RESUMO
Bee pollen is considered an excellent dietary supplement with functional characteristics, and it has been employed in food and cosmetics formulations and in biomedical applications. Therefore, understanding its chemical composition, particularly crude protein contents, is essential to ensure its quality and industrial application. For the quantification of crude protein in bee pollen, this study explored the potential of combining digital image analysis and Random Forest algorithm for the development of a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly analytical methodology. Digital images of bee pollen samples (n = 244) were captured using a smartphone camera with controlled lighting. RGB channels intensities and color histograms were extracted using open source softwares. Crude protein contents were determined using the Kjeldahl method (reference) and in combination with RGB channels and color histograms data from digital images, they were used to generate a predictive model through the application of the Random Forest algorithm. The developed model exhibited good performance and predictive capability for crude protein analysis in bee pollen (R2 = 80.93 %; RMSE = 1.49 %; MAE = 1.26 %). Thus, the developed analytical methodology can be considered environmentally friendly according to the AGREE metric, making it an excellent alternative to conventional analysis methods. It avoids the use of toxic reagents and solvents, demonstrates energy efficiency, utilizes low-cost instrumentation, and it is robust and precise. These characteristics indicate its potential for easy implementation in routine analysis of crude protein in bee pollen samples in quality control laboratories.
Assuntos
Pólen , Algoritmo Florestas Aleatórias , Animais , Abelhas , Pólen/química , Proteínas/análise , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
Bee bread (BB) and bee pollen (BP) are accepted as functional food and considered in medical properties due to its important bioactive components. These bee products show different biological properties, but researches on these aspects have not been clear yet. In present study, Anatolian BB and BP extracts were analyzed for the first time for their pollen type, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), and antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Samples were analyzed for their antimicrobial efficacy by the agar well diffusion and MIC methods. HPLC analysis was used to identify the compounds in the BB and BP samples. Antioxidant activity was measured by the FRAP and DPPH methods. As a result of microscopy for pollen identification, Fagaceae family was dominant. Phenolic compound analysis showed that the amounts of p-coumaric acid and rutin were found to be the highest in BB and BP, respectively. Stronger antioxidant activity was obtained from BP. MIC values of BB were range from 250 to 12.5 µg/mL. The most susceptible bacterium was Mycobacterium smegmatis. The extract of BP was effective on all gram-negative bacteria with doses range from 250 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL. The lowest MIC value was detected with the concentration of 12.5 µg/mL against M. smegmatis. Anatolian BB and BP could be considered as a functional foods due to antioxidant activity and may be beneficial in the management and treatment of pathogenic bacteria because of high antimicrobial activity.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Própole , Abelhas , Animais , Própole/farmacologia , Própole/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/análise , Turquia , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Fenóis/química , Bactérias , PólenRESUMO
Honeybee pollen (HBP) is a mixture of floral pollen collected by honeybees near the hive. It is characterized by a composition rich in phenolic compounds, carotenoids and vitamins that act as free radicals scavengers, conferring antioxidant and antibacterial capacity to the matrix. These bioactive properties are related to the botanical origin of the honeybee pollen. Honeybee pollen samples were collected from different geographical locations in central Chile, and their total carotenoid content, polyphenols profile by HPLC/MS/MS, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and antimicrobial capacity against S. pyogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, and P. auriginosa strains were evaluated. Our results showed a good carotenoids content and polyphenols composition, while antioxidant capacity presented values between 0-95 % for the scavenging effect related to the botanical origin of the samples. Inhibition diameter for the different strains presented less variability among the samples, Furthermore, binary mixtures representing the two most abundant species in each HBP were prepared to assess the synergy effect of the floral pollen (FP) present in the samples. Data shows an antagonist effect was observed when assessing the carotenoid content, and a synergy effect often presents for antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity for bee pollen samples. The bioactive capacities of the honeybee pollen and their synergy effect could apply to develop new functional ingredients for the food industry.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos , Antioxidantes , Abelhas , Pólen , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/análise , Abelhas/química , Abelhas/metabolismo , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Carotenoides/análise , Escherichia coli , Pólen/química , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Polifenóis/análise , Staphylococcus aureus , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
