RESUMO
This study proposes an unpreceded model of cardiovascular disease by combining alcohol and energy drink intake with hookah smoking to investigate the cardiovascular effects of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., a medicinal plant used to treat dyslipidemia. For 10 weeks, Wistar rats (n=8) received alcohol (10% ad libitum) and energy drink (2 mL/kg) and/or were exposed to hookah smoke (1 hour/day). In the last 4 weeks, the animals received daily treatment with vehicle (filtered water) or ethanol soluble fraction of B. trimera (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg). Electrocardiography was performed. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, heart rate, and plasmatic cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatine, aspartate, and alanine aminotransferase levels were determinate. The heart, aorta, and kidneys were histopathological evaluated. In isolation the risk factors altered all the evaluated parameters and when the risk factors were associated, a synergistic effect was observed. Treatment with B. trimera reversed these cardiovascular changes.
Este estudio propone un modelo sin precedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular mediante la combinación de la ingesta de bebidas energéticas y alcohol con fumar narguile para investigar los efectos cardiovasculares de Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., una planta utilizada para tratar la dislipidemia. Durante 10 semanas, las ratas Wistar recibieron alcohol (10%) y bebida energética y/o fueron expuestas al humo de narguile. En las últimas 4 semanas, los animales recibieron tratamiento con vehículo, fracción soluble en etanol de B. trimera (30, 100, 300 mg/kg). Se realizó electrocardiografía. Se determinaron los niveles de presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y media, frecuencia cardíaca, colesterol plasmático, triglicéridos, aspartato y alanina aminotransferasa, urea y creatina. El corazón, la aorta y los riñones fueron evaluados histopatológicamente. De forma aislada los factores de riesgo alteraron todos los parámetros evaluados y cuando se asociaron los factores se observó un efecto sinérgico. El tratamiento con B. trimera revirtió estos cardiovasculares cambios.
Assuntos
Baccharis/química , Alcoolismo/tratamento farmacológico , Fumar Charutos/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ratos Wistar , Folhas de Planta/química , Bebidas Energéticas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Obesity is a global public health problem that is associated with oxidative stress. One of the strategies for the treatment of obesity is the use of drugs; however, these are expensive and have numerous side effects. Therefore, the search for new alternatives is necessary. Baccharis trimera is used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of obesity. Here, B. trimera leaf extract (BT) showed antioxidant activity in seven in vitro tests, and it was not toxic to 3T3 murine fibroblasts or Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, BT reduces the intracellular amount of reactive oxygen species and increases C. elegans survival. Moreover, these effects were not dependent on transcription factors. The inhibition of fat accumulation by BT in the C. elegans model was also investigated. BT reduced lipid accumulation in animals fed diets without or with high amount of glucose. Furthermore, it was observed using RNA interference (iRNA) that BT depends on the transcription factor NHR-49 to exert its effect. Phytochemical analysis of BT revealed rutin, hyperoside, and 5-caffeoylquinic acid as the main BT components. Thus, these data demonstrate that BT has antioxidant and anti-obesity effects. However, further studies should be conducted to understand the mechanisms involved in its action.
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Plant microbiota is usually enriched with bacteria producers of secondary metabolites and represents a valuable source of novel species and compounds. Here, we analyzed the diversity of culturable root-associated bacteria of the medicinal native plant Baccharis trimera (Carqueja) and screened promising isolates for their antimicrobial properties. The rhizobacteria were isolated from the endosphere and rhizosphere of B. trimera from Ponta Grossa and Ortigueira localities and identified by sequencing and restriction analysis of the 16S rDNA. The most promising isolates were screened for antifungal activities and the production of siderophores and biosurfactants. B. trimera presented a diverse community of rhizobacteria, constituted of 26 families and 41 genera, with a predominance of Streptomyces and Bacillus genera, followed by Paenibacillus, Staphylococcus, Methylobacterium, Rhizobium, Tardiphaga, Paraburkholderia, Burkholderia, and Pseudomonas. The more abundant genera were represented by different species, showing a high diversity of the microbiota associated to B. trimera. Some of these isolates potentially represent novel species and deserve further examination. The communities were influenced by both the edaphic properties of the sampling locations and the plant niches. Approximately one-third of the rhizobacteria exhibited antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and a high proportion of isolates produced siderophores (25%) and biosurfactants (42%). The most promising isolates were members of the Streptomyces genus. The survey of B. trimera returned a diverse community of culturable rhizobacteria and identified potential candidates for the development of plant growth-promoting and protection products, reinforcing the need for more comprehensive investigations of the microbiota of Brazilian native plants and habitats.
