RESUMO
Objetivo: Comparar el nivel de bienestar psicológico de adultos mayores voluntarios del programa "Asesores Seniors" del Servicio Nacional del Adulto Mayor, Región del Bío-Bío, Chile, y adultos mayores no voluntarios, usuarios de un Centro de Salud Familiar de la misma región. Material y método: Corresponde a un estudio descriptivo - comparativo. La población del estudio corresponde a 60 adultos mayores, 30 voluntarios en un programa gubernamental y 30 no voluntarios usuarios de un Centro de Salud Familiar. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SAS 9.1. Se realizó análisis univariado y bivariado. Resultados: Los adultos mayores voluntarios presentaron un mayor nivel de bienestar psicológico en comparación con los adultos mayores no voluntarios, siendo esta diferencia significativa (p<0.0001). Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio permiten concluir que el vivir una vejez activa, específicamente participando de un voluntariado, otorga a los adultos mayores un mayor grado de bienestar psicológico...
Objective to establish the degree of psychological well-being in elderly volunteers of the "Senior Advisors" Program from the Bío-Bío National Senior Service and non volunteers, users of the San Pedro Family Health Center belonging to San Pedro de la Paz City Hall, Chile. Method: It is a descriptive, correlational and comparative study. Sample consisted of 60 seniors, 30 volunteers and 30 non-volunteers. SAS 9.1 statistical software was used for data analysis, performing univariate and bivariate analysis. Results: Elderly volunteers had a higher level of psychological well-being compared to non-volunteers, showing a significant diference (p <0.0001). Conclusion: Results showed a high degree of psychological well-being in the group of elderly volunteers compared with non-volunteers...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Enfermagem Geriátrica , Saúde do Idoso , Saúde Mental , VoluntáriosRESUMO
O presente artigo visa apresentar o serious leisure, do sociólogo Robert A. Stebbins. Trata-se de uma proposição teórica sobre uma forma de lazer que, aliada a outras duas formas ? casual leisure e project-based leisure ?, constituem uma perspectiva teórica mais ampla. Apresentamos uma síntese de cada uma dessas três formas e acrescentamos um levantamento inicial que fizemos sobre os estudos brasileiros que se utilizaram dessa teoria em suas análises sobre atividades de lazer. O objetivo é oferecer dados iniciais para interessados em desenvolver estudos sobre o serious leisure ou mesmo sobre as outras duas formas de lazer. Também visamos acrescentar elementos que podem ser úteis às discussões sobre atividades que poucas vezes são enfocadas através de teorias classicamente utilizadas no Brasil. Por fim, tecemos nossas considerações sobre a relativa ausência de uma perspectiva sobre o lazer, a do serious leisure que entendemos como merecedora de atenção, compreensão e análise, visando incrementar amplamente o desenvolvimento e os debates sobre os estudos do lazer no Brasil.
This article presents the serious leisure, from Robert A. Stebbins. It is a theoretical proposition about a form of leisure that together with other two ways - casual and leisure project-based leisure - constitutes a broader theoretical perspective. We present a summary of each of these three forms and add an initial survey we did on Brazilian studies that used this theory in his analysis of leisure activities. Our goal is to provide baseline data for those interested in developing studies on the serious leisure or even on the other two forms of recreation. We also aim to add elements that may be useful to discussions of activities that are seldom focused through theories classically used in Brazil. Finally, we weave our considerations about the relative absence of aleisure perspective on what we understand as worthy of attention, comprehension and analysis, largely aimed at increasing the development and debates about leisure studies in Brazil.
Assuntos
Atividades de LazerRESUMO
Nesse estudo buscamos analisar o tempo livre dos indivíduos que realizam trabalho voluntário na Pastoral da Criança em um bairro da cidade de Maringá-PR. Para a realização deste estudo, tivemos como pressuposto teórico-metodológico o materialismo histórico, fundamentado por Karl Marx e Friedrich Engels. O contato com os indivíduos foi realizado por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Após as análises, concluímos que há um sentido de obrigação e responsabilidade para com as atividades da Pastoral da Criança, apesar de os indivíduos caracterizarem essa ocupação como uma atividade prazerosa. Também foi possível identificar nos sujeitos analisados a conformação social e falta de conhecimento sobre a organicidade do capital perante a situação que encontram no trabalho voluntário.
In this study we analyze the free time of the individuals who perform volunteer work in the Pastoral in a neighborhood of the city of Maringá-PR. For this study, we assumed theoretical-methodological as historical materialism, founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Contact with individuals was conducted through semistructured interviews. After analysis, we conclude that there is a sense of obligation and responsibility to the activities of the Pastoral, although individuals characterize this occupation as a pleasurable activity. It was also possible to identify the subjects analyzed the social conformation and lack of knowledge about the organic capital before the situation they find in volunteer work.
