RESUMO

Yersiniosis, caused by Yersinia ruckeri, has become the most common disease in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in Peru, affecting Puno and Junín Regions, important aquaculture areas in the country. Florfenicol (FLO) and oxytetracycline (OXY) are the antimicrobials most frequently used to mitigate losses attributed to this pathogen. This study presents an analysis of the susceptibility patterns of 60 Y. ruckeri isolates (30 isolates each from Puno and Junín), including the type strain CECT 4319T and the strains CECT 955 and CECT 956, against FLO and OXY. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined following the guideline for standard broth dilution method published by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. MIC results ranged from 4.0 to 8.0 µg ml-1 for FLO and 0.5 to 4.0 µg ml-1 for OXY. Normalized resistance interpretation (NRI) analysis identified epidemiological cut-off values of ≤16.0 µg ml-1 for FLO and ≤4.0 µg ml-1 for OXY. All Peruvian isolates, including the collection strains, were categorized as wild-type for both antimicrobials. Even though the number of Y. ruckeri isolates with MIC values of 8 µg ml-1 for FLO is more than double in Puno than in Junín (15 vs. 7 isolates), the NRI analysis showed the same epidemiological cutoff of 16 µg ml-1; while for OXY, it was 4.0 µg ml-1 for Puno and 2.0 µg ml-1 for Junín. This study establishes the basis for monitoring susceptibility to FLO and OXY in new Y. ruckeri isolates in Peruvian rainbow trout farming.

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RESUMO

Yersinia ruckeri causes important economic losses for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farms worldwide. This bacterial disease is likely the most common among trout in Peru; however, no commercial vaccine is available nationally, which is, in part, due to a lack of information on the bacterium. The aim of the current study was to characterize 29 Y. ruckeri isolates sampled from seven cage-reared farms in the Puno Region, the focal point for aquaculture activities in Peru. For this, samples were taken from fish with clinical signs (i.e. haemorrhages, uni- or bilateral exophthalmia, hyphaemia and/or melanosis). Notable among our findings was the existence of both Y. ruckeri biotype 1 (9 isolates) and biotype 2 (20 isolates; negative for sorbitol and Tween 80). The isolates further differed in API profiles 5307100 (21 isolates), 1307100 (4 isolates), 1305100 (2 isolates), 1307120 (1 isolate) and 5305100 (1 isolate), with the main differences being in the tests for lysine decarboxylase, gelatine hydrolysis and D-saccharose fermentation. Despite these differences, all isolates shared identical ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR profiles and belonged to the O1a serotype. Fingerprints were identical to the reference strain CECT 955 (serotype O1a). The information obtained will be used for epidemiological purposes by health authorities and for the development of a vaccine against Y. ruckeri, a prominent request made by fish farmers in Peru.

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Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium with zoonotic potential and there are no previous records of this bacteria being isolated from aborted foals. This report aims to describe a case of sepsis due to Y. enterocolitica in a seven month old aborted equine. The fequinoetus was submitted to necropsy and samples of all the organs were collected for the histological exam. Samples of liver, lung, placenta, and stomach contents were collected for bacterial culture. Macroscopically, the liver was enlarged with yellowish heterogeneous color, heart with pale myocardial areas; lungs not collapsed, heavy and shiny, thickened umbilical cord covered with fibrin and pus. Histopathologically, there was moderate multifocal necrosuppurative myocarditis and thrombosis, moderate diffuse suppurative bronchopneumonia, mild multifocal fibrinonecrotic hepatitis, and moderate diffuse necrosuppurative omphalitis with intralesional bacterial myriads and thrombosis. Mild multifocal suppurative placentitis, nephritis, myositis, cystitis, and dermatitis were also observed, in addition to mild diffuse lymphoid rarefaction. The microbiological evaluation identified Y. enterocolitica in the liver, lung, and stomach fluid. This is the first report of sepsis due to Y. enterocolitica causing an abortion in a horse. This bacterium has zoonotic importance; therefore, it should be investigated in abortion in this species, serving as a differential diagnosis in reproductive disorders.(AU)

