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BACKGROUND: Increased thermogenic activity has shown to be a promising target for treating and preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Little is known about the muscular influence on nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), and it remains unclear whether physical training and potential metabolic improvements could be associated with changes in this type of thermogenic activity. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to assess muscular NST activity in overweight and T2DM before and after a combined training period (strength training followed by aerobic exercise). METHODS: Nonshivering cold-induced 18-fluoroxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) was performed before and after 16 weeks of combined training in 12 individuals with overweight and T2DM. The standard uptake value (SUV) of 18F-FDG was evaluated in skeletal muscles, the heart and the aorta. RESULTS: Muscles in the neck region exhibit higher SUV pre- and posttraining. Furthermore, a decrease in glucose uptake by the muscles of the lower and upper extremities and in the aorta was observed after training when adjusted for brown adipose tissue (BAT). These pre-post effects are accompanied by increased cardiac SUV and occur concurrently with heightened energy expenditure and metabolic improvements. CONCLUSIONS: Muscles in the neck region have greater metabolic activity upon exposure to cold. In addition, combined training appears to induce greater NST, favoring the trunk and neck region compared to limbs based on joint work and adaptations between skeletal muscles and BAT.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Metabolismo Energético , Fluordesoxiglucose F18 , Músculo Esquelético , Sobrepeso , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos , Treinamento Resistido , Termogênese , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Fluordesoxiglucose F18/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Sobrepeso/fisiopatologia , Sobrepeso/terapia , Sobrepeso/metabolismo , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/administração & dosagem , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , IdosoRESUMO
The combination of strength and aerobic training (concurrent training - TG) has been a widely used intervention for improving health outcomes. Also, dance has been well described as a great aerobic activity and can be an interesting option to compose an alternative multicomponent training pro-gram. Therefore, the aim of the present protocol study is to describe the methods that will be used in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to identify and compare the impacts of traditional TG composed by strength and aerobic training and a multicomponent training consisting of strength training combined with dance classes (DG) on functional and cognitive capacity and quality of life of older people. The sample of RCT will consist of men and women aged between 60 and 75 years. Both interventions will occur twice a week for 12 weeks with progressive intensity and volume. Functional capacity will be assessed by gait, balance, sitting and standing and climbing tests. Strength will be assessed through one repetition maximum test (1RM) in knee extension exercise, and handgrip using a hand dynamometer. Muscle thickness will be assessed using quadriceps ultrasound. Muscle power will be assessed in the knee extension exercise at 30 and 70% of 1RM using an encoder. Aerobic capacity will be assessed using the 6-minute walk test. Quality of life and cognitive performance will be assessed by questionnaires. Comparisons between groups over time will be carried out using Generalized Estimating Equations with a significance level of p<0.01. This protocol follows the rec-ommendations of SPIRIT-2013.
A combinação de treinamento de força e aeróbico (treinamento combinado - TC) tem sido uma interven-ção amplamente utilizada para melhorar desfechos de saúde. Além disso, a dança tem sido bem descrita na literatura como uma ótima atividade aeróbica e pode ser uma opção interessante para compor um programa alternativo de treinamento multicomponente. Portanto, o objetivo do presente protocolo de estudo é descrever os métodos que serão utilizados em um ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) que visa identificar e comparar os impactos do TC tradicional composto por treinamento de força e aeróbico e de um treinamento multi-componente composto por treinamento de força combinado com aulas de dança sobre capacidade funcional, cognitiva e qualidade de vida de idosos. A amostra do ECR será composta por homens e mulheres com idade entre 60 e 75 anos. Ambas as intervenções ocorrerão duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas com intensidade e volume progressivos. A capacidade funcional será avaliada por meio de testes de marcha, equilíbrio, sentar e levantar e subir escadas. A força será avaliada por meio do teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) no exercício de extensão de joelhos e por meio do teste de preensão palmar com o dinamômetro manual. A espessura muscular será avaliada por meio de ultrassonografia do quadríceps. A potência muscular será ava-liada no exercício de extensão de joelhos a 30 e 70% de 1RM por meio de um transdutor linear de posição. A capacidade aeróbica será avaliada por meio do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. A qualidade de vida e o desempenho cognitivo serão avaliados por meio de questionários. As comparações entre os grupos ao longo do tempo serão realizadas por meio de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas com nível de significância p<0,01. Este protocolo segue as recomendações do SPIRIT-2013.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Envelhecimento , Dança , Exercício Físico , Treinamento ResistidoRESUMO
Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder that affects approximately 1 billion people worldwide. Advanced age is a significant risk factor. Various treatment options have been explored to reduce the severity of OSA symptoms and physical exercise has emerged as a potential alternative therapy. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of a combined exercise program with sleep education on sleep quality and on the severity of OSA in older adults. Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial with two parallel groups that will involve individuals of both genders aged between 60 and 79 years who have an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of more than 15 events per hour and who have not received or are currently undergoing treatment for OSA. Older adults who have engaged in regular exercise in the last six months and individuals with contraindications to exercise will be excluded. The study will assess outcomes related to OSA, including AHI, oxygen desaturation index, minimum and mean oxyhemoglobin saturation, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, and the type of respiratory events. Additionally, sleep quality-related outcomes, daytime sleepiness, physical activity, physical fitness, aerobic capacity, cognitive status, anthropometric measures, and health-related quality of life will be analyzed. Participants will be randomized to two groups: a combined exercise group (involving both resistance and aerobic training) with sleep education, and a control group that will receive only educational recommendations for managing OSA. The intervention will last 12 weeks and will consist of three sessions per week, totaling 36 exercise sessions. Sample size calculation indicates a minimum number of 36 participants. Discussion: If the hypothesis is confirmed, this clinical trial will indicate an effective non-pharmacological intervention for treating OSA in older adults. This intervention could be used as an adjunct to existing approaches designed to improve OSA management. Clinical trail registration: Brazil Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC), identifier RBR-9hk6pgz.
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Exercise training emerges as a key strategy in lifestyle modification, capable of reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to risk factors such as age, family history, genetics and low level of education associated with AD. We aim to analyze the effect of a 14-week combined exercise training (CT) on the methylation of genes associated with AD in non-alzheimer's disease women. CT sessions lasted 60 min, occurring three times a week for 14 weeks. Forty non-Alzheimer's disease women aged 50 to 70 years (60.7 ± 4.1 years) with a mean height of 1.6 ± 0.1 m, mean weight of 73.12 ± 9.0 kg and a mean body mass index of 29.69 ± 3.5 kg/m2, underwent two physical assessments: pre and post the 14 weeks. DNA methylation assays utilized the EPIC Infinium Methylation BeadChip from Illumina. We observed that 14 weeks of CT led to reductions in systolic (p = 0.001) and diastolic (p = 0.017) blood pressure and improved motor skills post-intervention. Among 25 genes linked to AD, CT induced differentially methylated sites in 12 genes, predominantly showing hypomethylated sites (negative ß values). Interestingly, despite hypomethylated sites, some genes exhibited hypermethylated sites (positive ß values), such as ABCA7, BDNF, and WWOX. A 14-week CT regimen was adequate to induce differential methylation in 12 CE-related genes in healthy older women, alongside improvements in motor skills and blood pressure. In conclusion, this study suggest that combined training can be a strategy to improve physical fitness in older individuals, especially able to induce methylation alterations in genes sites related to development of AD. It is important to highlight that training should act as protective factor in older adults.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/terapia , Metilação de DNA , Exercício Físico , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: To determine the effect of resistance training volume on physical and perceptual outcomes of breast cancer survivors submitted to a combined training program. DESIGN: Randomized single-blinded study. METHODS: Nineteen breast cancer survivor women were randomized to a single-set (SS) or a multiple-set (MS) group. Both groups completed an 8-week combined training intervention in which the SS and MS groups performed 1 and 3 sets per resistance exercise, respectively. The following outcomes were assessed preintervention and postintervention: maximal knee extension dynamic strength (1-repetition maximum), quadriceps muscle thickness, peak oxygen uptake, time to exhaustion, cancer-related fatigue, and quality of life. RESULTS: Both interventions increased knee extension 1-repetition maximum (SS: 29.8% [37.5%]; MS: 19.3% [11.8%]), quadriceps muscle thickness (9.4% [4.1%]; 8.9% [5.9%]), and quality of life (4.3% [6.3%]; 7.9% [9.0%]), with no difference between the groups. However, only MS improved cancer-related fatigue (-2.1% [1.7%]) and time to exhaustion (21.3% [14.9%]), whereas peak oxygen uptake remained unchanged in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer-related fatigue and time to exhaustion, improved only in the MS group after the intervention. On the other hand, similar knee extension 1-repetition maximum, quadriceps muscle thickness, and quality of life improvements were observed in breast cancer survivors irrespective of the resistance training volume performed.