Assuntos
Atividades de LazerRESUMO
O trabalho voluntário representa uma das bases de sustentabilidade das Organizações Não-Governamentais, principalmente para a manutenção e continuidade dos projetos institucionais. Em contrapartida, vem sendo considerado fator de degradação do trabalhador que está excluído do mercado. Partindo de uma experiência de implantação de rotinas para acolhimento e integração de voluntários em uma ONG/AIDS, este estudo teve por objetivo a caracterização dos voluntários e a compreensão da diversidade de sentidos presentes nas ações voluntárias, visando subsidiar a avaliação e planejamento das ações de organização do trabalho adotadas pela instituição. A análise temática de conteúdo das entrevistas, realizadas com 20 candidatos ao trabalho voluntário, permitiu a caracterização do perfil, das suas concepções e expectativas. Em síntese, o trabalho voluntário pareceu representar um recurso de qualificação para a inserção no mercado de trabalho e elemento importante para formação da identidade social e socialização do conhecimento em HIV/AIDS.
Voluntary work represents one of the foundations for NGO sustainability mainly for the maintenance and continuity of institutional projects. On the other hand, voluntary work has masked unemployment problems being considered a degradation factor in the labor market. In order to support the planning and evaluation for the work organization actions adopted by the institution, this study aims to understand the diversity of meanings presented in voluntary actions based on the implementation experience of receptiveness and volunteer's integration routines in an AIDS/NGO. Content analyses of interviews with 20 volunteer work candidates were carried out. Through this analysis, it was possible to characterize the worker´s profile as well as their conceptions and expectancies. In summary, volunteer work seemed to represent a resource to qualify for inclusion in the labor market and an important element of social identity formation and socialization of knowledge on HIV/AIDS.
Assuntos
Identificação Social , Voluntários , Organizações , AltruísmoRESUMO
Estudo transversal, comparativo que objetiva avaliar a qualidade de vida de idosos que realizam trabalho voluntário, comparando a idosos que não o realizam. Aplicou-se o questionário de Qualidade de Vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde a um grupo de 166 idosos que realizavam trabalho voluntário e a outros 33 que não realizavam. Os resultados revelam a predominância de mulheres, sem companheiro e com alta escolaridade. Quando comparados os escores de qualidade de vida entre os grupos, não houve diferença estatística nos domínios físico e meio ambiente (p>0,05). Nos domínios psicológico, relações sociais e na avaliação global, os idosos voluntários apresentaram escores superiores (p<0,05). No modelo de regressão linear, realizar trabalho voluntário mostrou-se como determinante para melhor qualidade de vida no domínio psicológico e na avaliação global. Sugere-se o trabalho voluntário como mecanismo de promoção da qualidade de vida em idosos, e que pode ser estimulado pelos profissionais de saúde.
This cross-sectional, comparative study was performed with the objective to evaluate the quality of life of elderly individuals who perform volunteer work, compared to those who do not. The WHO Quality of Life questionnaire was applies in a group of 166 elderly individuals who performed volunteer work and to another 33 who did not. Results show most are women, single and with high-level education. Compared to No statistically significant difference was found between the groups for the quality of life scores in the physical and environmental domains (p>0.05). In the psychological and social relations domains, and in the global evaluation, it was observed that volunteers had higher scores (p<0.05). In the linear regression model, performing volunteer work appeared as a determinant for better quality of life in the psychological domain and global evaluation. It is suggested that volunteer work is a mechanism to promote quality of life among the elderly, and can be encouraged by health professionals.
Estudio transversal, comparativo, que objetiva evaluar calidad de vida de ancianos que realizan trabajo voluntario, comparándolos con ancianos que no lo realizan. Se aplicó cuestionario de Calidad de Vida de la OMS a grupo de 166 ancianos que realizaban trabajo voluntario y a 33 que no lo realizaban. Los resultados revelan la predominancia de mujeres, sin compañero y con alta escolaridad. En la comparación de puntajes de calidad de vida entre grupos, no hubo diferencia estadística en los dominios físico y medio ambiente (p>0,05). En los dominios psicológico, relaciones sociales y en evaluación global, los ancianos voluntarios presentaron puntajes superiores (p<0,05). En modelo de regresión linear, realizar trabajo voluntario se mostró como determinante para mejorar la calidad de vida en el dominio psicológico y en evaluación global. Se sugiere trabajo voluntario como mecanismo promotor de calidad de vida en ancianos, esto puede ser estimulado por profesionales de salud.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Qualidade de Vida , Voluntários , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil de voluntários e seu processo de trabalho em humanização hospitalar. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Foram utilizados como instrumentos questionário sociodemográfico e entrevista semi-estruturada, aplicados a 26 coordenadores de voluntariado e 26 voluntários, pertencentes a 25 hospitais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, entre 2008 e 2009. As entrevistas foram analisadas segundo os princípios da análise temática. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: Cinco temas principais foram formulados: perfil do voluntário (idade, sexo, faixa de renda); organização do trabalho voluntário (termo de compromisso, treinamento); relações voluntariado-hospital (relacionamento com a direção do hospital e com os funcionários); motivação (solidariedade, experiência anterior com doenças próprias ou de familiares, realização pessoal, resolução de conflitos) e beneficiários (individual, dual, coletivo); humanização e atividades dos voluntários (cuidados ao paciente, apoio logístico, apoio emocional, desenvolvimento de habilidades dos pacientes, recreação, organização de eventos comemorativos). CONCLUSÕES: Na atividade desenvolvida pelos voluntários há aspectos positivos (como a contribuição para a humanização hospitalar), bem como problemáticos (como a realização de atividades que são atribuições de funcionários). É necessária atenção à normatização das atividades voluntárias, especialmente no cuidado com os pacientes, bem como às ações de valorização do voluntariado nos hospitais e integração dos voluntários com os grupos de trabalho de humanização.