Yersinia enterocolitica é uma bactéria com potencial zoonótico, e não há informações desse agente como causa de abortamento em equinos. O objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de sepse por Y. enterocolitica em um feto equino abortado aos sete meses. O feto foi submetido à necropsia, e amostras de todos os órgãos foram processadas para histopatologia. Para microbiologia, foram coletadas amostras de fígado, pulmão, placenta e conteúdo estomacal. Macroscopicamente, observou-se fígado aumentado com coloração amarelada heterogênea; coração com áreas pálidas no miocárdio; pulmões não colabados, pesados e brilhantes; e cordão umbilical espessado e recoberto por fibrina e pus. Na análise histopatológica, havia miocardite necrossupurativa multifocal moderada e trombose, broncopneumonia supurativa difusa moderada, hepatite fibrinonecrótica multifocal discreta e onfalite necrossupurativa difusa moderada com miríades bacterianas intralesionais e trombose. Observou-se também placentite, nefrite, miosite, cistite e dermatite supurativa multifocal discreta, além de rarefação linfoide difusa discreta. A avaliação microbiológica identificou Y. enterocolitica no fígado, no pulmão e no líquido estomacal. Este é o primeiro relato de sepse por Y. enterocolitica causando abortamento na espécie equina. Essa bactéria tem importância zoonótica, portanto deve ser investigada em casos de abortamento nessa espécie, servindo como diagnóstico diferencial em tal distúrbio reprodutivo.(AU)

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RESUMO

Milk and its derivatives are good substrates for the proliferation of pathogenic and quality-deteriorating microorganisms, demanding rigorous care with milking, processing, and storage. Among the various bacteria that can grow in raw refrigerated milk, Yersinia enterocolitica, is an invasive enteropathogen of humans. This bacterium can cause a number of intestinal and extraintestinal clinical symptoms, ranging from mild gastroenteritis to mesenteric lymphadenitis, similar to appendicitis. To evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk from bulk milk tanks located in the State of São Paulo, 102 bovine milk samples (one per dairy farm) were evaluated by microbiological analyses, followed by biochemical tests PCR and genetic sequencing. Microbiological testing did not isolate Y. enterocolitica. However, PCR analysis revealed six samples that were positive for Y. enterocolitica (5.9%), confirmed by genetic sequencing. Only the inv gene was detected, which is present in virulent and avirulent Y. enterocolitica strains. There was great difficulty in microbiological isolation due to the difficulty of competitiveness of Y. enterocolitica in a very rich microbiota of raw milk. Although virulence genes known to be present in potentially pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica have not been identified, the presence of this pathogen in milk from expansion tanks...(AU)