Assuntos
Baccharis , Plantas Medicinais , Antibacterianos/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Baccharis/metabolismo , Bactérias , Humanos , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Rizosfera , Sideróforos/metabolismoRESUMO
This study aimed to characterize and compare essential oils and ethyl acetate fractions obtained in basic and acidic conditions from both male and female Baccharis species (Baccharis myriocephala and Baccharis trimera) from two different Brazilian regions. Samples were characterized according to their chemical compositions and antiradical activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Principal component analysis (PCA) provided a clear separation regarding the chemical composition of essential oils from the samples obtained from different regions by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with flame-ionization detection (GC-MS-FID). PCA also revealed that gender and region of plant collections did not influence the chemical composition and antiradical activity of ethyl acetate fractions, which was corroborated with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) data. High performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) identified significant quantities of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the fractions obtained in basic and acidic fractions, respectively. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that the geographical region of plant collection influenced the chemical composition of essential oils from the studied Baccharis species. Moreover, the obtained fractions were constituted by several antiradical compounds, which reinforced the usage of these species in folk medicine.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and among its modifiable risk factors are dyslipidemia, diabetes, and smoking. Experimental models evaluated this risk factors singly, however, there is a lack of models that agglomerate these risk factors, resembling real patients and elucidating the pathophysiology of CVD. Moreover, few studies have investigated the cardioprotective effects of Baccharis trimera, a species with lipid-lowering effects. In this study, ethanol-soluble fraction of B. trimera was characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in Wistar rats that also received 0.5% cholesterol-enriched chow and were exposed to the smoke of nine cigarettes, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. During the last 2 weeks, the animals were treated with vehicle (C-), B. trimera, or simvastatin plus insulin. At the end, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, and creatinine levels; blood pressure (BP); heart rate (HR); abdominal aortic morphometry; vascular reactivity; renal and cardiac oxidative status; and histopathological changes were evaluated. The agglomerate of risk factors promoted alterations contrary to those described in the literature for the isolated risk factors. The C- group exhibited oxidative stress, increase in biochemical parameters, and thickening of the wall of the abdominal aorta. HR, systolic, diastolic, and mean BP decreased, and vascular reactivity was altered. Cardiac and renal histopathological changes were observed. Treatment with B. trimera reversed these changes and this effect may be partially attributable to lipid-lowering action and to the inhibition of free radical generation. B. trimera has cardioprotective effects in this model, with no toxicity.
Assuntos
Baccharis/química , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Fumar Cigarros/efeitos adversos , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Seeking alternative strategies for health management to control mealworm in poultry barns, in vitro study evaluated the insecticide effect of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts against adults of Alphitobius diaperinus. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 8%. To study insecticidal effects was designed an experiment containing groups with 20 adults in 3 replicates for each treatment, evaluating the mortality percentage of 1, 3, 16 and 24 hours after treatment with counting of live and dead adults. Greater insecticidal effect was observed in treated mealworm with 8 % of R. communis aqueous extract (59.0%) compared to C. ambrosioides and B. trimera which had percentages of mortality of 44.6% and 0.0% at the same concentration, respectively. The aqueous extracts of R. communis and C. ambrosioides at 8% showed promising results for the control of adults mealworm. However, pharmacological studies must be designed to determine strategies and formulations for viable application of these extracts in poultry facilities, as well as to determinate the formulations stability, clinical and environmental safety treatments.
Na expectativa de buscar estratégias alternativas de manejo sanitário para controle do cascudinho em aviários, este estudo avaliou a eficácia inseticida in vitro dos extratos de Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus. Os extratos foram testados nas concentrações de 0, 2, 4 e 8%. Para avaliação inseticida foi delineado experimento contendo grupos de 20 adultos de cascudinhos em três repetições para cada tratamento, avaliando-se o percentual de mortalidade 1, 3, 16 e 24 h após o tratamento, com contagem dos adultos vivos e mortos. Foi possível observar maior efeito inseticida na formulação de extrato aquoso 8% do R. communis (59,0%), comparativamente ao C. ambrosioides e B. trimera que apresentaram percentuais de mortalidade de 44,6% e 0,0% na mesma concentração, respectivamente. Os extratos aquosos de R. communis e C. ambrosioides a 8% demonstraram resultados promissores para o controle de adultos de cascudinho. Contudo, estudos farmacológicos devem ser delineados visando determinar estratégias e formulações viáveis para aplicação destes extratos em aviários, assim como, defenir a estabilidade das formulações, segurança clínica e ambiental dos tratamentos.