Assuntos
Humanos , Hospitais Públicos , Humanização da Assistência , Voluntários , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
Trata-se de um estudo transversal e comparativo, que objetivou descrever as características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de saúde de idosos que realizam trabalho voluntário em uma Organização Não Governamental de Porto Alegre, e investigar a influência do trabalho voluntário e suas características sobre a autopercepção da saúde desse grupo de idosos, comparando-o com um grupo pareado de idosos que não realizam trabalho voluntário. Verificou-se, por meio de entrevistas, que 87,4 por cento dos idosos voluntários eram mulheres, com ensino médio completo, renda própria e adeptos a práticas religiosas e de saúde. Quando comparados os dados dos grupos de idosos voluntários e não-voluntários, foi mais frequente o relato de autopercepção da saúde ótima nos voluntários (30,5 por cento versus 6,1 por cento, p=0,054). Pela análise multivariada, realizar trabalho voluntário e possuir um número menor de doenças influenciaram a autopercepção positiva da saúde (p<0,05). Os resultados fornecem subsídios para a hipótese de que o trabalho voluntário atue como um mecanismo de promoção da saúde desses idosos.
The objective of this cross-sectional, comparative study was to describe the demographic, socioeconomic and health characteristics of elderly voluntary workers of a Non-governmental organization of Porto Alegre, and investigate the influence of voluntary work and the referred characteristics on the subjects' self-perception of health, compared to a paired group of elderly individuals who did not perform any voluntary work. Through interviews it was found that 87.4 percent of the elderly voluntary workers were women, with complete secondary education, had their own income and followed a religion and a healthy lifestyle. The comparison of data from both groups showed that self-perception of great health was more common among voluntary workers (30.5 percent compared to 6.1 percent, p=0.054). Multivariate analysis revealed that performing voluntary work and having fewer diseases influenced the individuals' having a positive self-perception of their health (p<0.05). Study results support the hypothesis that voluntary work may be a mechanism of health promotion among the elderly.
Se trata de un estudio transversal, comparativo, que apuntó a describir las características demográficas, socioeconómicas y de salud de ancianos que realizan trabajo voluntario en una Organización No Gubernamental de Porto Alegre (Brasil), e investigar la influencia del trabajo voluntario de tales características en la autopercepción de la salud de ese grupo de ancianos, comparándolo con un grupo testigo de ancianos que no realizan trabajo voluntario. Se verificó a través de entrevistas que el 87,4 por ciento de los ancianos voluntarios son mujeres, con enseñanza media completa, renta propia y adeptos a prácticas religiosas y de salud. Realizada la comparación de los datos obtenidos con los correspondientes al grupo testigo de no voluntarios, fue más frecuente el relato de autopercepción de salud óptima en los voluntarios (30,5 por ciento vs 6,1 por ciento, p=0,054). De acuerdo al análisis multivariado, realizar trabajo voluntario y poseer un número menor de enfermedades influenciaron la autopercepción positiva de la salud (p<0,05). Los resultados respaldan la hipótesis de que el trabajo voluntario actúa como un mecanismo de promoción de la salud de tales ancianos.
Assuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Autoimagem , Voluntários/estatística & dados numéricos , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Descrever a percepção dos voluntários sobre os beneficiários do trabalho voluntário no setor de saúde hospitalar e a influência que o tema dos benefícios exerce sobre as motivações. MÉTODOS: Estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa. Participaram 110 voluntários em serviços de saúde referências no tratamento de câncer no Rio de Janeiro (RJ), com coleta de dados de outubro a dezembro de 2001. Os dados foram obtidos por dois instrumentos: um questionário com perfil socioeconômico e sobre motivações para atividade voluntária; e entrevista semi-estruturada para obtenção de dados complementares. RESULTADOS: A visão dos voluntários sobre os beneficiários da atividade voluntária esteve centrada mais freqüentemente no paciente (50,5 por cento), no voluntário (41,9 por cento) e na instituição e sociedade (7,6 por cento). Paciente e voluntário foram considerados simultaneamente beneficiários, sendo o voluntário o que mais recebe benefícios. Foi relatada também uma compreensão do benefício social dessa atividade. CONCLUSÕES: Constatou-se que existe, entre os voluntários, uma noção da importância social do seu trabalho voluntário, faltando uma articulação maior entre motivações individuais e trabalho voluntário como espaço de enfrentamento de problemas sociais.