O leite e seus derivados possuem substratos que favorecem o desenvolvimento de micro-organismos patogênicos e deteriorantes, devido a isso, cuidados rigorosos são exigindo durante a ordenha, processamento e seu armazenamento. Dentre os vários grupos de bactérias que podem contaminar o leite refrigerado cru está Yersinia enterocolitica. Esta bactéria pode causar a uma série de sintomas clínicos intestinais e extraintestinais, variando de gastroenterite leve a linfadenite mesentérica, semelhante à apendicite. Para avaliar a prevalência de Y. enterocolitica patogênica no leite cru de tanques de expansão localizados no estado de São Paulo, foram avaliadas 102 amostras de leite bovino, por análises microbiológicas, seguido de provas bioquímicas; a Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) e sequenciamento genético. Não houve o isolamento de Y. enterocolitica pelas provas microbiológicas clássicas. No entanto, a análise de PCR, realizada diretamente do leite, revelou seis (6) amostras positivas para Y. enterocolitica (5,9%), confirmadas por sequenciamento genético. Somente o gene inv, foi detectado, que pode estar presente em cepas virulentas e avirulentas. Houve dificuldade de isolamento microbiológico devido à dificuldade de competitividade da Y. enterocolitica em uma microbiota muito rica do leite cru. Ainda que não tenham sido identificados os genes de virulência que sabidamente estão...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Milk and its derivatives are good substrates for the proliferation of pathogenic and quality-deteriorating microorganisms, demanding rigorous care with milking, processing, and storage. Among the various bacteria that can grow in raw refrigerated milk, Yersinia enterocolitica, is an invasive enteropathogen of humans. This bacterium can cause a number of intestinal and extraintestinal clinical symptoms, ranging from mild gastroenteritis to mesenteric lymphadenitis, similar to appendicitis. To evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk from bulk milk tanks located in the State of São Paulo, 102 bovine milk samples (one per dairy farm) were evaluated by microbiological analyses, followed by biochemical tests PCR and genetic sequencing. Microbiological testing did not isolate Y. enterocolitica. However, PCR analysis revealed six samples that were positive for Y. enterocolitica (5.9%), confirmed by genetic sequencing. Only the inv gene was detected, which is present in virulent and avirulent Y. enterocolitica strains. There was great difficulty in microbiological isolation due to the difficulty of competitiveness of Y. enterocolitica in a very rich microbiota of raw milk. Although virulence genes known to be present in potentially pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica have not been identified, the presence of this pathogen in milk from expansion tanks...

O leite e seus derivados possuem substratos que favorecem o desenvolvimento de micro-organismos patogênicos e deteriorantes, devido a isso, cuidados rigorosos são exigindo durante a ordenha, processamento e seu armazenamento. Dentre os vários grupos de bactérias que podem contaminar o leite refrigerado cru está Yersinia enterocolitica. Esta bactéria pode causar a uma série de sintomas clínicos intestinais e extraintestinais, variando de gastroenterite leve a linfadenite mesentérica, semelhante à apendicite. Para avaliar a prevalência de Y. enterocolitica patogênica no leite cru de tanques de expansão localizados no estado de São Paulo, foram avaliadas 102 amostras de leite bovino, por análises microbiológicas, seguido de provas bioquímicas; a Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) e sequenciamento genético. Não houve o isolamento de Y. enterocolitica pelas provas microbiológicas clássicas. No entanto, a análise de PCR, realizada diretamente do leite, revelou seis (6) amostras positivas para Y. enterocolitica (5,9%), confirmadas por sequenciamento genético. Somente o gene inv, foi detectado, que pode estar presente em cepas virulentas e avirulentas. Houve dificuldade de isolamento microbiológico devido à dificuldade de competitividade da Y. enterocolitica em uma microbiota muito rica do leite cru. Ainda que não tenham sido identificados os genes de virulência que sabidamente estão...

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RESUMO

Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen and pigs are the main reservoir of it in their tonsils. As Brazil is a large producer and exporter of pork meat and information regarding this pathogen is still quite scarce, this study aimed at evaluating the direct detection of Y. enterocolitica followed by pathogenic Y. enterocolitica (PYE) determination in tonsils of slaughtered pigs. For this purpose, 400 pig tonsils were collected from 15 farms in four federally certified slaughterhouses in Southern Brazil. Initially, samples were screened using conventional PCR targeting of the 16sRNA gene, followed by multiplex PCR (mPCR) in order to detect three virulence genes (ail, yadA, and virF) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the detection of the ail gene. One hundred and one (25.2%) of the samples tested positive for the 16sRNA gene. However, a PYE was detected in one out of the 101 Y. enterocolitica positive samples. The three virulence genes were determined by mPCR and confirmed by partial DNA sequencing. Thus, a significant occurrence of Y. enterocolitica was observed in pig tonsils from federally inspected slaughterhouses in Brazil, although the presence of pathogenic strains was quite low.

