mediante carillas de resina compuesta semidirectas. Después del moldeado anatómico, encerado y blanqueamiento dental, se realizaron las preparaciones dentales y el moldeado funcional, seguido de la prueba restauradora.Sobre el modelo, las carillas se realizaron en resina compuesta y se realizó el acabado inicial. Para la fase de cementación se priorizó el uso de grabado ácido selectivo para esmalte, cemento fotopolimerizable y el uso de un polimerizador de alta potencia. Después de la cementación, se realizaron ajustes oclusales y acabado final, con texturizado de la superficie, seguido de pulido. Conclusión: El tratamiento realizado mostró la importancia del tratamiento de ortodoncia asociado a la odontología restauradora para la restauración de la estética y función, obteniendo resultados que mejoraron la relación entre los dientes, la posición de los labios, la armonía y el equilibrio dental y facial(AU)

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Objective: To improve the understanding of the changes generated by restorative procedures through photoelastic models. Dental reconstruction should be based on principles of occlusion in order not to cause premature contact points during preparation and restoration procedures that can lead to disorders such as occlusal trauma, temporo-mandibullary joint dysfunction, or fractures. This paper presents a didactic method to objectively visualize occlusal loads and their distribution. Materials and methods: Photoelastic models of teeth and maxillary segments were made to visualize the effects of dental preparations and restorations, as well as the wear of premature contact points. Results: The direction, intensity and distribution of stresses in the crown and bone support were analyzed by photoelasticity. Conclusions: The technique allows visualization of how the structures are affected from the cavity preparation, the different stresses with diamond or carbide burs, in addition to observing how a premature contact point not only affects the organ that contains it but also the surrounding structures.

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Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de lesões cervicais não cariosas em crianças na dentição decídua e possíveis fatores etiológicos associados. Métodos:Após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética ­ CEP/UESPI (3.289.732), o estudo transversal foi realizado em 360 crianças com idade entre 2 a 6 anos, de escolas públicas e privadas, divididas em dois grupos: G1 (com lesões cervicais) e G2 (sem lesões cervicais). Foi aplicado um questionário aos pais, seguido do exame clínico das crianças. Foram consideradas lesões detectadas pelo tato e visualmente. Foram realizadas avaliações das médias e dos desvios padrão para variáveis quantitativas. Obteve-se porcentagens e frequências, realizando-se análises de associação entre as variáveis qualitativas a partir do qui-quadrado e comparação da idade média a partir do teste t (p < 0,05). Resultados: Somente lesões do tipo abfração foram encontradas na amostra (5%) e os indivíduos de raça branca apresentaram uma maior prevalência em relação aos demais (55,5%). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,001) e essas lesões foram identificadas somente em escolas privadas. Quanto ao sexo, em G1, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa, (p = 0,01) com maior prevalência no masculino (66,7%). Os dentes mais acometidos em ordem decrescente foram os caninos e incisivos centrais superiores seguidos dos caninos e incisivos centrais inferiores. Conclusão: A prevalência de lesões cervicais não cariosas, do tipo abfração, em crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade foi de 5%, tendo sido encontradas somente em escolas privadas, com predominância no sexo masculino. Houve associação entre a abfração e o tipo de escova utilizada na escovação dentária, apresentando maior frequência de lesões quando escovas duras eram utilizadas e escovação forte era executada.