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Sobreviventes de Câncer , Treinamento Resistido , Humanos , Feminino , Exercício Físico , Qualidade de Vida , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Fadiga , OxigênioRESUMO
Background: An increased number of breast cancer patients are challenged by acute and persistent treatment side effects. Oncology guidelines have been establishing physical exercise to counteract several treatment-related toxicities throughout cancer care. However, evidence regarding the optimal dose-response, feasibility, and the minimal resistance exercise volume and/or intensity remains unclear. The ABRACE Study will assess the impact of different resistance training volumes (i.e., single or multiple sets) combined with aerobic exercise on physical and psychological outcomes of breast cancer patients undergoing primary treatment. Methods: This study is a randomized, controlled, three-armed parallel trial. A total of 84 participants, aged ≥18 years, with breast cancer stages I-III, initiating adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (≤50% of sessions completed) will be randomized to multiple sets resistance training plus aerobic training group, single set resistance training plus aerobic training group or control group. Neuromuscular and cancer-related fatigue (primary outcomes), muscle strength, muscle thickness, muscle quality by echo intensity, body composition, cardiorespiratory capacity, functional performance, upper-body endurance and quality of life will be measured before and after the 12-week intervention. Our analysis will follow the intention-to-treat approach and per-protocol criteria, with additional sub-group analysis. Discussion: Findings support prescribing exercise during chemotherapy for breast cancer and elucidate the potential role of different resistance training volumes as a management strategy for physical and psychological impairments in women with early-stage breast cancer. Our main hypothesis is for superiority in physical and psychological outcomes for both training groups compared to the control group, with no difference between single or multiple sets groups. Trial registration: Clinical trials NCT03314168.
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This is a longitudinal single-arm clinical trial aimed to investigate whether exercise training would modify the whole blood methylation profile in healthy women. A total of 45 subjects were engaged in an exercise training protocol during a 14-wk follow up, consisting of aerobic cardiorespiratory and muscle strength exercises. Subjects were evaluated at baseline (PRE), after 7 wk of exercise training (POST 7), and after 14 wk of exercise training (POST 14). Functional primary outcomes included anthropometric, blood pressure, biochemical measurements, physical tests, and global health assessments. Blood samples were collected at each time point to determine the methylation profile using a DNA methylation array technique screening up to 850k different sites. Exercise training decreased blood pressure and triglyceride levels and enhanced physical performance, including upper- and lower-body maximum strength. Moreover, exercise training improved markers of quality of life. In the array analysis, 14 wk of exercise training changed the methylation of more than 800 sites. Across these differentially methylated sites, we found that differentially methylated sites in the promoter region were more hypermethylated after exercise training, suggesting that this hypermethylation process may affect the transcription process. When inputting the differentially methylated sites in pathway analysis, we found several metabolic pathways, including AMPK signaling, TGF-ß signaling, and insulin signaling. This study demonstrates that exercise training promotes a robust change in the whole blood methylation profile and provides new insights into the key regulators of exercise-induced benefits.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have shown that exercise training lowers blood pressure and triglyceride levels, improves physical performance, and improves quality of life in middle-aged and elderly women. Regarding epigenetic data, we noticed that more than 800 sites are differentially methylated in whole blood after physical training. We emphasize that the differentially methylated sites in the promoter region are more hypermethylated after physical training. In addition, this study shows that key members of metabolic pathways, including AMPK signaling, TGF-ß signaling, and insulin signaling, are among the genes hypermethylated after physical exercise in older women.