Assuntos
Animais , Baccharis , Besouros , Chenopodium ambrosioides , Extratos Vegetais , Inseticidas/análise , Ricinus , Controle Biológico de VetoresRESUMO
Seeking alternative strategies for health management to control mealworm in poultry barns, in vitro study evaluated the insecticide effect of Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera and Chenopodium ambrosioides extracts against adults of Alphitobius diaperinus. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 8%. To study insecticidal effects was designed an experiment containing groups with 20 adults in 3 replicates for each treatment, evaluating the mortality percentage of 1, 3, 16 and 24 hours after treatment with counting of live and dead adults. Greater insecticidal effect was observed in treated mealworm with 8 % of R. communis aqueous extract (59.0%) compared to C. ambrosioides and B. trimera which had percentages of mortality of 44.6% and 0.0% at the same concentration, respectively. The aqueous extracts of R. communis and C. ambrosioides at 8% showed promising results for the control of adults mealworm. However, pharmacological studies must be designed to determine strategies and formulations for viable application of these extracts in poultry facilities, as well as to determinate the formulations stability, clinical and environmental safety treatments.(AU)
Na expectativa de buscar estratégias alternativas de manejo sanitário para controle do cascudinho em aviários, este estudo avaliou a eficácia inseticida in vitro dos extratos de Ricinus communis, Baccharis trimera e Chenopodium ambrosioides em adultos de Alphitobius diaperinus. Os extratos foram testados nas concentrações de 0, 2, 4 e 8%. Para avaliação inseticida foi delineado experimento contendo grupos de 20 adultos de cascudinhos em três repetições para cada tratamento, avaliando-se o percentual de mortalidade 1, 3, 16 e 24 h após o tratamento, com contagem dos adultos vivos e mortos. Foi possível observar maior efeito inseticida na formulação de extrato aquoso 8% do R. communis (59,0%), comparativamente ao C. ambrosioides e B. trimera que apresentaram percentuais de mortalidade de 44,6% e 0,0% na mesma concentração, respectivamente. Os extratos aquosos de R. communis e C. ambrosioides a 8% demonstraram resultados promissores para o controle de adultos de cascudinho. Contudo, estudos farmacológicos devem ser delineados visando determinar estratégias e formulações viáveis para aplicação destes extratos em aviários, assim como, defenir a estabilidade das formulações, segurança clínica e ambiental dos tratamentos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Extratos Vegetais , Inseticidas/análise , Ricinus , Baccharis , Chenopodium ambrosioides , Besouros , Controle Biológico de VetoresRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Baccharis trimera has been traditionally used in Brazil to treat liver diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the protective effect of Baccharis trimera in an ethanol induced hepatotoxicity model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antioxidant capacity was evaluated in vitro by the ability to scavenged the DPPH radical, by the quantification of ROS, NO and the transcription factor Nrf2. Hepatotoxicity was induced in animals by administration of absolute ethanol for 2 days (acute) or with ethanol diluted for 28 days (chronic). The biochemical parameters of hepatic function (ALT and AST), renal function (urea and creatinine) and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL) were evaluated. In addition to antioxidant defense (SOD, catalase, glutathione), oxidative damage markers (TBARS and carbonylated protein), MMP-2 activity and liver histology. RESULTS: Baccharis trimera promoted a decrease in ROS and NO, and at low concentrations promoted increased transcription of Nrf2. In the acute experiment it promoted increase of HDL, in the activity of SOD and GPx, besides diminishing TBARS and microesteatosis. Already in the chronic experiment B. trimera improved the hepatic and renal profile, decreased triglycerides and MMP-2 activity, in addition to diminishing microesteatosis. CONCLUSION: We believe that B. trimera action is possibly more associated with direct neutralizing effects or inhibition of reactive species production pathways rather than the modulation of the antioxidant enzymes activity. Thus it is possible to infer that the biological effects triggered by adaptive responses are complex and multifactorial depending on the dose, the time and the compounds used.