Aim:To determine the prevalence of non-carious cervical lesions in children in the primary dentition and possible associated etiological factors. Method: After approval by the Ethics Committee - CEP / UESPI (3,289,732) ­ this cross-sectional study was carried out on 360 children, from 2 to 6 years of age, from public and private schools, divided into two groups: G1 (with cervical lesions) and G2 (without cervical lesions). A questionnaire was applied to the parents, followed by the children's clinical examination. Lesions detected by touch and visually were considered. Evaluations of means and standard deviations were performed for quantitative variables. Percentages and frequencies were obtained, analyzing the association between qualitative variables based on the chi-square test and comparing the average age using the t test (p < 0.05). Results:Only abfraction-type lesions were found in the sample (5%), and white individuals presented a higher prevalence in relation to the others (55.5%). There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001), and these lesions were found only in private schools. As for sex, in G1, there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.01) with a higher prevalence in males (66.7%). The most affected teeth in decreasing order were the canines and upper central incisors, followed by the canines and lower central incisors. Conclusion: The prevalence of non-carious cervical lesions of the abfraction type in children from 2 to 6 years of age was 5%, which was only found in private schools, with a predominance in males. An association was found between the abfraction and the type of brush used in toothbrushing, with a higher frequency of lesions when hard brushes were used and strong brushing was performed.

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OBJECTIVE: This prospective study evaluated the clinical performance of large class II restorations made with different techniques over 24 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty patients received two class II restorations (n = 60) using a nanohybrid composite and different restorative techniques (direct (DT), semidirect (SDT)), in a split-mouth randomized design. The same adhesive system was applied for all restorations. For DT, the restorative material was applied directly inside the tooth preparation. For SDT, a tooth preparation impression was obtained using alginate and a silicone flexible die was prepared. The restoration was made chairside on the model and additionally light cured. After that, it was cemented in preparation using resinous cement. All restorations were evaluated using the FDI criteria after 7 days, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. RESULTS: After 24 months, 24 patients attended the recall and 48 restorations were evaluated. Fisher's statistical analysis (5%) showed no difference between the techniques. Nevertheless, Friedman's test showed significant differences for some criteria after 12 months of evaluation for both techniques. Postoperative sensitivity was reported in one DT restoration. Also, after 24 months, one SDT restoration presented marginal fracture, which was deemed unsatisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: After a 24-month follow-up, no significant difference between the tested techniques was detected. The restorations performed with both techniques produced clinically acceptable restorations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study demonstrated the viability of applying two different operatory techniques (direct and semidirect) for class II resin composite restorations.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate whether dentists and dental undergraduate students know the terminology of the International Caries Consensus Collaboration (ICCC), and make their restorative treatment decisions regarding carious tissue removal accordingly. Data collection was performed using an electronic questionnaire, considering: a) profile of the respondent; b) analysis of four clinical cases with respect to possible management strategies; and c) questions on cariology field terminology. Sample size consisted of 175 dentists and 66 last semester dental students. Statistical analyses were performed comparing profile, type of institution and dental specialty of the participants. Results showed students were less conservative and agreed less with the ICCC than dentists, and private schools, less than public institutions. Private institutions were 12% (95%CI = 0.833-0.949; p = 0.000) more likely to be less updated with the ICCC recommendations than public institutions, and dentists were 20% more likely to agree with them than students (95%CI = 1.118-1.302; p = 0.000). Dentists were 66% more likely to be conservative than students (95%CI = 0.203-0.554; p = 0.000); dentists and students who graduated or were graduating from public universities were twice as likely to be conservative as those from private universities (95%CI = 1.336-3.333; p = 0.001). In conclusion, students in the last semester are less conservative than dentists, and respondents who graduated or were graduating from public dental schools were more aligned with the current concepts of the ICCC. Several answers were not aligned with ICCC directives, thus showing that management of deep carious lesions still causes restorative therapeutic insecurity.

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Background: The dental treatment anxiety affects patient care consultation, regardless of the dental specialty, each with own treatment acts. Objective: To determine the anxiety level of dental treatment of operative dentistry and oral surgery in a hospital of Lima. Methods: The study was conducted in the specialties of operative dentistry and oral surgery, with 72 patients from each specialty, chosen at random over a period of five months, through their answers at Beck Anxiety Inventory. Results: The level of anxiety of patients was similar in the two specialties (p = 0.402). No statistical significant difference was found between anxiety and the patient's sex (p = 0.06), nor with the age of the patient (p = 0.08), nor with the sex of the operator (p = 0.521). The higher frequency of anxiety was the minimum level, 86.1% in operative dentistry and 79.2% in oral surgery. A difference was found between anxiety levels of patients from each specialty (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The frequency of anxiety before entering the specialty was similar, minimum level. Other research is required to determine whether the degree of anxiety is related to the patient's care to dental specialties services.