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Insulinas , Treinamento Resistido , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Feminino , Metilação de DNA , Qualidade de Vida , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Triglicerídeos , Insulinas/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta , Treinamento Resistido/métodosRESUMO
The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of two models of combined training (CT) (aerobic and resistance exercise realized in the same training session), with aerobic training performed in different environments (indoor or outdoor), on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and affective response in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors. Twenty-six participants were allocated, in a non-randomized design, into CT with aerobic exercise performed indoors (ICT) or outdoors (OCT). Both groups were submitted to three weekly CT sessions, with aerobic exercises performed on ergometers or an athletics track. Before and after nine weeks of training, BP and HR at rest were measured. In the last session of the training, the affective response was collected. The individuals were 65.8 ± 7.8 (ICT) and 67.3 ± 8.2 (OCT) years. Lower values of diastolic BP were observed for the OCT group at post-training (p < 0.001). Moreover, in OCT, a significant inverse correlation was identified between the affective response to training and changes in systolic BP (r = −0.60; p = 0.03) and mean BP (r = −0.62; p = 0.02). In conclusion, CT, with aerobic exercise performed outdoors, seems to be more effective in reducing BP with better affective responses to training.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Hipertensão , Treinamento Resistido , Humanos , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Fatores de Risco de Doenças CardíacasRESUMO
Increases in longevity and obesity have led to a higher prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and several chronic conditions, such as hypertension. The prevalence of MetS and hypertension increases with advancing age and their detrimental effects on health can be attenuated by physical activity. Combined aerobic and resistance exercise training (CT) is recommended to maintain good health in older adults and is known to generate important metabolic adaptations. In this study we performed a metabolomics analysis, based on Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), to investigate the kinetics of changes in metabolism in non-physically active older women with MetS in response to 16 weeks of CT. A subset of women with MetS were selected from a larger randomized trial (that included men and women without MetS), with 12 participants on CT and 13 from the Control Group (CG). CT comprised walking/running at 63% of VO2max, three times/week, and resistance training (RT), consisting of 15 repetitions of seven exercises at moderate intensity, twice/week. Serum metabolomic profile was analysed at baseline (0W), 4 (4W), 8 (8W), 12 (12W) and 16 weeks (16W) for CT or CG. Cardiorespiratory fitness, RT load, blood pressure, body composition, lipid and glycaemic profile were also assessed. After 16 weeks CT increased cardiorespiratory fitness (13.1%, p < 0.05) and RT load (from 48% in the lat pulldown to 160% in the leg press, p < 0.05), but there were no changes in MetS parameters, such as body composition (Body Mass, Body Mass Index (BMI), body fat percentage and waist circumference), blood pressure, lipid and glycaemic profile. However, we identified potential higher substrate to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (increase in 2-Oxobutyrate from 0W (0.0029 ± 0.0009) to 4W (0.0038 ± 0.0011) and 8W (0.0041 ± 0.0015), p < 0.05), followed by alterations (different from 0W, p < 0.05) in the production of ketone bodies (3-Hydroxybutyrate, 0W (0.0717 ± 0.0377) to 16W (0.0397 ± 0.0331), and Acetoacetate, 0W (0.0441 ± 0.0240) to 16W (0.0239 ± 0.0141)), which together might explain the known improvement in fatty acid oxidation with exercise. There was also a late increase in ornithine at 16W of CT. Further studies are needed to investigate the association between these metabolic pathways and clinical outcomes in this population.