This study was conducted to determine the effect of bee pollen inclusion on the performance and gut morphology of Ross 308 broiler chickens. A total of 240-day-old chicks (120 males and 120 females) were allocated to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with sex as a block. Each experimental group was replicated 3 times with 10 chicks per replicate, with an average weight of 40 ± 5g per bird. Body weight and feed intake were measured on a weekly basis to calculate the feed conversion ratio. Gut morphology was measured on days 21 and 42. Data were analysed using the General Linear Model procedures of the Statistical Analysis System.Bee pollen inclusion in starter diets had an effect (p<0.05) on body weight and live weight gain of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. The different inclusion levels of bee pollen had an effect (p<0.05) on the gut morphology of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The ileum lengths of female broiler chickens were significantly wider (p<0.05) in comparison with male chickens. This may suggest that bee pollen inclusion has a beneficial effect on broiler chickens gut morphology during the early stages of development. It can be concluded that natural substances such as bee pollen can be a possible feed additive to replace synthetic antibiotics, since such compounds are essential for the growth and development of poultry gut.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Pólen/química , Galinhas/anatomia & histologia , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Peso Corporal , Intestinos/microbiologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was the development of a cereal bar based on bee pollen (BP), honey (H), and flour by-products (peel passion fruit flour-PPFF), generating an innovative product. BP is a protein-rich ingredient and can be used in the composition of cereal bars. PPFF is a by-product rich in fibers. The formulations were developed using a 23 factorial design with four replicates in the center point, studying the sensory analysis as a response variable. The texture and nutritional parameters were performed for the optimal formulation. BP showed ca. 15% of protein. The final formulation (10.35% BP, 6.8% PPFF, and 25% H) presented 22.2% moisture, 1.8% ash, 0.4% total fat, 3.0% fiber, 63.1% carbohydrates, and 74.0 Kcal/25 g. The sensory analysis presented valued around 7 (typical of a traditional bar). Regarding the possibility of purchasing the product, 51% of the panelists said they would probably buy the developed product. The formulated cereal bar had a similar composition as those already marketed. Moreover, it can be considered a source of fiber and is sensory acceptable. This approach opens up new opportunities for developing nutritional and functional foodstuff with improved sensorial aspects.
Assuntos
Fibras na Dieta , Mel , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Valor Nutritivo , Grão Comestível/químicaRESUMO
Background: Bee pollen is a natural product collected and transformed by bees, intended for human consumption, given its nutritional and bioactive richness. The fundamental operation of adequacy is drying, which allows its preservation, avoiding chemical or microbiological degradation, typically using tray dryers with hot air that use electricity or fuel for heat generation. Solar drying is an alternative that uses radiation as an energy source. However, it should be ensured that this type of process guarantees the quality of the product while not degrading its properties and, therefore, maintaining its morphological integrity. Objective: to establish the effect of solar drying on bee pollen structure compared to the conventional cabin dehydration process. Methods: Bee pollen was dehydrated using two types of dryers: a solar dryer and a forced convection oven. The solar dryer operating conditions were an average temperature of 19-35 °C with a maximum of 38 °C and average relative humidity (RH) of 55 %. Cabin dryer operating conditions were a set point temperature of 55 ± 2 °C and 10 % RH average humidity. The morphologic and thermodynamic properties of dried bee pollen, such as phase transition enthalpy through Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), porosity and surface area through surface area analysis, and microscopic surface appearance by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), were measured. Results: The results showed dry bee pollen, both in the cabin dryer and solar dryer, did not suffer morphological changes seen through SEM compared to fresh bee pollen. Moreover, surface area analysis indicated the absence of porosity in the microscopic or macroscopic structure, demonstrating that solar or cabin drying processes did not affect the specific surface area concerning fresh bee pollen. Additionally, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) showed that endothermic phase transitions for dried bee pollen by cabin or solar dryer were at 145 °C and 160 °C, respectively. This can be mostly associated with free water loss due to the morphological structure preservation of the material compared to fresh bee pollen. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that solar drying is a reliable alternative to bee pollen dehydration as there were no effects that compromised its structural integrity
Antecedentes: El polen apícola es un producto natural recolectado y transformado por las abejas. La operación fundamental de adecuación del polen es el secado, lo que permite su conservación, evitando su degradación química o microbiológica, típicamente se utilizan secadores de bandejas con aire caliente que emplean electricidad o combustibles para la generación de calor. El secado solar es una alternativa que utiliza la radiación solar como fuente de energía. Sin embargo, se debe garantizar que este tipo de proceso asegure la calidad del producto a la vez que no degrade sus propiedades, manteniendo su integridad morfológica. Objetivo: Establecer el efecto del secado solar sobre la estructura del polen apícola en comparación al proceso convencional de deshidratación en cabina. Métodos: El polen de abeja se deshidrató utilizando dos tipos de secadores: secador solar y horno de convención forzada. Las condiciones de operación del secador solar fueron una temperatura promedio de 19-45 °C con un máximo de 38 °C y una humedad relativa (HR) promedio de 55 %. Las condiciones de operación del secador de cabina fueron una temperatura de referencia de 55 ± 2 °C y una humedad promedio de 10 % HR. Se midieron las propiedades morfológicas y termodinámicas del polen de abeja desecado, como la entalpía de transición de fase mediante calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), la porosidad y el área superficial mediante análisis de área superficial y el aspecto microscópico de la superficie mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el polen seco tanto en el secador de cabina como en el secador solar muestra que no sufrió cambios morfológicos vistos a través de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido y en comparación con el polen fresco de abeja, además un análisis de sortometría indicó la ausencia de porosidad en la estructura microscópica y macroscópica, lo que indica que los procesos de secado solar o en cabina no tuvieron efectos sobre el área superficial específica con respecto al polen fresco de las abejas. En adición, los resultados de calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC) y análisis termogravimétrico (TGA) muestran que las transiciones de fase endotérmicas para el polen seco tanto en secado de cabina como solar fueron a 145 °C y 160 °C, que puede asociarse mayormente a la pérdida de agua libre, debido a la conservación de la estructura morfológica del material y en comparación al polen fresco. Conclusión: Estos resultados demuestran que el secado solar es una alternativa viable para la deshidratación del polen al no existir efectos que comprometan su integridad estructural