Introducción: la ansiedad ante un tratamiento odontológico repercute en la asistencia de los pacientes a consulta, independientemente de la especialidad odontológica, cada una con actos propios de tratamiento. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de ansiedad ante el tratamiento de operatoria dental y de cirugía bucal en un hospital de Lima, Perú. Métodos: el estudio fue realizado en las especialidades de operatoria dental y cirugía bucal, con 72 pacientes de cada especialidad, elegidos de manera aleatoria durante un periodo de cinco meses, quienes respondieron el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck. Resultados: el nivel de ansiedad de los pacientes fue similar en las dos especialidades (p = 0.402). No hubo diferencias entre ansiedad y sexo del paciente (p = 0.06), entre ansiedad y la edad del paciente (p = 0.08), y tampoco con el sexo del operador (p = 0.521). El nivel de ansiedad predominante en todos los pacientes, fue mínimo, 86.1% en operatoria dental y 79.2% en cirugía bucal. Al comparar por separado los niveles de ansiedad de los pacientes de cada especialidad, hubo diferencias en cada caso (p < 0.001). Conclusiones: el nivel de ansiedad antes de entrar a la especialidad de operatoria dental y cirugía bucal fue similar, mínimo. Se deben realizar otras investigaciones para establecer si el grado de ansiedad se relaciona con la asistencia del paciente a los servicios de especialidades odontológicas.

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Abstract This study aimed to assess the association of demographic conditions, socioeconomic status, clinical variables, and psychosocial factors with the number of filled teeth in adolescents from public schools. This cohort study comprised 1,134 12-year-old adolescents enrolled in public schools in Santa Maria, Brazil, in 2012. They were followed-up in 2014, where 743 individuals were reassessed (follow-up rate of 65.52%) for the number of filled teeth. Data were collected via dental examinations and structured interviews. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were collected from parents or legal guardians. The psychosocial factor comprised students' subjective measurement of happiness (Brazilian version of the Subjective Happiness Scale - SHS). Dental examinations were performed to assess the number of filled teeth through decay, missing, and filled teeth index (DMF-T). Unadjusted and adjusted Poisson regression analyses were performed to assess the association between baseline variables and filled teeth at follow-up. The number of filled teeth in 2012 and 2014 were 193 (17.02%) and 235 (31.63%), respectively. The incidence of filled teeth in 2014 was 42 (5.65%). Adolescents with untreated dental caries, those who visited the dentist in the last 6 months, those that exhibited being happier, and those who had filled teeth at baseline were associated with a higher number of filled teeth at follow-up. We conclude that the number of filled teeth in adolescents was influenced by clinical and psychosocial factors, emphasizing the need to focus on oral health policies in individuals with higher disease burden and those who feel psychologically inferior.

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Com o aumento da exigência estética dos pacientes e o desenvolvimento de materiais e técnicas odontológicas restauradoras problemas como alteração de cor e forma tem sido melhor resolvidos garantindo naturalidade e longevidade aos procedimentos restauradores. Este trabalho objetivou apresentar um relato de caso clínico de reabilitação estética do sorriso, descrevendo protocolo clínico de laminados cerâmicos e coroas totais "metal free" desde o planejamento até a cimentação definitiva. Paciente do gênero feminino, apresentou insatisfação com a estética de seu sorriso, principalmente em relação a coloração de seus dentes. Durante avaliação clínica, constatou-se comprometimento estético dos elementos dentais 11, 12 e 21 com alteração de cor e desequilíbrio dimensional. Esses dentes tinham grande restaurações resina composta, o que os tornava opacos e sem brilho. O tratamento proposto consistiu na realização de clareamento dental e posteriormente laminados cerâmicos nos dentes 12, 13, 14, 22, 23 e 24 e coroas totais "metal-free" nos elementos 11 e 21, utilizando um sistema cerâmico a base de dissilicato de lítio. Após o relato deste caso clínico, pode-se concluir que com o advento das cerâmicas ácido sensíveis e da cimentação adesiva os tratamentos reabilitadores estéticos têm proporcionado um resultado estético e funcional satisfatório(AU)