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Although the beneficial effects of aerobic training on cardiovascular risk factors are evident, the potential beneficial effect of strength and combined training on these risk factors is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic and strength training programmes, performed alone or in combination, on cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary, apparently healthy and non-obese adult men. The study was conducted with 37 subjects who were randomly divided into the following groups: aerobic (AG), combined (ASG), strength (SG) and control (CG). The exercise programmes were performed three times a week and lasted approximately 50 minutes. Dietary intake, anthropometry, blood pressure, muscular strength, aerobic capacity, lipid profile and glycaemic control were assessed before and after 12 weeks of the intervention. One-way analysis of variation (ANOVA) for baseline, and ANOVA for repeated measures were used to assess differences between the initial and final time points of the four groups. Changes in blood pressure and glycaemic control were not significant in any of the groups. No differences were observed in LDL-C between training groups. HDL-C increased significantly only in the AG. In conclusion, if minimal changes in the lipid profile are needed, an aerobic training programme can provide possible benefits for HDL-C in apparently healthy and non-obese adult men.
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Background: /Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of two combined training methods on health-related physical fitness components in adolescents. Methods: Seventy-six adolescents (16.1 ± 1.1 years, n = 44 female) were randomized into groups of moderate-intensity continuous training combined with resistance training (MICT + RT), high-intensity interval training combined with resistance training (HIIT + RT), or Control. The training sessions were performed twice weekly for 12 weeks. The health-related physical fitness components evaluated were: body composition, muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness. Results: The intervention groups had a significant reduction in body fat percentage and improvement in abdominal repetitions and VO2peak after 12 weeks of combined exercise program (p < 0.001). Intervention effects were found to significantly reduce body fat percentage for the MICT + RT and HIIT + RT groups compared to the control group (mean difference: -3.8; 95% CI: -6.2; -1 0.3; mean difference: -4.7; 95%CI: -7.1; -2.3, respectively). For muscle fitness, significant effects of the intervention were found in increasing the number of abdominal repetitions favoring the MICT + RT group compared to the control group (mean difference: 9.5; 95% CI: 4.4; 14.7) and HIIT + RT compared to the control group (mean difference: 14.1; 95% CI 9; 19.3). For cardiorespiratory fitness, significant effects of the intervention on improving VO2peak were found in the experimental groups (MICT + RT vs Control group: mean difference: 4.4; 95% CI: 2.2; 6.6; and HIIT + RT vs. Control group: mean difference: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.3; 7.7). Conclusion: The results suggest that 12 weeks of training using MCIT + RT or HIIT + RT showed a similar effect for health-related physical fitness components in adolescents.
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Obesity induces several disorders, such as android obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary/peripheral artery disease, and obese individuals commonly have low adherence to training programs. Exercise at self-selected intensity is a feasible strategy to avoid dropouts of training routines. We aimed to assess the effects of different training programs at self-selected intensity on body composition, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), feelings of pleasure and displeasure (FPD) and fitness outcomes (maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximum dynamic strength (1RM)) in obese women. Forty obese women (n = 40; Body Mass Index: 33.2 ± 1.1 kg.m-2) were randomly allocated to combined training (CT = 10), aerobic training (AT = 10), resistance training (RT = 10) and control group (CG = 10). The frequency that CT, AT and RT performed the training sessions was 3 times per week during 8 weeks. Body composition (DXA), VO2max and 1RM were assessed at baseline and after intervention. All participants were on a restricted dietary intake aiming to ingest 2.650 kcal per day. Post hoc comparisons revealed that CT promotes a larger decrease in body fat percentage (p = 0.001), body fat mass (p = 0.004) than other groups. CT and AT elicited higher Vâ¢O2max increases (p = 0.014) than RT and CG, and 1RM values were higher in CT and RT (p = 0.001) than AT and CG at post-intervention. All training groups presented low RPE and high FPD over the training sessions, but only the CT was effective to reduce body fat percentage and body fat mass in obese women. In addition, CT was effective to increase simultaneously maximum oxygen uptake and maximum dynamic strength in obese women.