Assuntos
Humanos , Criação de Abelhas , Pólen , Abelhas , Gestão da Qualidade Total , DesidrataçãoRESUMO
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Additional therapies using functional foods and dietary supplements have been investigated and used in clinical practice, showing them to be beneficial. Honeybee pollen from Chile has shown a large concentration of phenolic compounds and high antioxidant activity. In this work, we characterized twenty-eight bee pollen extracts from the central zone of Chile according to botanical origin, phenolic profile, quercetin concentration, and antioxidant activity (FRAP and ORAC-FL). Our results show a statistically significant positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Selected samples were evaluated on the ability to reverse the steatosis in an in vitro cell model using Hepa1-6 cells. The pollen extracts protected Hepa1-6 cells against oxidative damage triggered by 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)derived free radicals. This effect can be credited to the ability of the phenolic compounds present in the extract to protect the liver cells from chemical-induced injury, which might be correlated to their free radical scavenging potential. Additionally, bee pollen extracts reduce lipid accumulation in a cellular model of steatosis. In summary, our results support the antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-steatosis effect of bee pollen in an in vitro model.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Pólen/química , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Abelhas , Linhagem Celular , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Humanos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/etiologia , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/metabolismo , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/farmacologia , Substâncias Protetoras/química , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Quercetina/química , Quercetina/farmacologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo. Caracterizar microbiológicamente el polen seco y congelado producido en el municipio de Viracachá-Boyacá. Materiales y métodos. A través de un estudio transversal descriptivo cuantitativo se tomaron muestras de 5 apiarios, cada uno con 10 colmenas, separando el polen en seco y congelado, determinando para cada muestra: aerobios mesófilos, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfito reductor y hongos. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron de acuerdo a normatividades internacionales y se compararon con resultados de investigaciones en otros países. Resultados. Se encontraron coliformes totales y fecales en tres de los cinco apiarios evaluados y solo en muestras de polen seco. Además, en dos apiarios cuando se analizó polen seco se encontró Staphylococcus aureus. Los resultados microbiológicos de la mayoría de las muestras se encuentran dentro de los rangos de algunas normatividades internacionales, sin embargo, los mejores resultados en cuanto a calidad microbiológica se determinaron para el polen congelado. Conclusiones. El proceso de congelamiento del polen ofrece ventajas relativas al mantenimiento de la calidad microbiológica en comparación con el proceso de secado. Se hace necesario evaluar la calidad microbiológica de ambos productos a través del tiempo de almacenamiento.
ABSTRACT Objective. Microbiologically characterize dry and frozen pollen produced in the municipality of Viracachá-Boyacá. Materials and methods. Through a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study, samples from 5 apiaries were taken, each with 10 hives, separating the pollen dry and frozen, determining for each sample: mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfite reducer, and fungus. The data obtained were analyzed according to international regulations and compared with research results in other countries. Results. Total and fecal coliforms were found in three of the five apiaries evaluated and only in dried pollen samples. Also, in two apiaries when dry pollen was analyzed, Staphylococcus aureus was found. The microbiological results of most samples are within the ranges of some international regulations; however, the best results in terms of microbiological quality were determined for frozen pollen. Conclusions. The pollen freezing process offers advantages related to maintaining microbiological quality compared to the drying process. It is necessary to evaluate the microbiological quality of both products throughout the storage time.
RESUMO
Endospore-forming bacteria related to the Bacillus cereus group produce toxins that cause illnesses in organisms from invertebrates to mammals, including foodborne illnesses in humans. As commercial bee pollen can be contaminated with these bacteria, a comprehensive microbiological risk assessment of commercial bee pollen must be incorporated into the relevant regulatory requirements, including those that apply in Mexico. To facilitate detection of members of this group of bacteria, we have developed a PCR strategy that is based on the amplification of the single-copy tRNACys gene and specific genes associated with tRNACys to detect Bacillus cereus sensu lato (B. cereus s.l.). This tRNACys-PCR-based approach was used to examine commercial bee pollen for endospore-forming bacteria. Our analysis revealed that 3% of the endospore-forming colonies isolated from a commercial source of bee pollen were related to B. cereus s.l., and this result was corroborated by phylogenetic analysis, bacterial identification via MALDI-TOF MS, and detection of enterotoxin genes encoding the HBL and NHE complexes. The results show that the isolated colonies are closely related phylogenetically to B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. bombysepticus. Our results indicate that the tRNACys-PCR, combined with other molecular tools, will be a useful approach for identifying B. cereus s.l. and will assist in controlling the spread of potential pathogens.