With increasing aesthetic requirement of patients and the development of materials and restorative dental techniques problems such as alteration of color and shape have been better solved guaranteeing naturalness and longevity to restorative procedures. This paper aimed to present a report of a clinical case of smile aesthetic rehabilitation, describing clinical protocol of ceramic laminates and total crowns "metal free" from planning to final cementation. A female patient, she was dissatisfied with the aesthetics of her smile, mainly in relation to the color of her teeth. During clinical evaluation, it was found aesthetic compromise of dental elements 11, 12 and 21 with color change and dimensional imbalance. These teeth had large composite resin restorations, which made them opaque and lackluster. The proposed treatment consisted of dental bleaching and then ceramic laminates on teeth 12, 13, 14, 22, 23 and 24 and total metal-free crowns on elements 11 and 21 using a ceramic system based on lithium disilicate . After the report of this clinical case, it can be concluded that with the advent of the sensitive acid ceramics and adhesive cementation the aesthetic rehabilitation treatments have provided a satisfactory aesthetic and functional result(AU)

Con el aumento de la exigencia estética de los pacientes y el desarrollo de materiales y técnicas odontológicas restauradoras problemas como alteración de color y forma han sido mejor resueltos garantizando naturalidad y longevidad a los procedimientos restauradores. Este trabajo objetivó presentar un relato de caso clínico de rehabilitación estética de la sonrisa, describiendo protocolo clínico de laminados cerámicos y coronas totales "metal free" desde la planificación hasta la cementación definitiva. Paciente del género femenino, presentó insatisfacción con la estética de su sonrisa, principalmente en relación a la coloración de sus dientes. Durante la evaluación clínica, se constató un compromiso estético de los elementos dentales 11, 12 y 21 con alteración de color y desequilibrio dimensional. Estos dientes tenían grandes restauraciones resina compuesta, lo que los hacía opacos y sin brillo. El tratamiento propuesto consistió en la realización de blanqueamiento dental y posteriormente laminados cerámicos en los dientes 12, 13, 14, 22, 23 y 24 y coronas totales "metal-free" en los elementos 11 y 21, utilizando un sistema cerámico a base de disilicato de litio . Después del relato de este caso clínico, se puede concluir que con el advenimiento de las cerámicas ácido sensibles y de la cementación adhesiva los tratamientos rehabilitadores estéticos han proporcionado un resultado estético y funcional satisfactorio(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Despite the wide use of dental implants they can bring inconveniences, as the moment one reaches osseointegration, these can no longer be extended. Therefore, if a problem occurs regarding its positioning, the options open are substitution or burial of the implant. With implant substitution, there exists the risk of local bone loss and/or future loss of the new implant. PURPOSE: This study proposes a new device (implant extender) for extending the dental implant. The feasibility of this technique is verified through installing dental implant extensions onto the humerus bone of dogs with autogenous bone grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Implants of 3.3 mm in diameter by 6 mm in length and implant extensions with a 3.3 mm diameter and 2.2 mm length were installed onto humerus of 4 healthy dogs, using an autogenous bone graft in a block made from ilium. The biomechanical percussion tests were performed on the implant extensions and then the implant-extension sets were removed for radiographic analysis. RESULTS: In the biomechanical percussion, none of the extensions present clinical mobility. As for the x-rays, these were analyzed by 20 professionals, who concluded that there was a 100% success rate with bone formation around the implants, 74.1% for bone neoformation of the implant extensions, and 80.1% referring to the adaptation of the implant extension. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Bone formation occurred in every installed dental implant. In most cases, there occurred bone neoformation of the extensions and adaptation of the extension/implant set, according to the x-ray analysis performed by the evaluators. An absence of clinical mobility in the extensions was also observed. Although the results were promising, these techniques still need to be researched in humans, as an alternative for reducing elongated prosthetic crowns or poorly installed implants, as well as the modification of the type of implants among other applications.