OBJECTIVE: To describe volunteers' perceptions of the beneficiaries of volunteering within the hospital setting and the influence that the theme of benefits exercises on their motivations. METHODS: This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach. One hundred and ten volunteers working in health services that are references for the treatment of cancer in Rio de Janeiro (Southeastern Brazil) are the subjects of this study. Data was collected between October and December 2001. Data was obtained by two instruments - a questionnaire which identifies the socioeconomic profile and the motivations for undertaking voluntary activity; and a semi-structured interview that provided complementary information. RESULTS: According to the volunteers' perception, the beneficiaries of voluntary activity were, primarily, the patient, (50.5 percent); secondarily the volunteer him/herself (41.9 percent); and least of all, the institution and the society in which these benefits are obtained (7.6 percent). Both the patient and the volunteer were considered simultaneously beneficiaries, being that the volunteer tends to receive more benefits. A comprehension of the social benefits of this activity was also reported. CONCLUSIONS: A notion of the social importance of their volunteering was verified among the volunteers. However, the study indicates that a larger articulation is lacking between individual motivations and volunteer work as a setting within which social problems may be confronted.
OBJETIVO: Describir la percepción de los voluntarios sobre los beneficiarios del trabajo voluntario en el sector de salud hospitalaria y la influencia que el tema de los beneficios ejerce sobre las motivaciones. MÉTODOS: Se efectuó estudio exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo. Participaron 110 voluntarios en servicios de salud de referencia en el tratamiento de cáncer en la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro (Sureste de Brasil), con colecta de datos de octubre a diciembre de 2001. Los datos fueron obtenidos por dos instrumentos: un cuestionario con perfil socioeconómico y sobre motivaciones para actividad voluntaria; y entrevista semi-estructurada para la obtención de datos complementarios. RESULTADOS: La visión de los voluntarios sobre los beneficiarios de la actividad voluntaria estuvo centrada más frecuentemente en el paciente (50,5 por ciento), en el voluntario (41,9 por ciento) y en la institución y sociedad (7,6 por ciento). Paciente y voluntario fueron considerados simultáneamente beneficiarios, siendo el voluntario el que más recibe beneficios. Fue señalado también una comprensión del beneficio social de esa actividad. CONCLUSIONES: Se constató que existe, entre los voluntarios, una noción de la importancia social de su trabajo voluntario, faltando una articulación mayor entre motivaciones individuales y trabajo voluntario como espacio de enfrentamiento de problemas sociales.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Motivação , Percepção , Voluntários/psicologia , Temas Bioéticos , Serviços de Saúde , Entrevistas como Assunto , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Voluntários/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Trata-se de uma reflexão temática que objetiva apresentar o trabalho voluntário como uma alternativa para a promoção da saúde dos idosos brasileiros. Partindo da definição do trabalho voluntário, o artigo contextualiza tal atividade no cenário brasileiro, expondo-o, também, como um instrumento para o alcance de um envelhecimento ativo e saudável. Apresenta estudos internacionais com idosos que realizam voluntariado, os quais encontraram relação entre o trabalho voluntário e satisfação pela vida, menos sintomas depressivos e avaliação positiva da vida, quando comparados com idosos que não o realizam. Concluiu-se, reforçando a importância dos profissionais de saúde a estimularem e a facilitarem o acesso dos idosos à realização do trabalho voluntário, considerando esta atitude um desafio criativo e inovador para a promoção da saúde dos idosos.
This article is a thematic reflection. It aims at presenting volunteer work as an alternative for promoting health for elders in Brazil. Having as a starting point the definition of volunteer work, this study contextualizes this type of activity in Brazilian society, explaining it also as an instrument that makes possible for people to experience an active and healthy aging process. The text presents international studies with elders who volunteer and, as a result, have found a relationship between volunteering and satisfaction with their lives and have had less symptoms of depression and a more positive evaluation of life when compared to elderly who do not volunteer. The conclusion emphasizes the importance for health professionals to stimulate and facilitate the access of elders to volunteer work, considering this posture a creative and innovative challenge for the promotion of health for the elderly.