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PURPOSE: To compare the effects of combined training (CT) versus aerobic training (AT) or versus control on VO2 peak and quadriceps muscle strength in patients with heart failure (HF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Major electronic databases were searched, from inception to November 2020, for randomized clinical trials comparing the effects of CT against AT or control on VO2 peak and/or quadriceps muscle strength in patients with HF. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted, calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS: Twenty-eight articles were included. An increase on VO2 peak (SMD = 0.77, 95%CI 0.39-1.14, I2=80.1%) and quadriceps muscle strength (SMD = 0.67, 95%CI 0.18-1.16, I2=0%) was found in CT compared to control. CT increased quadriceps muscle strength, versus AT (SMD = 0.44, 95%CI 0.15-0.74, I2=0%). There were no differences between CT and AT on VO2 peak (SMD=-0.01, 95%CI -0.36 to 0.34, I2=65%). Time of session and training duration moderate the effects of CT over control on VO2 peak. CONCLUSIONS: CT promotes increases on quadriceps muscle strength and aerobic capacity over control and provides additional gains on quadriceps muscle strength, having the same effects on VO2 peak compared to AT. A longer time of session is associated with greater benefits to aerobic capacity.Implications for rehabilitationCombining aerobic and strength training increases the functional capacity and quadriceps muscle strength in heart failure patients.Using longer sessions of training has a greater impact on aerobic capacity.
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Insuficiência Cardíaca , Treinamento Resistido , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Tolerância ao Exercício/fisiologia , Humanos , Força Muscular/fisiologiaRESUMO
Abstract Aim: Assess the effect of the performance order in the Concurrent Training (CT), Aerobic-Strength (AS), and Strength-Aerobic (SA), in the static balance, dynamic balance, and muscle strength in elderly people. Methods: The study involved 38 elderly people (men and women) aged 60 to 75 years old, divided into SA (n = 19) and AS (n = 19). Within 12 weeks, the aerobic training consisted of walking with intensity prescribed by the Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion (6-20) and the strength training consisted of six exercises, with intensity controlled by Repetition Maximum training zones. Static balance (plantar pressure center area and displacement in bipedal support with eyes closed and open), dynamic balance (Timed Up and Go and Tandem Gait), and maximum dynamic strength of knee extension and bench press have been evaluated. For data analysis, Generalized Estimating Equations with Bonferroni's complimentary test have been used (α = 0.05). Results: For static and dynamic balance there hasn't been an effect on the 12 weeks of combined training, regardless of the performance order. Both groups maintained the balance variables within the intervention period. When it comes to strength, there has been a noticeable improvement in lower limbs (SA: 16%; AS: 11%; p < 0,001) and upper (SA: 22.0%; AS: 8.7%; p < 0.001), without any differences between the groups. Conclusion: So there is no difference between the order of performance of the CT in the variables of static and dynamic balance and strength of upper and lower limbs. Furthermore, after training, there have been significant improvements in the variables of strength and maintenance of static and dynamic balance.
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Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Envelhecimento , Exercício Físico , Força Muscular , Exercícios de Alongamento Muscular , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados não Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
Hepatic steatosis is directly associated with hepatic inflammation and insulin resistance, which is correlated with hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Aerobic and strength training have been pointed out as efficient strategies against hepatic steatosis. However, little is known about the effects of the combination of those two protocols on hepatic steatosis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of short-term combined training (STCT) on glucose homeostasis and in the synthesis and oxidation of fat in the liver of obesity-induced mice with hepatic steatosis. Swiss mice were distributed into three groups: control lean (CTL), sedentary obese (OB), and combined training obese (CTO). The CTO group performed the STCT protocol, which consisted of strength and aerobic exercises in the same session. The protocol lasted seven days. The CTO group reduced the glucose levels and fatty liver when compared to the OB group. Interestingly, these results were observed even without reductions in body adiposity. CTO group also showed increased hepatic insulin sensitivity, with lower hepatic glucose production (HGP). STCT reduced the expression of the lipogenic genes Fasn and Scd1 and hepatic inflammation, as well as increased the ACC phosphorylation and the oxidative genes Cpt1a and Ppara, reverting the complications caused by obesity. Since this protocol increased lipid oxidation and reduced hepatic lipogenesis, regardless of body fat mass decrease, it can be considered an effective non-pharmacological strategy for the treatment of hepatic steatosis.