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Objective: To determine the frequency of sensitivity after treatment in composite resin restorations Class II of premolars in Iranian patients. Material and Methods: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, questionnaires were used which included questions about the extent of post-operative sensitivity in posterior composite resin restorations among 178 patients referred to the restoration section. After restoration of the teeth, the patients were called to record sensitivity after the treatment. Post-operative sensitivity was measured 24 h and 1 month with cold stimulation using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) method. The data were analyzed with the SPSS software, through descriptive statistical methods (frequency and percentage, mean, standard deviation). Group comparisons were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U test and p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The mean frequency of sensitivity in terms of gender was 0.75 and 0.76 in males and females, respectively. The mean frequency of sensitivity in terms of type of jaw was 0.59 and 1.1, in the upper and lower jaw, respectively. It was also observed that the frequency of sensitivity is higher in adolescent age group, in comparison with other age groups. No significant association between gender as well as type of jaw and post-operative sensitivity frequency was observed (p>0.05). However, age group has a statistically significant association with the frequency of post-operative sensitivity (p<0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between extent of sensitivity after treatment in composite resin restorations Class II and the age group of patients.

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Abstract The relationship between wear resistance and filler size or filler loading was clarified for the universal resin composite; however, their relationship in flowable resin composites has not been clarified. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of filler size and filler loading on wear of experimental flowable resin composites by using a cyclic loading device. Material and Methods: Nine experimental flowable resin composites consisting of three different sizes (70, 200 and 400 nm) and loading (50, 55 and 60 wt%) of filler were prepared. Bowl-shaped cavities were prepared on a flat surface of ceramic blocks using a No. 149 regular cut diamond point. The cavities were treated with a silane coupling agent and an all-in-one adhesive and then filled with each experimental flowable resin composite. The restored surfaces were finished and polished with a 1500-grit silicon carbide paper. The specimens were subjected to an in vitro two-body wear test using a cyclic loading device. The localized worn surfaces were evaluated at 10,000, 20,000, 30,000, and 40,000 cycles using a computer-controlled three-dimensional measuring microscope (n=5). The volumetric wear loss of the materials was calculated automatically by the equipment. Data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. Results: Two-way ANOVA showed that the filler size significantly influenced wear volume (p<0.003), but the filler loading did not have a significant effect (p>0.05). A post hoc Tukey test detected significant differences in filler size between 70 nm and 400 nm, and 200 nm and 400 nm (p<0.007). Conclusion: The experimental flowable resin composite containing a mean filler size of 400 nm exhibited significantly lower wear resistance in two-body wear compared with those containing mean filler sizes of 200 nm or 70 nm.