Este artículo trata de una reflexión temática que tiene como objetivo presentar el trabajo voluntario como una alternativa para la promoción de la salud de los adultos mayores brasileños. Partiendo de la definición del trabajo voluntario, el artículo contextualiza tal actividad en el escenario brasileño, exponiéndolo, también, como un instrumento para alcanzar un envejecimiento activo y saludable. Presenta estudios internacionales con adultos mayores que realizan voluntariado, los cuales encontraron relación entre el trabajo voluntario y satisfacción por la vida, menos síntomas depresivos y evaluación positiva de la vida, cuando fueron comparados con adultos mayores que no lo realizaban. Se concluye, reforzando la importancia de que los profesionales de la salud estimulen y faciliten el acceso de los adultos mayores a la realización del trabajo voluntario, considerando esta actitud un reto creativo e innovador para la promoción de la salud de los adultos mayores.
Assuntos
Idoso , Humanos , Geriatria , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , VoluntáriosRESUMO
Este estudo objetiva apresentar algumas perspectivas de parceria entre organizações sociais e instituições governamentais na atenção à saúde da criança.Trata-se de estudo reflexivo sobre participação social e as articulações entre serviços governamentais e não-governamentais na construção da consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde, destacando o papel dos voluntários e dos profissionais de saúde nesse processo. Na assistência à infância, essas parcerias são potenciais, pela grande amplitude e destaque das organizações sociais dirigidas às crianças, particularmente a Pastoral da Criança, tornando importante o debate sobre políticas públicas que visem a estabelecer e a fortalecer esses vínculos no âmbito local e nacional.
The aim of this research is to present perspectives on partner-ships between social organizations and governmental institutions in children's health care. This study reflects on social participation and relations between governmental and non-governmental services in constructing the consolidation of the Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System), highlighting the role of volunteers and health professionals in this process. In child care, these associations are potential, due to the wide range and prominence of social organizations oriented towards chil-dren, particularly the Pastoral da Criança (the Catholic Church's Child Pastoral), which makes it important to discuss public policies aimed at establishing and strengthening these links in the local and national spheres.
En este estudio se tuvo como objetivo presentar algunas perspectivas de trabajo conjunto entre organizaciones sociales e instituciones gubernamentales en la atención a la salud del niño. Se trata de un estudio reflexivo sobre participación social y las articulaciones entre servicios gubernamentales y no gubernamentales en la construcción de la consolidación del Sistema Único de Salud, destacando el papel de los voluntarios y de los profesionales de salud en ese proceso. En la asistencia a la infancia, esas asociaciones son potenciales, por la gran amplitud y destaque de las organizaciones sociales dirigidas a los niños, particularmente la Pastoral del Niño, tornando importante el debate sobre políticas públicas que visen establecer y fortalecer esos vínculos en el ámbito local y nacional.
Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Proteção da Criança , Órgãos Governamentais/organização & administração , Organizações/organização & administração , Serviço Social/organização & administração , Voluntários , BrasilRESUMO
PIP: A partnership began in 1994 between United Against AIDS International (UAAI) of New York and Accion Ciudadana Contra el SIDA (ACCSI) of Venezuela has led to the development of a volunteer infrastructure including medicine and medical supply donors, airlines, truck drivers, customs officials, storage facilities, and medical personnel to bring treatment to people with AIDS (PWA) in Venezuela. Renate Koch, ACCSI director, began bringing medications home to Venezuela in early 1994, following a visit to New York City, where she met with representatives of ACT UP], the Global Network of People with AIDS, and other New York-based HIV/AIDS associations. Hugh Ward, who founded UAAI to provide HIV/AIDS drugs to PWA in Venezuela, later met with Koch and several other nongovernmental organizations in Caracas. Ward explained that most unused medicines and treatments given to people with AIDS in the US are thrown away after the patient has died or when the patient's health condition demands an alternate treatment. A network of New York-based AIDS organizations and doctors' groups now collects the medicines returned to them by PWA for donation to the medicine bank program. Once the medicines are received in Caracas, they are stored at Accion Ecumenica health clinic for distribution to PWA. While there is always a need for more medicines and supplies, the current network is able to back-stock enough quantities to ensure that patients will receive consistent and sustained treatment. Limited quantities of retrovirals and protease inhibitors are included in the medicine bank.