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Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/terapia , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Insulina/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Animais , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Masculino , Camundongos , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/terapia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/métodosRESUMO
This study investigated the effects of concurrent training performed either with repetitions to failure or not to failure in muscle power, muscle quality (MQ), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and visceral fat in older men. This is an ancillary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. 36 older men (mean age ± SD; 67.1 ± 5.1 years) were randomized into three groups: one performing repetitions to failure (RFG, n = 13), another performing repetitions not to failure and 50% of the repetitions of the RFG (NFG, n = 12), and third performing repetitions not to failure with equal training volume of the RFG (ENFG, n = 11). The training was performed twice a week for 20 weeks at intensities ranging from 65 to 80% of maximal strength. In each session, the individuals started with strengthening exercises and then performed aerobic exercise (i.e., walking) on a treadmill. The primary endpoint was change from baseline to post-20 wk of absolute and relative muscle power output during squat and countermovement jump, ultrasound measurements for MQ using quadriceps echo intensity, and visceral fat thickness, as well as their VO2peak through a maximal incremental test on a treadmill. All training groups improved similarly and significantly jump height (ranging from 9 to 16%) and all their muscle power outcomes (mean change ranging from 2 to 7%) (P < .001). In addition, all groups significantly decreased visceral fat thickness (ranging from -11 to -21%) (P < .001), and significantly increased VO2peak (ranging from 4 to 8%) (P < .01), with no differences between groups. No changes were observed in the MQ outcomes. Concurrent training performed using repetitions to failure or not to failure promoted similar gains in the muscle power output, aerobic capacity, and visceral fat in healthy older men.
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Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Treinamento Resistido , Idoso , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Masculino , Força Muscular , Músculo EsqueléticoRESUMO
Our aim was to analyze and compare functional training, interdisciplinary therapy, and interdisciplinary education on cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) and anthropometric characteristics of women with obesity. Forty-four women (age = 39.7 ± 5.9 years, body mass index (BMI) = 35.5 ± 2.8 kg/m2) completed 30 weeks of intervention randomly assigned to 3 groups: functional training (FT) (n = 14), interdisciplinary therapy (IT) (n = 19), and interdisciplinary education (IE) (n = 11). The FT group participated in the training program (3/week), the IT group received the same training intervention plus nutrition (1/week) and psychology advice (1/week) and physical therapy (1/week). The IE group participated in interdisciplinary lectures on topics related to health promotion (1/month). CF (ergospirometry), anthropometry, and body composition (electrical bioimpedance) were measured pre-intervention (Pre) and post-intervention (Post). CF increased (p ≤ 0.05) significantly (Pre vs. Post) in the FT (7.5%) and IT (10.8%) groups, but not in the IE group (1.8%). Body mass (BM), BMI, relative fat mass, and waist circumference significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased (Pre vs. Post) in IT (-4.4%, -4.4%, -2.3%, and -5.1%, respectively). The IE group showed a significant decrease in BM (-3.7%), BMI (-3.7%), and waist circumference (-3.5%), whereas the FT group promoted significant decrease in waist circumference (-3.4%). In conclusion, functional training increased CF but only interdisciplinary interventions improved the anthropometric profile of women with obesity. Novelty Interdisciplinary therapy provided more comprehensive adaptations in women with obesity, including morphological variables and CF. Functional training increased CF but reduced only abdominal obesity. Interdisciplinary education provided benefits on morphological variables, but it does not increase CF.