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Introdução: atualmente os produtos à base de hidróxido de cálcio são amplamente utilizados e difundidos na odontologia em várias situações clínicas, desde capeador em exposição pulpar à pulpotomias, em virtude de suas propriedades físicas, mecânicas, do baixo custo e de seu próprio mecanismo de ação, representando assim, o material mais próximo do ideal. Objetivo: descrever os conceitos, os fundamentos e a aplicação clínica do Hidróxido de Cálcio e do MTA, por meio de uma revisão da literatura. Material e Métodos: foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, por meio de busca bibliográfica nas seguintes bases de pesquisa online: Lilacs, Scielo, PubMED/Medline e Bireme, com uso dos descritores: hidróxido de cálcio (calcium hydroxide); hidróxido de cálcio e MTA (calcium hydroxide and MTA) e MTA, rastreando artigos relevantes publicados entre o período de 2010 a 2015. Resultados e Discussão: materiais a base de hidróxido de cálcio, são biocompatíveis e apresentam propriedades antimicrobianas, anti-inflamatórias, estimulantes da formação de dentina esclerosada, de tecido ósseo mineralizado além de proteger a polpa contra estímulos termoelétricos e tóxicos, provenientes de alguns materiais restauradores, mantendo assim, a integridade pulpar. São amplamente utilizados para: proteção pulpar, pulpotomias, cimentação protética, forramento cavitário, apicificação e em casos de reabsorção radicular. As formas de apresentação desses materiais pode ser produtos na forma de pó, ou na forma de pastas, autoativadas ou fotoativadas. O Agregado Trióxido Mineral (MTA) apresenta muitas propriedades coincidentes com o hidróxido de cálcio, mas uma das suas principais desvantagens é seu alto custo, o que inviabiliza o rotineiro na clínica, esse material é apresentado na forma de pó e líquido, o qual é composto apenas por água destilada. Conclusão: Diante das várias opções de produtos presentes no mercado, recomenda-se ao profissional a escolha do melhor material para cada caso, incluindo seguir protocolos adequados durante a aplicação dos materiais para alcançar resultados clínicos satisfatórios.