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Infecções por HIV , Cooperação Internacional , Organização e Administração , Organizações , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Terapêutica , Instituições Filantrópicas de Saúde , Voluntários , América , Comportamento , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Administração Financeira , América Latina , New York , América do Norte , América do Sul , Estados Unidos , Venezuela , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Milqueya Portes, vice president of the Family Planning Association of the Dominican Republic (PROFAMILIA), and president of the Dominican Pharmaceutical Industry Association (INFADOMI), was interviewed by JOICFP News on April 11, 1995, concerning the work of PROFAMILIA. Her remarks included the following: 1) the need to orient young people on sexual life, reproduction, and male responsibility; 2) the importance of avoiding sexual activity and pregnancy at too early an age because of interference with reproductive health and educational status; 3) the need to educate young people concerning the care of their health, their bodies, life, and the importance of good health and education; and 4) her association's programs for young people, which provide education and cover acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention. She mentioned that the PROFAMILIA Council has members from different professions, which allows discussion and analysis of issues from different viewpoints. The organization has an active group of volunteers and holds workshops on various issues, including sexual health and reproduction. It recently added a clinic for men to its two clinics for women belonging to PROFAMILIA. It has agreements with more than 100 private clinics that deal with different clinical contraceptive methods (especially the IUD), and with companies that allow it to sell the contraceptive pill and condoms at lower than retail prices. It is engaged in social marketing.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adolescente , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Educação , Escolaridade , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Entrevistas como Assunto , Liderança , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Gravidez na Adolescência , Medicina Reprodutiva , Educação Sexual , Voluntários , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Coleta de Dados , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , República Dominicana , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , Infecções por HIV , Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Comportamento Sexual , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , VirosesRESUMO
A community volunteer programme was initiated in rural Jamaica in May 1990. The main aim of the programme was to monitor the growth of children less than 36 months of age through community health volunteers (CHVs) and improve their nutritional status. At the end of the second year the programme was evaluated to determine its effectiveness. The results of the evaluation indicated that almost all (95.6%) of the children were covered by the CHVs. In addition the participation rate was high (78.5%). However, only 50% of the children were adequately covered. Nonetheless, 81% of them gained adequate weight. Indeed, malnutrition levels declined by 34.5%. The annual cost per child per year for the total programme was fairly moderate (US$14.5) with growth monitoring accounting for nearly half (42.7). The results suggest that CHVs can play an important role in primary health care programmes in developing countries.
PIP: In May 1990 in Jamaica, a nutrition program was established in the isolated and low economic level community of Freemans Hall (population, about 1400; altitude, 1000-1300 m; rainfall, 2000-2000 mm) in Southern Trelawny parish. Community health volunteers (CHVs) monitored the growth of children younger than 36 months. A committee of representatives from the local health team and parent- teachers' association selected four CHVs. One CHV covered about 22 children. Two public health nurses and two nutritionists conducted a one-week training course for the CHVs. Topics included malnutrition, young child feeding and weaning, nutrition during pregnancy, management of diarrhea, family planning, immunization, community weighing and growth monitoring, organization of a health district, and home visiting. The CHVs weighed and measured the height of all children under 36 months old monthly, provided nutritional advice to mothers, and referred malnourished children to a nutrition clinic. They received US$150 as an incentive, which they used to set up income-generating projects (e.g., goat rearing). An evaluation of the process and outcome of the CHV nutrition program during May 1990-April 1992 was conducted. None of the CHVs had stopped their duties. 95.6% of eligible children were registered in the program. 78.5% of the children participated. 50% of the children received adequate coverage. 85.7% of identified malnourished children were adequately covered. The CHVs referred all of the malnourished children to the nutrition clinic. The total cost of the program (nutrition clinics and food supplements) was US$2740. Overall cost/child was US$31.1. The cost for growth monitoring only was US$6.2. Growth monitoring accounted for 42.7% of annual costs. Malnutrition decreased from 17.1% to 11.2% (a 34.5% reduction). 81% of all children gained adequate weight. These findings show that CHVs can contribute significantly to primary health care programs in developing countries.