RESUMO
Bees are of great importance for plant diversity for being an important pollinating agents. Stingless bees such as Scaptotrigona affinis postica, is cultivated largely due to the products offered by it. Pollen is one of these products, which has been highlighted for exhibit various therapeutic properties. Considering the bioactivity of this natural product, this study investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive activities, and elucidated the chemical composition of pollen collected extract by Scaptotrigona affinis postica. Using in vitro assays, the antioxidant potential and inhibitory activity against the COX enzyme from pollen extract was evaluated. Additionally, tests were performed to measure the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in animal models. In our results, we found that pollen extract showed antioxidant effects and inhibitory activity against the COX enzyme. The in vivo assays showed that the extract acts on the nervous system in local and systemic levels and that the anti-inflammatory activity is due the prostanoids reducing. Chemical analyses recognize 10 molecules in the extract belonging to the polyphenol and flavonoids classes and the computational study suggests that is responsible for the observed results. Thus, it is reported for the first time the biological potential of S. aff. postica pollen extract and we conclude that this bee product can be considered as one source of potential new drugs.
RESUMO
Bee pollen is a hive product, resulting from floral pollen agglutination by worker bees and it is characterized by its excellent bioactive and nutritional composition. Currently, research is focused on bee pollen applications on food industry, because this product has been considered an excellent source of compounds for human nutrition. It is also important in some industries, where color and particle size are important characteristics for production. Due to the granular nature of bee pollen, conventional colorimetry does not allow describing color correctly; thus, digital image analysis is a better alternative. This technique could also allow classifying bee pollen according to its appearance beyond the color. Consequently, the aim of this work was to develop a novel methodology for image data processing to classify bee pollen as ingredient in food industry. Seven color groups in samples were established regarding harvest month and particle size. It was possible to calculate the percentage of each color group in all samples. This methodology also allowed selecting each fraction for different applications in food industry using colorimetry, granulometry and the relationship between both of them.
Assuntos
Colorimetria/métodos , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Ingredientes de Alimentos/análise , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Pólen/química , Animais , Abelhas , Brassica , Colômbia , Cor , Eucalyptus , Flores , Alimento Funcional , Tamanho da PartículaRESUMO
A research was conducted in scientific databases using keywords related to the composition, biological activity and toxicity of bee pollen from 2007 to July 2017. It was verified that this product is rich in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, as well as various minerals and phenolic compounds. Its functional biological properties can be attributed mainly to the high content of flavonoids and polyphenols and a considerable antioxidant capacity has been reported, also highlighting antimicrobial activity and against cancer. However, current research still lacks deeper experimental evidence to justify the use of bee pollen for these purposes. The potential risks of their consumption can be attributed to contamination by pesticides, heavy metals and due to their allergenicity. A search of patents executed in technological databases with respect to the main properties of bee pollen has demonstrated a high interest in the development of technological products based on its many applications. The number of articles and patents found with this theme highlights the importance of this natural product in the scientific-technological advance, focusing on the development of natural supplements.
HaÌ sido realizada una investigacioÌn en bases de datos cientiÌficas utilizando palabras clave relacionadas a la composicioÌn, actividad bioloÌgica y toxicidad del polen apiÌcola en el periÌodo de 2007 a julio de 2017. Se ha verificado que este producto es rico en carbohidratos, proteiÌnas y liÌpidos, ademaÌs de diversos minerales y compuestos fenoÌlicos. Sus propiedades bioloÌgicas funcionales pueden ser atribuidas principalmente al alto contenido de flavonoides y polifenoles y se ha reportado una considerable capacidad antioxidante, con destaque tambieÌn para la actividad antimicrobiana y contra el caÌncer. Sin embargo, las investigaciones actuales todaviÌa carecen de evidencias experimentales maÌs profundas para justificar el uso del polen apiÌcola para estos propositos. Los riesgos potenciales de su consumo pueden ser atribuidos en gran parte a la contaminacioÌn por pesticidas, metales pesados y debido a su alergenicidad. Una buÌsqueda de patentes realizada en bases de datos tecnoloÌgicas con relacioÌn a las principales propiedades del polen apiÌcola ha revelado un alto intereÌs en el desarrollo de productos tecnoloÌgicos con base en sus diversas aplicaciones. La cantidad de artiÌculos y patentes encontrados con ese tema evidencia la importancia de ese producto natural en el avance cientiÌfico y tecnoloÌgico, con enfoque para el desarrollo de suplementos naturales.