Introduction: products of calcium hydroxide are largely used in a variety of dental clinical condition due to its physical and mechanical properties and its low cost as well as its rationelle. In this contexto, it representes a material close to the ideal. Objective: to describe the concepts, fundamentals and clinical application of Calcium Hydroxide and MTA, through a review of the literature. Materials and Methods: a review of the literature was carried out by means of bibliographic search in the following online databases: Lilacs, Scielo, PubMED/Medline and Bireme, using the descriptors: calcium hydroxide; Calcium hydroxide and MTA, and MTA, tracking relevant articles published between the period 2010-2015. Results and Discussion: materials based on calcium hydroxide, are biocompatible and exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, stimulating properties of the formation of sclerosed dentin, of mineralized bone tissue, besides protecting the pulp against thermoelectric and toxic stimuli from some restorative materials, thus maintaining pulp integrity. They are widely used for: pulp protection, pulpotomies, prosthetic cementation, cavity lining, apicification and in cases of root resorption. The forms of presentation of such materials may be products in the form of powder, or in the form of pastes, either self-activating or photoactivated. The Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) has many properties that coincide with calcium hydroxide, but one of its main disadvantages is its high cost, which makes the routine in the clinic unfeasible. This material is presented in the form of powder and liquid, which is Composed only of distilled water. Conclusion: in view of the various product options present in the market, the professional is advised to choose the best material for each case, including following appropriate protocols during the application of the materials to achieve satisfactory clinical results.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de ensaio de resistência ao microcisalhamento, o efeito da aplicação adicional de silano a um sistema adesivo universal na interface adesiva entre uma cerâmica reforçada por dissilicato de lítio e uma resina composta. Duzentos discos de IPS e.max Press/Ivoclar Vivadent (13x3mm) foram confeccionados, receberam acabamento com lixas de carbeto de silício (220-600) e limpeza com ácido fosfórico 37% (30s) imediatamente antes da aplicação do agente silano ou sistema adesivo. Sobre cada disco, foram confeccionados cinco cilindros de resina, o que totalizou mil cilindros de resina. O tratamento aplicado à superfície de cerâmica, anterior à inserção de resina foi realizada de acordo com cada um destes grupos: G1: 20s de ácido fluorídrico (HF) + silano (S) + Adper Single Bond 2/3M ESPE (SB); G2: 20s HF + S + Single Bond Universal/3M ESPE (U); G3: 20s HF + U; G4: 20s HF + S + Single Bond Universal misturado ao Otimizador para Cimentação/3M ESPE (OPC); G5: 20s HF + OPC; G6: S + SB; G7: S + U; G8: U; G9: S + OPC; G10: OPC. Os grupos G11 até o G20 receberam os mesmos tratamentos de superfície, mas foram submetidos à termociclagem de 10.000 ciclos. Os grupos G1 ao G10 foram levados à máquina de ensaio universal EMIC para o teste de microcisalhamento, enquanto os grupos G11 ao G20 foram submetidos à ciclagem térmica com banhos de 20s alternados em temperatura de 5ºC e 55ºC, para depois serem levados para o microcisalhamento. A análise estatística foi realizada através de análise de variância (ANOVA dois fatores), com nível de confiança de 95% (p=0,000) seguido pelo teste Post Hoc de Tukey. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os grupos condicionados por HF obtiveram valores de resistência de união significativamente mais elevados, enquanto a termociclagem apenas provocou diferença significativa entre os grupos de mesmo tratamento de superfície sem condicionamento prévio com HF e entre G1 e G11. O modo de fratura avaliado por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a análise dos elementos químicos por EDS demonstrou o total de 24,3% de fraturas mistas; 74,5% de fraturas adesivas e 1,2% de fraturas coesivas. Pode-se concluir que a aplicação adicional prévia de silano aumentou a resistência de união entre o adesivo universal e a cerâmica e que o condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico foi fator determinante para obtenção de resultados mais altos, principalmente após a termociclagem.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, through a microshear bond strength test, the effect of an additional silane application before a universal adhesive system on the interface between a lithium disilicate ceramic system and a flowable resin. Two hundred IPS e.max Press/Ivoclar Vivadent discs (13x3mm) were made, abraded with sandpaper silicon carbide (220-600) and cleaned with 37% phosphoric acid (30s) immediatelly before application of silane agent or adhesive system. On each disc five resin cylinders were built, which summarized one thousand cylinders. The treatment applied to the ceramic surface previous to the resin insertion was performed according to each of these groups: G1: 20s hydrofluoric acid (HF) + silane (S) + Single Bond 2 / 3M ESPE (SB); G2: 20s HF + S + Single Bond Universal / 3M ESPE (U); G3: 20s HF + U; G4: 20s HF + S + Single Bond Universal mixed with Dual Cure Activator / 3M ESPE (OPC); G5: 20s HF + OPC; G6: S + SB; G7: S + U; G8: U; G9: S + OPC; G10: OPC. The groups from G11 to G20received the same surface treatment, but they were submitted to 10.000 thermal cycles. The G1 to G10 were taken to the universal testing machine EMIC for microshear test, while the G11 to G20 were subjected to thermal cycling with alternating baths of 20s at 5°C and 55°C temperature, and then were submitted to the microshear test. The statistical analysis was done with ANOVA with 95% confidence level (p = 0.000) and Tukey's post-hoc test. The results showed that all groups etched with HF had significantly higher bond strength values while thermocycling only caused significant difference between groups of the same surface treatment without prior etching with HF and between G1 and G11 groups. The fracture mode evaluated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and analysis of chemical elements by EDS demonstrated total of 24.3% of mixed fractures; 74.5% adhesive fractures and 1.2% of cohesive fractures. It can be concluded that the additional prior silane application increased the bond strength between the universal adhesive and ceramics, besides the etching with hydrofluoric acid was determining factor for obtaining higher results, especially after thermal cycling.