Assuntos
Baccharis/química , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Biomarcadores , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Redutase/metabolismo , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/patologia , Óxido Nítrico , Estresse Oxidativo , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ratos , Espécies Reativas de OxigênioRESUMO
Ethanol abuse is a serious public health problem that is associated with several stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), the earliest stage of ALD, is a multifactorial injury that involves oxidative stress and disruptions of lipid metabolism. Although benign and reversible, no pharmacological treatments are available for this condition. In the present study, we induced AFLD in mice with 10% ethanol and a low-protein diet and then orally treated them with a hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera (HEBT; 30 mg kg-1). HEBT reversed ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the liver, reduced lipoperoxidation, normalized GPx, GST, SOD and Cat activity, and GSH and total ROS levels. The reverser effect of HEBT was observed upon ethanol-induced increases in the levels of plasma and hepatic triglycerides, plasma cholesterol, plasma high-density lipoprotein, and plasma and hepatic low-density lipoprotein. Moreover, HEBT increased fecal triglycerides and reduced the histological ethanol-induced lesions in the liver. HEBT also altered the expression of genes that are involved in ethanol metabolism, antioxidant systems, and lipogenesis (i.e., CypE1, Nrf2, and Scd1, respectively). No signs of toxicity were observed in HEBT-treated mice. We propose that HEBT may be a promising pharmacological treatment for AFLD.
Assuntos
Baccharis/química , Etanol/química , Fígado Gorduroso Alcoólico/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Água/química , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fígado Gorduroso Alcoólico/sangue , Fígado Gorduroso Alcoólico/genética , Fígado Gorduroso Alcoólico/patologia , Fezes/química , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipídeos/sangue , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/ultraestrutura , Masculino , Camundongos , Modelos Biológicos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
Baccharis glaziovii Baker, Asteraceae, also known as carqueja or carqueja-arbustinho, is a native shrub of Brazil that reaches 0.5-2.5 m in height. It is a dioecious species that blossoms from September to December. This species has cladodes, which are winged stems that belong to the “carquejas” and are widely used indiscriminately by the population due to their gastric and diuretic properties. Carquejas are included in section Caulopterae and are difficult to identify even for taxonomists or Baccharis specialists. In the present study, a morpho-anatomical (cladodes and leaves) analysis of the medicinal plant was undertaken to improve its identification and add to the knowledge of section Caulopterae. Fragments of cladodes and leaves were collected and prepared in accordance with standard optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The morpho-anatomical characteristics found in B. glaziovii, include three-winged stems showing wings in a regular arrangement around the stem axis, short and petiolate leaves, flagelliform and simple non-glandular trichomes, concave-convex midrib, petioles with a concave shape and a slight projection on the adaxial face and convex with three projections on the abaxial surface, and calcium oxalate crystals in the form of raphides, styloids and pyramidal in the perimedullary region of the cladode, when evaluated as a whole, provide support for the quality control. .
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to show a comparison of the antioxidant properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers., Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Baccharis spicata (Lam.) Baill. and Baccharis usterii Heering, Asteraceae, by several techniques covering a range of oxidant species and of biotargets. We have investigated the ability of the plant extracts to scavenge DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) free radical, action against lipid peroxidation of membranes including rat liver microsomes and soy bean phosphatidylcholine liposomes by ascorbyl radical and peroxynitrite. Hydroxyl radical scavenger activity was measured monitoring the deoxyribose oxidation. The hypochlorous acid scavenger activity was also evaluated by the prevention of protein carbonylation and finally the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity inhibition. The results obtained suggest that the Baccharis extracts studied present a significant antioxidant activity scavenging free radicals and protecting biomolecules from the oxidation. We can suggest that the supposed therapeutic efficacy of this plant could be due, in part, to these properties.
RESUMO
This work aimed to study the macro and microscopic characters of the aerial vegetative organs of Baccharis usterii for quality control purposes. The plant was prepared for light and scanning electron microscopic analyses. The stem consisted of three-winged cladodes with small leaves. In the caulinar axis, these was a uniseriate epidermis, chlorenchyma alternating with angular collenchyma, perivascular fibre caps adjoining the phloem which was outside the xylem, and parenchymatic pith. The wings and the leaves were alike, presenting a uniseriate epidermis, palisade parenchyma next to the both sides of the epidermis and spongy parenchyma traversed by minor collateral vascular bundles in the central region. In the leaf midrib, a single collateral vascular bundle was embedded in the ground parenchyma. Secretory ducts and glandular trichomes occured in the stem and leaf.