Assuntos
Pólen/efeitos adversos , Pólen/química , Abelhas , Patentes como AssuntoRESUMO
ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the presence of B-complex vitamins and some physicochemical parameters in bee pollen samples from the southern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and, then, to identify their correlations with the geographical and botanical origin of the samples using multivariate statistical techniques. B-complex vitamins were determined by HPLC and mean contents were 0.79 mg/100 g (vitamin B1), 0.88 mg/100 g (vitamin B2), 5.31 mg/100 g (sum of vitamin B3 vitamers) and 4.42 mg/100 g (sum of B6 vitamers). The physicochemical parameters of the samples were consistent with those reported in the literature. The results showed that bee pollen is an important source of B-complex vitamins and multivariate statistical exploratory techniques suggested its nutritional content should be evaluated locally.
RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia de vitaminas del complejo B y algunos parámetros físico-químicos en muestras de polen apícola oriundas de los Estados del Sur de Brasil (Paraná, Santa Catarina y Rio Grande do Sul); y correlacionar estos resultados con el origen botánico y geográfico, usando un análisis estadístico multivariado. Las vitaminas del complejo B fueron determinadas por HPLC y su contenido fue de 0,79 mg/100 g (vitamina B1); 0,88 mg/100 g (vitamina B2); 5,31 mg/100 g (suma de los compuestos de vitamina B3); y 4,42 mg/100 g (suma de los compuestos de vitamina B6). Los parámetros físico-químicos de las muestras fueron consistentes con los reportados en la literatura. Los resultados mostraron que el polen apícola fue una fuente importante de vitaminas del complejo B, y las técnicas multivariadas sugirieron que su contenido nutricional debe ser evaluado localmente.
Assuntos
Pólen , Vitaminas , Dieta , Qualidade dos AlimentosRESUMO
Pollination services performed by bees are essential for the reproduction of a great part of flowering plants. The pollen collected by Apis mellifera while performing pollination (bee pollen), has been incorporated into the human diet for its favorable nutritional components. Around 1,500 tons of bee pollen are produced annually worldwide, especially in Spain, China, Australia, Argentina, and Brazil. Despite the importance of bee pollen within apiculture, little is known about the effects of climate variations on bee pollen collection and production. We monitored the pollen collection performance of 24 different honey bee colonies in different climate conditions within a period of one year. We then analyzed the statistical interaction among the number of worker bees returning with pollen loads and 12 climatic variables, to produce a predictive mixed linear model. The results obtained showed that 7 climatic variables were statistically correlated to the pollen collection observed: Maximum temperature of the day, minimum temperature of the day, dew point temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, rainfall, and the date of the sample. This research brings information for the development of a more effective pollen productive system.(AU)
Serviços de polinização são essenciais para a reprodução de uma grande parte das plantas com flores. Além de fundamental para produtividade agrícola e segurança alimentar no planeta, a atividade de polinização por Apis mellifera também possibilita a produção do pólen apícola. Devido a sua riqueza nutricional, o pólen apícola vem sendo incorporado às dietas humanas e de animais de interesse zootécnico. Cerca de 1.500 toneladas de pólen de abelha são produzidas anualmente em todo o mundo, especialmente em países como Espanha, China, Austrália, Argentina e Brasil. Apesar da importância do pólen na cadeia produtiva apícola, muito pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos das variações climáticas sobre a coleta e a produtividade de pólen. Neste estudo, foi monitorado o desempenho da coleta de pólen de 24 colônias de abelhas africanizadas, em diferentes condições climáticas, por um período de um ano. Analisaram-se estatisticamente as interações dos dados obtidos para o número de abelhas operárias que retornaram com cargas de pólen nas corbículas e 12 variáveis climáticas, a fim de se produzir um modelo estatístico preditivo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que sete variáveis climáticas influenciaram significativamente a coleta de pólen: temperatura máxima do dia, temperatura mínima do dia, temperatura do ponto de orvalho, umidade relativa, cobertura de nuvens, precipitação pluviométrica e data da amostragem. Esta pesquisa traz informações importantes para o desenvolvimento de um sistema produtivo de pólen apícola mais eficaz.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Abelhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mudança Climática/classificação , Pólen/crescimento & desenvolvimento , PolinizaçãoRESUMO
Pollination services performed by bees are essential for the reproduction of a great part of flowering plants. The pollen collected by Apis mellifera while performing pollination (bee pollen), has been incorporated into the human diet for its favorable nutritional components. Around 1,500 tons of bee pollen are produced annually worldwide, especially in Spain, China, Australia, Argentina, and Brazil. Despite the importance of bee pollen within apiculture, little is known about the effects of climate variations on bee pollen collection and production. We monitored the pollen collection performance of 24 different honey bee colonies in different climate conditions within a period of one year. We then analyzed the statistical interaction among the number of worker bees returning with pollen loads and 12 climatic variables, to produce a predictive mixed linear model. The results obtained showed that 7 climatic variables were statistically correlated to the pollen collection observed: Maximum temperature of the day, minimum temperature of the day, dew point temperature, relative humidity, cloud cover, rainfall, and the date of the sample. This research brings information for the development of a more effective pollen productive system.(AU)