Assuntos
Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/prevenção & controle , Agentes Comunitários de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos do Crescimento/prevenção & controle , Crescimento , Adulto , Antropometria , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/complicações , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Transtornos do Crescimento/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Prevenção Primária , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/diagnóstico , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/epidemiologia , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/prevenção & controle , Saúde da População Rural , VoluntáriosRESUMO
PIP: A 1979 survey of women aged 15-45 years from Sao Paulo, Brazil, concerning their contraception use demonstrates the impact of family planning, even without an official family planning program. 23% of the women were using the pill and 16% were sterilized. Very few used diaphragms, condoms, or IUDs. Although there is now an official family planning program in Brazil, only middle and upper class women have access to sophisticated means of birth control. Poor women are limited to tubal ligation which is often disguised as a cesarean section (the rate at some hospitals for this operation is 90%). Since the Integrated Project was introduced in 2 pilot areas in 1983, 12 branches, where community representatives run monthly discussion meetings and classes are held on family planning methods, have been established in the city. Nurses coordinate volunteer efforts. The program began in slum areas by utilizing the nurses and nurseries already in place to care for children of working women. New expansion will require integrating the family planning program into other established, nongovernmental organizations and working with municipal and state governments.^ieng
Assuntos
Participação da Comunidade , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Governo , Processos Grupais , Planejamento em Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Enfermeiras e Enfermeiros , Voluntários , América , Brasil , Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Atenção à Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , Política , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: The Gente Joven project of the Mexican Foundation for Family Planning (MEXFAM) trains young volunteers in 19 cities to spread messages about sexually transmitted diseases and population growth to their peers. They also distribute condoms and spermicides. It also uses films and materials to spread its messages. The project would like to influence young men's behavior, but the Latin image of machismo poses a big challenge. It would like to become more responsible toward pregnancy prevention. About 50% of adolescents have sexual intercourse, but few use contraceptives resulting in a high adolescent pregnancy rate. Many of these pregnant teenagers choose not to marry. Adolescent pregnancy leads to girls leaving school, few marketable skills, and rearing children alone. Besides women who began childbearing as a teenager have 1.5 times more children than other women. Male involvement in pregnancy prevention should improve these statistics. As late as 1973, the Health Code banned promotion and sales of contraceptives, but by 1992 about 50% of women of reproductive age use contraceptives. The Center for the Orientation of Adolescents has organized 8 Young Men's Clubs in Mexico City to involve male teenagers more in family planning and to develop self-confidence. It uses a holistic approach to their development through discussions with their peers. A MEXFAM study shows that young men are not close with their fathers who tend to exude a machismo attitude, thus the young men do not have a role model for responsible sexual behavior. MEXFAM's work is cut out for them, however, since the same study indicates that 50% of the young men believe it is fine to have 1 girlfriend and 33% think women should earn more than men. A teenager volunteer reports, however, that more boys have been coming to him for contraception and information than girls in 1992 while in other years girls outnumbered the boys.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Atitude , Coito , Comunicação , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Pai , Fertilidade , Planejamento em Saúde , Relações Interpessoais , Grupo Associado , População , Gravidez na Adolescência , Comportamento Sexual , Pessoa Solteira , Voluntários , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , Estado Civil , Casamento , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Pais , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , PsicologiaRESUMO
PIP: Built and run by a resident's association, a primary health care clinic has guided AIDS control efforts in Rocinha, a district within Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and the largest shanty town in all of Latin America. 130,000 people inhabit Rocinha, where the spread of disease is a constant threat. Drug abuse, prostitution, and sexual violence contribute to the spread of STDs, including HIV/AIDS. In 1983, a grant from Memisa Medicus Mundi allowed the Residents' Association of Barcellos District (AMABB) to build a health post. These health professionals attempt to provide the best individual care possible, while encouraging collective action to control the spread of diseases. In 1990, support from the regional AIDS control program and a charitable foundation allowed the health clinic to launch an AIDS campaign. The clinic was distributes free condoms and provides HIV testing services. The campaign has conducted surveys of knowledge and attitudes, and has carried out mass education efforts. Reflecting the high level of community involvement, the campaign has enlisted the help of volunteers. These volunteers educate their neighbors about HIV/AIDS and safer sex, distribute condoms, and refer people to the health clinic for HIV testing and counseling. A model for urban primary health care, the AMABB clinic illustrates what can be accomplished when residents become involved in promoting health and are supported by committed professionals.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Participação da Comunidade , Preservativos , Atenção à Saúde , Educação , Instalações de Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Áreas de Pobreza , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Pesquisa , Voluntários , América , Brasil , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Geografia , Infecções por HIV , Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , População , América do Sul , População Urbana , Urbanização , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The Casa de Passagem is a comprehensive project which reaches out to aid street girls in Recife, Brazil. Driven by the basic human needs of food, clothing, and shelter for daily survival, many of these youths prostitute themselves at great risk of HIV infection. Street educators work on streets frequented by prospective clients, and constitute the 1st phase of a 3-level approach. If workers succeed in making inroads with these girls, interested girls are then encouraged to partake of services offered at the Casa de Passagem. There, they are able to receive counseling, therapy, education, meals, showers, medical attention, and affection from 7 A.M. to 7 P.M. Where time permits, program staff work with the girls to develop income generation projects. In the 3rd and final phase of the program, street girls either rejoin their parents or move into 1 of 4 community houses run by the projects. There, they assume responsibility for themselves and live on their own. In addition to these program activities, the Casa de Passagem holds workshops and supports local initiatives to strengthen and unite the neighborhood. Where HIV infection and AIDS are particularly concerned, the girls' need to prostitute for daily survival makes AIDS education and behavioral change difficult. To help girls believe that HIV is real, program workers have used microscopes to reveal the existence of objects of microscopic proportions. Further measures include teaching street girls that the shrewd among them take precautions against HIV infection, counselling and providing condoms where possible, training former street girls to serve as peer educators, and holding peer group meetings to think of preventive steps.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Brasil , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