Caracteres macro e microscópicos dos órgãos vegetativos aéreos de carqueja: Baccharis usterii Heering. Este trabalho objetivou estudar os caracteres macro e microscópicos dos órgãos vegetativos aéreos de Baccharis usterii, com aplicação no controle de qualidade. O material botânico foi preparado de acordo com técnicas para microscopia óptica e de varredura. O caule consistiu de cladódios trialados, nos quais se inserem pequenas folhas. O eixo caulinar apresentou epiderme unisseriada, clorênquima em alternância com colênquima angular, calotas de fibras perivasculares apostas ao floema, o qual se forma externamente ao xilema, e medula parenquimática. As alas e as folhas mostraram-se semelhantes, apresentando epiderme unisseriada, parênquima paliçádico junto a ambas as faces epidérmicas e parênquima esponjoso na região central, atravessado por feixes vasculares de pequeno porte. Na nervura central da folha, um feixe vascular colateral encontrou-se mergulhado no parênquima fundamental. Dutos secretores e tricomas glandulares ocorreram no caule e na folha
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One of the main problems related to soil fertility for medicinal and aromatical plants is that official recommendations of liming and fertilization are only available for few species. This is a direct consequence of the scarce research performed in this area. Therefore, little is known regarding to the ideal soil type, the response to fertilization and liming and the effect of nutrients in the biologically active composite concentration of these species. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the effect of different rates of NPK (10-30-15) and poultry manure on green and dry matter production, nutrient concentration (Ca, Mg, N, P, K, Cu, Zn and B) and shoot essential oil content of Baccharis trimera. The field work was carried out in a Rhodic Hapludox. The following treatments were tested: T1 (control - no fertilization); T2 (100 kg ha-1 of mixture 10-30-15); T3 (150 kg ha-1 of mixture 10-30-15); T4 (200 kg ha-1 of mixture 10-30-15); T5 (250 kg ha-1 of mixture 10-30-15); T6 (5 t ha-1 of poultry manure); T7 (10 t ha-1 of poultry manure) and T8 (15 t ha-1 of poultry manure). A randomized complete block design was used, with three repetitions. The average dry matter and essential oil yields were 10.3 t ha-1 and 134.5 L ha-1 respectively. Such productivities are considered high. Nonetheless, there were no statistically differences among treatments. This indicates that in lime
Um dos principais problemas relacionados com a fertilidade do solo para as plantas medicinais e aromáticas é que só existem recomendações oficiais de calagem e adubação para poucas espécies. Isto é consequência direta do baixo número de trabalhos de pesquisa desenvolvidos nesta área. Assim, pouco se sabe a respeito do tipo ideal de solo, da resposta à adubação e calagem e dos efeitos dos nutrientes na concentração de compostos biologicamente ativos dessas culturas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de NPK de fontes químicas (uréia, super triplo e cloreto de potássio) e de cama de aviário sobre a produção de matéria verde e seca, a concentração de nutrientes e o teor de óleo essencial na parte aérea da espécie Baccharis trimera (carqueja). O experimento foi realizado a campo, num Latossolo Vermelho Aluminoférrico típico, com os seguintes tratamentos: T1 (Testemunha); T2 (100 kg ha-1 da fórmula 10-30-15); T3 (150 kg ha-1 da fórmula 10-30-15); T4 (200 kg ha-1 da fórmula 10-30-15); T5 (250 kg ha-1 da fórmula 10-30-15); T6 (5 t ha-1 de cama de aviário); T7 (10 t ha-1 de cama de aviário) e T8 (15 t ha-1 de cama de aviário). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os rendimentos médios de matéria seca e de óleo essencial foram de 10,3 t ha-1 e 134,5 L ha-1, respectivamente. Tais produtividades podem ser considerada
RESUMO
One of the main problems related to soil fertility for medicinal and aromatical plants is that official recommendations of liming and fertilization are only available for few species. This is a direct consequence of the scarce research performed in this area. Therefore, little is known regarding to the ideal soil type, the response to fertilization and liming and the effect of nutrients in the biologically active composite concentration of these species. This work was carried out aiming to evaluate the effect of different rates of NPK (10-30-15) and poultry manure on green and dry matter production, nutrient concentration (Ca, Mg, N, P, K, Cu, Zn and B) and shoot essential oil content of Baccharis trimera. The field work was carried out in a Rhodic Hapludox. The following treatments were tested: T1 (control - no fertilization); T2 (100 kg ha-1 of mixture 10-30-15); T3 (150 kg ha-1 of mixture 10-30-15); T4 (200 kg ha-1 of mixture 10-30-15); T5 (250 kg ha-1 of mixture 10-30-15); T6 (5 t ha-1 of poultry manure); T7 (10 t ha-1 of poultry manure) and T8 (15 t ha-1 of poultry manure). A randomized complete block design was used, with three repetitions. The average dry matter and essential oil yields were 10.3 t ha-1 and 134.5 L ha-1 respectively. Such productivities are considered high. Nonetheless, there were no statistically differences among treatments. This indicates that in lime