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RESUMO

Descreveu-se um surto de yersiniose em uma criação de pampo Trachinotus marginatus estudado no Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. A enfermidade manifestou-se por transtornos natatórios, exoftalmia com panoftalmite e pela clássica boca vermelha, nome pelo qual se denomina "enfermidade da boca vermelha" (EBV). Na necropsia, foram observados focos de hemorragia peritoneal, esplenomegalia e hepatomegalia. Microscopicamente, foi observada panoftalmite com infiltrados inflamatórios densos que afetavam quase todas as estruturas oculares. Esses infiltrados estavam constituídos por granulócitos, linfócitos, macrófagos e células granulares eosinofílicas. No exsudado, observaram-se estruturas pequenas, pouco coradas, de aspecto bacteriano Gram negativo. O estudo imuno-histoquímico, que se utilizou de um anticorpo monoclonal anti-Yersinia ruckeri, resultou positivo. Este é o primeiro surto conhecido de yersiniose em Trachinotus marginatus no Brasil.

In the "Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande" the rearing of Trachinotus marginatus (pompano) is studied, and in one of these rearing a yersioniosis outbreak occured. The disease was manifested by swimming disturbances, exophthalmiawith panophthalmitis and the classic red mouth, (red mouth disease (RMD). The necropsies revealed focus of peritoneal hemorrhage, esplenomegalyand hepatomegaly.Microscopically a panophthalmitis with dense inflammatory infiltrates was observed, which affected almost all ocular structures. These infiltrates were constituted by granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophylicgranular cells (ECG), in the exudatessmall structures less colored with Gram negative bacteria aspect were observed. The immunohistochemical, which used a monoclonal antibody anti- Yersinia ruckeri waspositive. The RMD is caused by enterobacteriaGram negative, which affects both freshwater and saltwater fish, with predominance in salmonids. This is the first known yersiniosis outbreak in Trachinotus marginatus in Brazil and it is necessary to keep this disease in mind at the moment of rearing fish of this species.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Descreveu-se um surto de yersiniose em uma criação de pampo Trachinotus marginatus estudado no Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. A enfermidade manifestou-se por transtornos natatórios, exoftalmia com panoftalmite e pela clássica boca vermelha, nome pelo qual se denomina "enfermidade da boca vermelha" (EBV). Na necropsia, foram observados focos de hemorragia peritoneal, esplenomegalia e hepatomegalia. Microscopicamente, foi observada panoftalmite com infiltrados inflamatórios densos que afetavam quase todas as estruturas oculares. Esses infiltrados estavam constituídos por granulócitos, linfócitos, macrófagos e células granulares eosinofílicas. No exsudado, observaram-se estruturas pequenas, pouco coradas, de aspecto bacteriano Gram negativo. O estudo imuno-histoquímico, que se utilizou de um anticorpo monoclonal anti-Yersinia ruckeri, resultou positivo. Este é o primeiro surto conhecido de yersiniose em Trachinotus marginatus no Brasil.(AU)

In the "Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande" the rearing of Trachinotus marginatus (pompano) is studied, and in one of these rearing a yersioniosis outbreak occured. The disease was manifested by swimming disturbances, exophthalmiawith panophthalmitis and the classic red mouth, (red mouth disease (RMD). The necropsies revealed focus of peritoneal hemorrhage, esplenomegalyand hepatomegaly.Microscopically a panophthalmitis with dense inflammatory infiltrates was observed, which affected almost all ocular structures. These infiltrates were constituted by granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophylicgranular cells (ECG), in the exudatessmall structures less colored with Gram negative bacteria aspect were observed. The immunohistochemical, which used a monoclonal antibody anti- Yersinia ruckeri waspositive. The RMD is caused by enterobacteriaGram negative, which affects both freshwater and saltwater fish, with predominance in salmonids. This is the first known yersiniosis outbreak in Trachinotus marginatus in Brazil and it is necessary to keep this disease in mind at the moment of rearing fish of this species.(AU)

Assuntos