Serviços de polinização são essenciais para a reprodução de uma grande parte das plantas com flores. Além de fundamental para produtividade agrícola e segurança alimentar no planeta, a atividade de polinização por Apis mellifera também possibilita a produção do pólen apícola. Devido a sua riqueza nutricional, o pólen apícola vem sendo incorporado às dietas humanas e de animais de interesse zootécnico. Cerca de 1.500 toneladas de pólen de abelha são produzidas anualmente em todo o mundo, especialmente em países como Espanha, China, Austrália, Argentina e Brasil. Apesar da importância do pólen na cadeia produtiva apícola, muito pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos das variações climáticas sobre a coleta e a produtividade de pólen. Neste estudo, foi monitorado o desempenho da coleta de pólen de 24 colônias de abelhas africanizadas, em diferentes condições climáticas, por um período de um ano. Analisaram-se estatisticamente as interações dos dados obtidos para o número de abelhas operárias que retornaram com cargas de pólen nas corbículas e 12 variáveis climáticas, a fim de se produzir um modelo estatístico preditivo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que sete variáveis climáticas influenciaram significativamente a coleta de pólen: temperatura máxima do dia, temperatura mínima do dia, temperatura do ponto de orvalho, umidade relativa, cobertura de nuvens, precipitação pluviométrica e data da amostragem. Esta pesquisa traz informações importantes para o desenvolvimento de um sistema produtivo de pólen apícola mais eficaz.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Abelhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mudança Climática/classificação , Pólen/crescimento & desenvolvimento , PolinizaçãoRESUMO
The use of bee-pollen as a nutritional supplement or as a production-enhancing agent in livestock has increased the demand for this product worldwide. Despite the current importance of this niche within the apiculture industry, few studies have addressed the pollen production. We tested the performance of free-mated (FM) and instrumentally inseminated queens (IQ) in order to establish the effect of different breeding systems on pollen production. The F1 generation of IQ queens produced 153.95±42.83g/day, showing a significant improvement on the pollen production (2.74 times) when compared to the parental generation (51.83±7.84g/day). The F1 generation of free-mated queens produced 100.07±8.23 g/day, which increased by 1.78 times when compared to the parental generation. Furthermore, we observed a statistically significant difference between the pollen production between colonies from the IQ and FM treatments. This study suggests that inseminated queens should be considered by beekeepers that aim to increase pollen production.(AU)
O uso do pólen apícola como suplemento nutricional humano e animal tem aumentado significativamente a demanda por este produto em todo o mundo. Apesar da importância atual desse nicho dentro da apicultura, poucos estudos têm abordado melhorias no sistema produtivo de pólen. Testamos o desempenho de rainhas fecundadas através de acasalamento livre (FM) e inseminação instrumental (QI), a fim de analisar o efeito de diferentes técnicas de melhoramento genético no ganho produtivo de pólen apícola. A geração F1 de rainhas QI produziu 153,95±42,83g de pólen por dia, mostrando uma melhora significativa na produção (2,74 vezes) quando comparado à geração parental (51,83±7,84g/dia). A geração F1 de rainhas de livre acasalamento produziu 100,07±8,23g/dia, o que significou um aumento de 1,78 vezes. Além disso, observou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a produção de pólen entre as colônias dos tratamentos QI e FM. Este estudo sugere que a técnica de inseminação instrumental deve ser incorporada nos sistemas produtivos de pólen apícola brasileiro.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Abelhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Inseminação Artificial , Pólen , Criação de AbelhasRESUMO
The use of bee-pollen as a nutritional supplement or as a production-enhancing agent in livestock has increased the demand for this product worldwide. Despite the current importance of this niche within the apiculture industry, few studies have addressed the pollen production. We tested the performance of free-mated (FM) and instrumentally inseminated queens (IQ) in order to establish the effect of different breeding systems on pollen production. The F1 generation of IQ queens produced 153.95±42.83g/day, showing a significant improvement on the pollen production (2.74 times) when compared to the parental generation (51.83±7.84g/day). The F1 generation of free-mated queens produced 100.07±8.23 g/day, which increased by 1.78 times when compared to the parental generation. Furthermore, we observed a statistically significant difference between the pollen production between colonies from the IQ and FM treatments. This study suggests that inseminated queens should be considered by beekeepers that aim to increase pollen production.(AU)