Um dos principais problemas relacionados com a fertilidade do solo para as plantas medicinais e aromáticas é que só existem recomendações oficiais de calagem e adubação para poucas espécies. Isto é consequência direta do baixo número de trabalhos de pesquisa desenvolvidos nesta área. Assim, pouco se sabe a respeito do tipo ideal de solo, da resposta à adubação e calagem e dos efeitos dos nutrientes na concentração de compostos biologicamente ativos dessas culturas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de NPK de fontes químicas (uréia, super triplo e cloreto de potássio) e de cama de aviário sobre a produção de matéria verde e seca, a concentração de nutrientes e o teor de óleo essencial na parte aérea da espécie Baccharis trimera (carqueja). O experimento foi realizado a campo, num Latossolo Vermelho Aluminoférrico típico, com os seguintes tratamentos: T1 (Testemunha); T2 (100 kg ha-1 da fórmula 10-30-15); T3 (150 kg ha-1 da fórmula 10-30-15); T4 (200 kg ha-1 da fórmula 10-30-15); T5 (250 kg ha-1 da fórmula 10-30-15); T6 (5 t ha-1 de cama de aviário); T7 (10 t ha-1 de cama de aviário) e T8 (15 t ha-1 de cama de aviário). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os rendimentos médios de matéria seca e de óleo essencial foram de 10,3 t ha-1 e 134,5 L ha-1, respectivamente. Tais produtividades podem ser considerada
RESUMO
O uso indiscriminado de plantas medicinais vem da crença de que produtos naturais não causam mal à saúde, porém assim como medicamentos sintéticos, as plantas possuem grupos de compostos farmacologicamente ativos que atuam nos organismos vivos, sendo necessário o conhecimento destes para avaliação de suas potencialidades terapêuticas e tóxicas. Estudos sobre propriedades químicas de plantas medicinais, associando o extrato destas às atividades toxicofarmacológicas, são pouco encontrados. O presente ensaio objetivou analisar a ação do óleo essencial de B. trimera (Less.) DC., espécie pertencente à família Asteraceae e popularmente conhecida como carqueja, sobre cultura de células do sistema nervoso central. Foram usadas células de retina de ratos neonatos tratadas pelo óleo de carqueja nas concentrações 1:500 e 1:1000, por um período de incubação de 4, 24 e 48 horas. Nossos resultados demonstram que a carqueja possui ação inibitória na diferenciação de células neuronais in vitro quando tratadas cronicamente. Observamos também uma redução na sobrevida de células neuronais e diminuição da proliferação de células gliais. Essa redução da proliferação de células da glia poderia estar interferindo na sobrevivência e diferenciação neuronal. Maiores estudos são necessários para se compreender os mecanismos envolvidos nesse efeito.
The indiscriminate use of medicinal plants comes from the belief that natural products don't cause harm to health, but as well as synthetic drugs, plants have groups of pharmacologically active compounds that act in living organisms, with the necessary knowledge of these groups to evaluate the therapeutic and toxic potential. Studies of chemical properties of medicinal plants, involving the toxicfarmacologics activities of these extracts are hardly found. This study aimed to analyze the action of essential oil of B. trimera (Less.) DC., a species belonging to the Asteraceae family and popularly known as carqueja, on cultured cells of central nervous system. We used retinal cells from newborn rats treated by carqueja's oil, with concentrations 1:1000 and 1:500, for an incubation period of 4, 24 and 48 hours. Our results showed that carqueja has inhibitory action on the differentiation of neuronal cells in vitro when treated chronically. We also observed a reduction in survival of neuronal cells and decreased proliferation of glial cells. This reduction of the proliferation of glial cells could be interfering with the survival and neuronal differentiation. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms involved in this effect.