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Introdução: O passo final da confecção de uma restauração consiste no acabamento e polimento. Polir uma superfície é riscá-la continuamente, até que em determinado momento, ela pareça macroscopicamente lisa. Ao deixar uma restauração mais lisa, aumenta-se o conforto do paciente e diminui-se o acúmulo de placa. Objetivo: Esse trabalho consiste em uma revisão sistemática da literatura, que objetiva discutir e esclarecer como deve ser feito o acabamento e polimento das restaurações diretas de amálgama e resina composta, a fim de que seja destacada a importância de sua realização. Material e Métodos: foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura por meio de uma busca bibliográfica nas seguintes bases de pesquisa on-line: PUBMED/MEDLINE, LILACS, BBO e SCIENCE DIRECT limitando-se a busca ao período de 2006 a 2014. Resultados: o tratamento e a técnica restauradora dos dentes prejudicados pela doença cárie e por fraturas tem sido matéria de estudo científico nos últimos anos, com o objetivo de melhorar a estética, durabilidade, propriedades físico-mecânicas dos materiais restauradores e pela busca de um tratamento mais conservador. De forma geral o acabamento e o polimento têm como funções regularizar e corrigir os defeitos existentes que foram obtidos durante a confecção de uma restauração além de deixar as superfícies perfeitamente lisas sem presença de irregularidades macroscópicas. Conclusão: o conhecimento das técnicas e dos materiais disponíveis atualmente por parte dos cirurgiões dentistas possibilita o emprego de condutas clínicas adequadas, seguras e com eficácia. O polimento produz uma superfície muito lisa, altamente reflexiva, sem riscos visíveis, simulando os tecidos dentais. O cirurgião-dentista deve respeitar a regra de que toda restauração deverá ser considerada concluída quando estiver devidamente acabada e polida.

Introduction: the final step in a restoration is finishing and polishing. To polish a surface, to some extent, is to scratch out a surface till is appears smooth from the macroscopic point of view. Making it smoother we increase the comfort of the patient and diminish the plaque occurrence. Objective: this study consists of a systematic literature review, which aims to discuss and clarify how it should be done finishing and polishing of direct amalgam restorations and composite resin, so that it is highlighted the importance of his achievement. Material and Methods: a systematic review of the literature through a literature search in the following search online databases was performed: PubMed / MEDLINE, LILACS, BBO and SCIENCE DIRECT, limiting the search to the period from 2006 to 2014. Results: treatment and restorative technique of teeth affected by caries and fractures has been the subject of scientific study in recent years, aiming to improve the aesthetics, durability, physical and mechanical properties of restorative materials and the search for a more conservative treatment. In general finishing and polishing have as functions to regulate and correct the existing defects that were obtained during the making of a restoration in addition to leaving the perfectly smooth surfaces without the presence of macroscopic irregularities. Conclusion: knowledge of techniques and materials currently available by the dentists enables the use of appropriate clinical procedures, safe and effectively. Polishing produces a very smooth, highly reflective, without visible scratches, simulating the dental tissues. The dentist must respect the rule that all restoration will be considered complete when properly finished and polished.

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The present study aimed to assess the influence of curing distance on the loss of irradiance and power density of four curing light devices. The behavior in terms of power density of four different dental curing devices was analyzed (Valo, Elipar 2, Radii-Cal, and Optilux-401) using three different distances of photopolymerization (0 mm, 4 mm, and 8 mm). All devices had their power density measured using a MARC simulator. Ten measurements were made per device at each distance. The total amount of energy delivered and the required curing time to achieve 16 J/cm2 of energy was also calculated. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (p < 0.05). The curing distance significantly interfered with the loss of power density for all curing light devices, with the farthest distance generating the lowest power density and consequently the longer time to achieve an energy density of 16 J/cm2 (p < 0.01). Comparison of devices showed that Valo, in extra power mode, showed the best results at all distances, followed by Valo in high power mode, Valo in standard mode, Elipar 2, Radii-Cal, and Optilux-401 halogen lamp (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that all curing lights induced a significant loss of irradiance and total energy when the light was emitted farther from the probe. The Valo device in extra power mode showed the highest power density and the shortest time to achieve an energy density of 16 J/cm2 at all curing distances.

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