O uso do pólen apícola como suplemento nutricional humano e animal tem aumentado significativamente a demanda por este produto em todo o mundo. Apesar da importância atual desse nicho dentro da apicultura, poucos estudos têm abordado melhorias no sistema produtivo de pólen. Testamos o desempenho de rainhas fecundadas através de acasalamento livre (FM) e inseminação instrumental (QI), a fim de analisar o efeito de diferentes técnicas de melhoramento genético no ganho produtivo de pólen apícola. A geração F1 de rainhas QI produziu 153,95±42,83g de pólen por dia, mostrando uma melhora significativa na produção (2,74 vezes) quando comparado à geração parental (51,83±7,84g/dia). A geração F1 de rainhas de livre acasalamento produziu 100,07±8,23g/dia, o que significou um aumento de 1,78 vezes. Além disso, observou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a produção de pólen entre as colônias dos tratamentos QI e FM. Este estudo sugere que a técnica de inseminação instrumental deve ser incorporada nos sistemas produtivos de pólen apícola brasileiro.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Abelhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pólen , Inseminação Artificial , Criação de AbelhasRESUMO
Honeybees and bee products are potential bioindicators of the presence of contaminants in the environment, enabling monitoring of large areas due to the long distances travelled by bees. This work evaluates the use of bee pollen as a bioindicator of environmental contamination by pesticides. A GC-MS/MS analytical method for multiresidue determination of 26 different pesticides in pollen was developed and validated in accordance with the recommendations of the European Union SANCO guide. Environmental monitoring was conducted using the analysis of 145 pollen samples collected from ten beehives in the experimental apiary of Embrapa in Jaguariúna (São Paulo State, Brazil). Bioallethrin and pendimethalin were identified in four and eighteen samples, respectively, at concentrations below the LOQ of the method (25 ng g(-1)). Passive sampling with polyurethane foam discs was used as a control, and no pesticides were found. The detection of pesticide residues in seven samples (33%) from commercial apiaries in Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo State) confirmed the efficiency of the analytical method and the need for environmental monitoring for the presence of pesticide residues. The results demonstrated the potential of bee pollen as a bioindicator of environmental contamination by pesticides.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Praguicidas/análise , Pólen/química , Aletrinas , Animais , Abelhas , Brasil , Calibragem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Íons , Limite de Detecção , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi levantar informações a respeito do processo de produção, determinar características físico-químicas, qualidade microbiológica, propriedades biológicas e origem botânica do pólen apícola desidratado, além de avaliar a influência de duas condições de desidratação sobre estes mesmos parâmetros. Para esta pesquisa foram adquiridas 69 amostras produzidas e beneficiadas em nove Estados brasileiros. Foram levantados dados referentes à coleta e processamento dos produtos e realizada a análise polínica para determinar a origem botânica das amostras. Foram determinados os teores de umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas, minerais, fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais por espectrofotometria, compostos fenólicos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas, capacidade antioxidante [método DPPH (a partir de três extratos) e método ORAC], capacidade antimicrobiana e parâmetros instrumentais de cor, além de um diagnóstico da qualidade microbiológica das amostras. A análise multivariada foi utilizada para estudar a estrutura de dados e procurar por padrões e, ainda, classificar as amostras em grupos. Foram observadas não conformidades em relação à temperatura de desidratação e em 91% das amostras o teor de umidade estava acima do limite de 4% estabelecido na legislação brasileira. Foram identificados 39 tipos polínicos. O teor de proteínas variou de 7,9 a 33,9 g/100 g, lipídeos de 3,1 a 13,5 g/100 g e cinzas de 1,9 a 3,8 g/100 g. A análise de minerais indicou que o potássio foi o composto em maior quantidade e que algumas amostras poderiam ser consideradas fontes ou com alto conteúdo de ferro, manganês, zinco e cobre. O teor de fenólicos totais variou de 5,6 a 29,7 mg EAG/g e flavonoides totais de 0,3 a 19,0 mg EQ/g. A capacidade antioxidante (CA), pelo método DPPH, variou de 9,4 a 199,3 µmol ET/g, com influência do procedimento de extração sobre o resultado. Pelo método ORAC, a CA das amostras variou de 133,1 a 563,0 µmol ET/g. Quanto à capacidade antimicrobiana, observou-se que todas as amostras apresentaram alguma ação, estando a concentração mínima inibitória relacionada com o micro-organismo em teste. A qualidade microbiológica das amostras estava de acordo com dados encontrados na literatura e bactérias potencialmente patogênicas não foram observadas. A análise instrumental de cor indicou variação nos parâmetros L* (42,75 a 72,35), a* (1,03 a 12,98), b* (31,51 a 63,18) e Chroma (31,53 a 64,26) e correlação entre estes parâmetros e a composição química e as propriedades biológicas. A identificação e quantificação dos compostos fenólicos indicou predominância de flavonoides nas amostras, principalmente de compostos glicosilados. Por fim, as amostras desidratadas por liofilização apresentaram maior valor nutricional e potencial biológico em relação às amostras desidratadas em estufa com aquecimento e circulação forçada de ar. Em conclusão, torna-se necessário que os produtores façam ajustes no processo de beneficiamento do pólen apícola para que não haja empecilhos à sua comercialização. A composição do pólen das flores forrageadas pelas abelhas influenciou na composição do pólen apícola desidratado, portanto, pode-se pensar no direcionamento dos apiários para fontes botânicas que resultem em um produto com maior valor nutricional ou biológico