RESUMO
A "carqueja", Baccharis trimera (Less) DC (Asteraceae), é uma espécie vegetal característica de regiões tropicais, muito utilizada na medicina popular como antiinflamatória, hipoglicemiante e em tratamento de problemas digestivos. A avaliação da atividade antiúlcera do extrato bruto liofilizado e do extrato liofilizado da "resina" (porção que durante a concentração dos extratos ficava depositada no fundo do recipiente com aspecto viscoso e pegajoso) foi realizada através de indução aguda por etanol acidificado. O extrato bruto liofilizado, na dose de 400 mg/ kg, reduziu a área de lesão em 90 por cento, 200 mg/kg, 87 por cento, 100 mg/kg, 66 por cento e o fármaco controle (lansoprazol), 66 por cento. O extrato liofilizado da "resina", administrado na dose de 400 mg/kg, reduziu a área de lesão em 82 por cento, 200 mg/kg, 82 por cento, 100 mg/kg, 53 por cento e o fármaco controle (lansoprazol), 70 por cento. A atividade antioxidante foi ensaiada com extrato bruto liofilizado, extrato liofilizado da "resina", pó da droga e frações clorofórmica, acetato de etila, etanol e etanol 50 por cento através do método que reduz o radical 2,2'-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH), permitindo após o equilíbrio da reação, calcular a quantidade de antioxidante gasta para reduzir 50 por cento do DPPH, apresentando resultado evidente, comparado à vitamina E. Não foram verificados sinais de alteração aparente no ensaio de toxicidade na dose única de 5g/kg, em camundongos.
Baccharis trimera (Less) DC (Asteraceae) is a medicinal Brazilian plant well-known by "carqueja". Natural from tropical regions, used as home-made medicine as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemiant and for the treatment of digestive problems. The evaluation of the antiulcer activity of the extract and the "resin" (portion which during the extracts concentration was settled at the bottom of the recipient, showing a viscous and clammy aspect), was accomplished through the acute induction by acidified ethanol. The lyophilized extract, at a dose of 400 mg/kg, reduced the lesion area at 90 percent; 200 mg/kg, at 87 percent; 100 mg/kg, at 66 percent; and the control (lansoprazol) at 66 percent. The "resin" administered at the 400 mg/kg dose reduced the lesion area at 82 percent; 200 mg/kg, at 82 percent, 100 mg/kg, at 53 percent and the control (lansoprazol), at 70 percent. The antioxidant activity of the lyophilized extract, of the "resin" of the powdered drug, of the chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and 50 percent ethanol fractions was tested following the method which reduces the 2,2-dipheny l-1 -picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, permitting after the reaction balance, to calculate the amount of antioxidant spent to reduce 50 percent of the DPPH. The result was meaningful, when compared with the vitamin E result. The acute toxicity test performed in mice showed no apparent alteration.
RESUMO
Um grande número de espécies com uso medicinal tradicional ainda continua sem comprovação da eficácia e da segurança de seu uso. Este artigo apresenta uma pequena revisão sobre os trabalhos publicados com boldo (Peumus boldus) e carqueja (Baccharis genistelloides). Os estudos farmacológicos realizados com P. boldus e B. genistelloides comprovam várias das atividades atribuídas popularmente a esses chás, além de correlacionarem esses efeitos a compostos puros, isolados a partir desses extratos. Já os estudos toxicológicos sugerem que o chá de boldo deve ser consumido com moderação e cuidado, principalmente no primeiro trimestre da gravidez (indícios de teratogenia) e no uso por tempo prolongado (indícios de hepatotoxicidade), enquanto o consumo do chá de carqueja deve ser proibido para gestantes (risco comprovado de aborto) e para pacientes que utilizam drogas para tratamento de problemas pressóricos (ação hipotensora). Estes relatos reforçam a necessidade de um maior conhecimento sobre as plantas medicinais utilizadas popularmente, não apenas para a confirmação das atividades descritas pelo uso tradicional, mas também para que o uso seguro seja estabelecido.
There are a great number of medicinal plants without any scientific confirmation about their efficacy and safety. This paper is a short review about two medicinal plants, "boldo do chile" (Peumus boldus) and "carqueja" (Baccharis genistelloides). Pharmacological studies have confirmed several popular indications for P. boldus and B. genistelloides, besides have established a relationship between isolated compounds from these extracts and the pharmacological effects observed. On the other hand, toxicological researches have pointed out that P. boldus tea should not be consumed during a long period (potential hepatotoxicity) and by pregnant, especially during the first three months. Moreover, B. genistelloides tea must be prohibited for pregnant because of confirmed abortive action, and for patients using medicines for blood pressure disorders. These studies point out the continuous necessity of more studies about medicinal plants; only with this knowledge it will be possible a safe and efficient use.