Assuntos
Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória/fisiologia , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Obesidade/terapia , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Redução de Peso/fisiologia , Adulto , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
This study compared the effects of 20 weeks of concurrent training with and without repetitions to failure on neuromuscular and functional adaptations in older men. METHODS: Thirty-six older men (67.1 ± 5.1 years) were randomized into three groups: one performing repetitions to failure (RFG, n = 13), another performing repetitions not to failure and 50% of the repetitions of the RFG (NFG, n = 12), and a third performing repetitions not to failure with equal training volume of the RFG (ENFG, n = 11). Training was performed twice a week for 20 weeks at intensities ranging from 65% to 80% of maximal strength. In each session, the individuals started with strengthening exercises and then performed aerobic exercise on a treadmill. Before and after the intervention, individuals were assessed for their one repetition maximum (1RM) for leg press (LP) and knee extension (KE) exercises, knee extensors' isometric peak torque (PTiso ), and rate of torque development (RTD) at 50 ms, 100 ms, and 250 ms, muscle thickness of the quadriceps, as well as functional performance on sit-to-stand, and timed up and go tests. RESULTS: After training, there were significant (P < 0.001) increases in the LP and KE 1RM, PTiso , and RTD outcomes in all groups. Also, there were significant increases in muscle thickness of the quadriceps and in the sit-to-stand test (P < 0.05) in all groups. No significant differences were observed between groups in any outcome. CONCLUSION: Concurrent training using repetitions to concentric failure did not promote additional benefits for neuromuscular function, muscle thickness, or functional capacity of older individuals.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Força Muscular , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , TorqueRESUMO
Aging is associated with a progressive decline in physical and neurophysiological functions, and some studies suggest that cerebral serotonin is decreased in older adults. These factors contribute to reduced ability to perform daily activities, influencing quality of life (QoL). Regular physical activity has demonstrated important benefits in reversing ageing effects; however, little is known whether different training protocols might induce differential effects on QoL. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of different types of training on QoL and its relation with plasma serotonin in healthy older women. Forty-eight older women were randomly assigned in four groups: Strength Training (ST), Endurance Training (ET), Combined Training (CT), and Control Group (CG) which was instructed not to engage in any physical exercise during the study time. Participants underwent 12 weeks of training twice a week. Plasma serotonin and a scoring system questionnaire SF-36 for evaluation of QoL were assessed at baseline and after the completion of training protocols. When comparing pre- and post-training periods all trained groups showed improvement in QoL, but the CT improved more domains. Plasma serotonin was significantly lower in the ST and in the CT groups in comparison with controls after the 12-week training. Significant correlations of plasma serotonin with physical functioning, role-physical, general health, vitality, and mental health were observed. CT resulted in higher amelioration in QoL, in comparison with ET or ST only. All training protocols induced significant reductions in peripheral serotonin levels, which were negatively correlated with improvements in QoL.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Treino Aeróbico/métodos , Qualidade de Vida , Treinamento Resistido/métodos , Serotonina/sangue , Idoso , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Envelhecimento/psicologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Distribuição Aleatória , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The effects of adding moderate-to-high intensity inspiratory muscle training (IMT) to short-term aerobic and resistance exercise (combined training [CT]), after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are not established. This study aimed to determine the effects of moderate-to-high intensity IMTâ¯+â¯CT on exercise capacity, respiratory muscle strength, inspiratory muscle endurance, quality of life (QoL), and laboratory biomarkers in patients after CABG who were participants of a phase II cardiac rehabilitation program. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were randomly assigned to either the IMTâ¯+â¯CT group (nâ¯=â¯12), who performed moderate-to-high intensity IMT with CT or the sham-IMTâ¯+â¯CT group (nâ¯=â¯12). Patients completed two sessions per week for 12â¯weeks. Each patient underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test, six-minute walk test (6MWT), respiratory muscle strength and endurance evaluation, QoL questionnaire, and serum advanced oxidation protein products, ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP], nitrate/nitrate, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, before and after the 12-week intervention. RESULTS: The IMTâ¯+â¯CT group showed significantly greater improvements in peak oxygen uptake (1.3â¯mLâkg-1âmin-1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.5 to 2.2), distance covered during the 6MWT (78.8â¯m; 95% CI, 28.1 to 129.5), maximal inspiratory pressure (23.0 cmH2O; 95% CI, 9.3 to 36.7), QoL (-15.1 points; 95% CI, -26.9 to -3.3), and FRAP (83.7⯵mol/L; 95% CI, 20.2 to 147.1) compared to the sham-IMTâ¯+â¯CT group as a result of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term moderate-to-high intensity IMT with CT provided additional benefits in exercise capacity, inspiratory muscle strength, QoL, and antioxidant profile in patients after CABG. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02885077.