RESUMO
This research assessed the proportion of whole-wheat flour in whole-wheat bread relative to the level mandated by law, as well as the content of lipids (Lip) and sodium (Na) in French bread, and of Lip, Na and total dietary fiber (TDF) in whole-wheat bread made in bakeries in Montevideo and Canelones, Uruguay. The percentage ofNa and TDF using both Adequate Intakes (Als) and Tolerable Upper Intake levels (Uls) were estimated in reference to recommended daily quantities. Na in French bread consists of 64% of AIs for individuals aged nine and older, and over 100% of AIs for adults aged 51 and older. Whole-wheat bread values are slightly lower. TDF consists of 38% of AIs in 9 year-old children and 53% in adults older than 50 years of age. This work helps to establish a baseline for the development of formulations with minimum levels of Na and optimum levels of TDF in artisan bread.
La presente investigación evaluó la proporción de harina integral en pan integral con el nivel legislado; el contenido de lípidos y sodio (Na) en pan francés y lípidos, Na y fibra dietética total (FDT) en pan integral elaborado en panaderías de Montevideo y Canelones. Se estimó según cantidades diarias recomendadas el porcentaje de Na y FDT en relación a las Ingestas Adecuadas (AIs) y los Límites Máximos Tolerables (Uls). El Na en pan francés cubre desde los 9 años un 64% de las IAs hasta cerca del 100% en adultos desde los 51 años; el pan integral alcanza valores algo inferiores. La FDT cubre en niños de 9 años el 38% de las IAs y 53% en adultos mayores de 50 años. Este trabajo contribuye a disponer de una línea de base para el desarrollo de formulaciones con mínimos niveles de Na y óptimos de FDT en panes artesanales.
Assuntos
Humanos , Sódio , Pão , Fibras na Dieta , Farinha , Lipídeos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Necessidades NutricionaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Breast milk is the recommended source of nutrients for infant growth, but its adequacy to meet infants' mineral and trace element needs is unknown. OBJECTIVES: We used breast-milk mineral and trace element concentrations of Guatemalan mothers at 3 lactation stages to estimate total daily intakes and to determine whether intakes were associated with early infant growth. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, breast-milk samples were collected from Mam-Mayan mothers during transitional (5-17 d, n = 56), early (18-46 d, n = 75), and established (4-6 mo, n = 103) lactation; z scores for weight (WAZ), length (LAZ), and head circumference (HCAZ) were measured. Concentrations of 11 minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, copper, iron, manganese, rubidium, selenium, strontium, and zinc) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). WHO equations were used to calculate the estimated energy requirement, which was divided by the energy density of breast milk to estimate daily milk volume, and this number was multiplied by breast-milk mineral concentrations to estimate intakes. Principal component analyses identified clusters of minerals; principal components (PCs) were used in regression analyses for anthropometric outcomes. RESULTS: Estimated breast-milk intakes during established lactation were insufficient to compensate for the lower milk sodium, copper, manganese, and zinc concentrations in male infants and the lower sodium, iron and manganese concentrations in female infants. Estimated intakes of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and selenium were below the Institute of Medicine Adequate Intake for both sexes at all 3 stages of lactation. In early lactation, multiple linear regressions showed that PC1 (calcium, magnesium, potassium, rubidium, and strontium intakes) was positively associated with WAZ, LAZ, and HCAZ. In established lactation, the same PC with sodium added was positively associated with all 3 anthropometric outcomes; a second PC (PC2: zinc, copper, and selenium intakes) was associated with WAZ and LAZ but not HCAZ. CONCLUSIONS: Breast milk may be inadequate in selected minerals and trace elements where higher estimated intakes were associated with greater infant growth.