RESUMO
Diferentes espécies de Baccharis são conhecidas popularmente como carqueja e empregadas indistintamente na medicina tradicional como estomáquicas e diuréticas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para a determinação de parâmetros para o controle de qualidade e aplicação na indústria de fitoterápicos, através da análise de quatro espécies de carqueja: Baccharis dracunculifolia DC., B. articulata (Lam.) Pers., B. cylindrica (Less.) DC. e B. gaudichaudiana DC. De um modo geral, B. dracunculifolia apresentou os maiores teores de umidade e de perda por dessecação, enquanto que B. articulata mostrou os maiores índices afrosimétrico e de amargor e teores de extratos secos a frio e a quente e de cinzas totais. B. dracunculifolia foi a espécie que apresentou maior rendimento do óleo volátil. Alguns componentes do óleo volátil ocorrem nas quatro espécies, porém cada uma delas apresentou um perfil cromatográfico característico.
Different species of Baccharis are commonly known as carqueja and are used indistinctly in the traditional medicine as stomachic and diuretic. This research aimed to carry out the drug analysis of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC., B. articulata (Lam.) Pers., B. cylindrica (Less.) DC. and B. gaudichaudiana DC. In general, B. dracunculifolia showed the highest results of water content, essential oil and loss on drying, while B. articulata showed the highest foam and bitter indices, ash and water soluble extractive results. Some components of the essential oil appeared in the four species, although each one showed a charateristic chromatographic profile by TLC analysis.
RESUMO
Oito amostras de Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Asteraceae (carqueja), adquiridas no comércio de Ribeirão Preto, SP, foram analisadas quanto ao seu perfil cromatográfico e teor de flavonóides. O material obtido de um exemplar autêntico de B. trimera foi utilizado como padrão. A análise do perfil cromatográfico foi realizada através de cromatografia em camada delgada e o teor de flavonóides foi determinado por método espectrofotométrico. Verificou-se que as amostras analisadas exibem o mesmo perfil cromatográfico da droga vegetal padrão e a análise do teor de flavonóides ( por cento p/p estimada como rutina) mostrou que há uma grande variação entre as amostras.
Evaluation of the chromatographic profile and flavonoid content of samples of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Asteraceae (carqueja) acquired in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. The chromatographic profile and the flavonoid content of samples of Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Asteraceae (carqueja), acquired in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil were evaluated. For this characterization a qualitative analysis was performed by using thin-layer chromatography, and the total flavonoid content was quantified through a spectrophotometric method. The chromatographic profiles of all the samples showed to be similar to that of the reference material, but there is a high variation in the content of total flavonoids ( percent w/w estimated as rutin).
RESUMO
Os bracatingais cultivados segundo o sistema agroflorestal tradicional formam densas florestas plantadas na região metropolitana de Curitiba, com grande riqueza de espécies. A maior parte das espécies do sub-bosque, assim como a totalidade do estrato herbáceo, são rejeitadas durante a exploração da bracatinga, e eliminadas com a queima dos resíduos florestais. Este estudo avaliou o potencial de aproveitamento medicinal e econômico das espécies do sub-bosque dos bracatingais da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC), estado do Paraná. Foram escolhidas dez áreas com características geológicas representativas da região. A fitossociologia identificou as espécies de maior Índice de Valor de Importância (IVI). As espécies foram investigadas quanto ao uso popular, constituintes químicos e aplicação farmacológica. Realizaram-se estudos fitoquímicos de folhas, caule e raízes em quatro das dez espécies de maior IVI. A análise do mercado baseou-se na oferta e demanda de plantas medicinais na RMC. Este estudo mostrou que existem várias famílias e espécies com potencial de aproveitamento farmacológico e, que algumas destas espécies já são utilizadas na medicina tradicional pela população local e, também, têm sido comercializadas por empresas do setor localizadas na região. Apesar da potencialidade de mercado, ainda faltam ações, principalmente em pesquisa e farmacologia das espécies levantadas, divulgação, junto à classe médica, das plantas medicinais que ocorrem na região, bem como treinamentos, organização dos produtores e da produção regional.(AU)