The aim of this study was to obtain information about the production process, to determine physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, biological properties and botanical origin of dehydrated bee-pollen, and also to evaluate the influence of two dehydration conditions on these parameters. Sixty-nine samples were acquired from nine Brazilian states. Data were collected regarding the collection and processing of the products and the pollen analysis was performed to determine the botanical origin of the samples. Moisture, proteins, lipids, ashes, minerals, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids by spectrophotometry, phenolic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, antioxidant capacity [DPPH method (from three extracts) and ORAC method], antimicrobial capacity and instrumental color parameters were determined, in addition to a diagnosis of the microbiological quality of the samples. Multivariate analysis was used to study the structure of data and to look for patterns and also to classify the samples into groups. Non-conformities were observed in relation to dehydration temperature and in 91% of samples the moisture content was above the 4% limit established by Brazilian legislation. Thirty-nine pollen types were identified. The protein content varied from 7.9 to 33.9 g/100 g, the lipid content from 3.1 to 13.5 g/100 g and the ash content varied from 1.9 to 3.8 g/100 g. The mineral analysis indicated that potassium was the compound with a higher content in the samples, and that some samples could be considered "source" or "high content" of iron, manganese, zinc and copper. The total phenolic content varied from 5.6 to 29.7 mg GAE/ g and total flavonoids from 0.3 to 19.0 mg QE/g. The antioxidant capacity (AC) by DPPH method ranged from 9.4 to 199.3 µmol TE/g and the extraction procedure influenced the results. The AC by ORAC method ranged from 133.1 to 563.0 µmol TE/g. All samples showed some antimicrobial capacity; however, the minimal inhibitory concentration was related to the microorganism. The microbiological quality of the samples was consistent with results found in the literature and potentially pathogenic bacteria were not detected. The instrumental color analysis indicated variation in the parameters L* (42.75 to 72.35), a* (1.03 to 12.98), b* (31.51 to 63.18) and Chroma (31.53 to 64.26), and correlation between these parameters and the chemical and biological properties. The identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds showed flavonoids predominantly in samples, particularly glycosylated compounds. Finally, the samples dehydrated by lyophilization showed higher nutritional and biological value compared to samples dehydrated in an electric oven with forced air circulation. In conclusion, it is necessary that producers make adjustments to the dehydrated bee-pollen processing to prevent impediments to the marketing. The composition of the pollen collected by bees influenced the composition of dehydrated bee-pollen; therefore, it would be possible to direct the apiaries to botanical sources that result in a product with higher nutritional or biological value
Assuntos
Pólen/química , Química , Alimentos em Conserva/análise , Valor Nutritivo/etnologiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Bee-pollen is an apicultural product with potential for medical and nutritional applications; therefore, its microbiology quality should be monitored. In this context, the objective of this study was to diagnose the microbiological quality of 45 dehydrated bee-pollen samples collected from November 2011 to December 2013 in nine Brazilian States. All the samples were negative for sulphite-reducing Clostridium spores, Salmonella, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli, which are micro-organisms of public health concern. Total aerobic mesophilic micro-organism counts ranged from <10 to 1·10 × 10(4) CFU g(-1) , with psychrotroph counts ranging from <10 to 1·12 × 10(3) CFU g(-1) and total coliforms from <10 to 2·80 × 10(3) CFU g(-1) , while the values for yeasts and moulds were between <10 to 7·67 × 10(3) CFU g(-1) . According to the literature, the microbiota observed in this study were typical; however, it is important to consider that these micro-organisms may cause spoilage and diminish shelf life, reason by which quality control programs should be implemented. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Contamination of bee-pollen can occur during production, collection and processing, but there are few studies of the microbiological quality of this product. Brazil is an important producer of dehydrated bee-pollen, therefore, a diagnosis of the microbiological status is important to ensure the safety of many consumers. Salmonella sp., genus Clostridium, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli and even some yeast species are micro-organisms of public health concern and their presence must be monitored. Furthermore, the determination of spoilage micro-organisms indicates whether the production and the processing practices carried out by beekeepers and warehouses were adequate.