PIP: Research indicates that in-school adolescents in Mexico have their first sexual contact at the average age of 15.5 years. In 50% of cases, such contact is with a boyfriend or girlfriend, 28.1% with a fiance, and 18.3% with a prostitute. First sexual intercourse occurs with a spouse in only 1.3% of cases. Since only one in six young people in Mexico use a form of contraception, many unwanted pregnancies outside of marriage result. 450,000 births in 1989 were to mothers below 20 years old, with 15% of births annually being among teenage mothers. An estimated three million abortions occur annually in Mexico, and abortions are the fifth major cause of death at the national level. Teen pregnancy is decisively linked with poor living conditions and life expectancy, a relatively lower level of education, and rural residence. As for psychological and anthropological variables, most teens who become pregnant belong to large, unstable families with poor family communication, and are characterized as submissive, highly dependent, and of low self-esteem. Targeting students, workers, and other youths, the MEXFAM Youth Program selects and trains program coordinators over age 21 and volunteer promoters of both sexes aged 16-20 in urban/marginal communities. Promoters offer information to their peers and other youths in their local communities, distribute barrier contraceptives, and channel medical, psychological, and legal services to young people in need. Program procedure is described.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Agentes Comunitários de Saúde , Preservativos , Currículo , Atenção à Saúde , Educação , Planejamento em Saúde , Gravidez na Adolescência , Pesquisa , Educação Sexual , Comportamento Sexual , Estudantes , Voluntários , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
PIP: In the poor neighborhoods of the capital city of Port au Prince Haiti are 100s of brightly painted beauty parlors, displaying signs like "Femme Moderne, studio de beaute." They are popular and cheap; between 70 and 80% of the population use them. In the south of the city, a team of health promotion volunteers are turning some 64 beauty parlors into AIDS education and condom distribution centers with the help and cooperation of the owners. The majority of these beauty parlors are owned and run by women who cannot find work elsewhere, including many immigrants from the Dominican Republic. Some proprietors work as prostitutes in the evenings because they cannot survive on the earnings of the parlors. These proprietors are now becoming AIDS educators-- talking to customers, handing out leaflets and distributing free condoms. The team of young volunteers responsible for this education program belong to the Center for Haitian Social Services (CHASS); a nonprofit, voluntary organization set up in 1987 as a community response to the lack of government health and social services. A CHASS volunteer explains: "The beauty parlors were chosen as a focal point for reaching the population. To start with, 1 box of condoms was distributed every week, not the owners are distributing 3 or 4 boxes. We encourage them to keep a record of numbers taken, client's age, sex, marital status and so on." The majority of volunteer health promoters are ex-students who have given up their studies because of lack of funds. Many cannot find jobs, and they are encouraged to develop skills in their volunteer work which could help them find employment in the future. The team of volunteers meets every Saturday to discuss the program and training needs that arise. "At first the focus of our training was on AIDS, but now we need more information about other related issues." The most urgent need is to find out what local people's thoughts and understandings are about the disease. CHASS has designed a questionnaire in Creole and French for use in a knowledge, attitude, and practice survey. Volunteers are interviewing over 1000 local residents, and will randomly select 200 questionnaires to analyze. Information gathered will provide a basis for planning and orienting health education messages. "The problem with planning any educational program," explains Daniel Bernier, "is that Haitians work most of their waking hours--and so we are trying to organize mass education at traditional public gatherings, such as at Church and the gaga (a traditional religious ceremony).^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Comunicação , Preservativos , Coleta de Dados , Atenção à Saúde , Educação em Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Conhecimento , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Estudantes , Voluntários , América , Região do Caribe , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Infecções por HIV , Haiti , Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Pesquisa , Estudos de Amostragem , VirosesRESUMO
There are approximately 50,000 workers employed in the light assembly industry in Haiti. About 70% are women, the majority of whom are aged between 25 and 34 years, and are either single or in a nonpermanent relationship with the father of their children. Many live and work in appalling conditions, surviving on very low wages to support several children and an extended family. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is now a visible problem in many factories. In October 1988, the Center for the Promotion of Women Workers (Centre de Promotion des Femmes Ouvriers/CPFO) launched a pilot AIDS education program for factory women. The Center, based in a large industrial zone near the airport, runs a health clinic and courses in literacy, communications skills, health promotion and family planning. The new AIDS program allowed CPFO staff to gain entry into factories for the 1st time. Other courses were held outside working hours and outside factory premises. Staff contacted manages by telephone to arrange a meeting to discuss AIDS and to ask permission to hold educational "round tables" with workers. Of 18 managers in the factories approached over a 12-month period, only 2 refused entry to CPFO staff. Almost all managers reported they had registered between 2 and 5 deaths from AIDS among their employees over the past couple of years. A total of 85 educational sessions, each lasting about 2 hours, were held within 28 different factories, community or labor organizations reaching 3063 workers (male and female). In each session, the presentation was carried out by 2 CPFO trained monitors and included a slide show, flip charts, and the video "Met ko," originally produced for Haitian immigrants in New York. The most important aspect of the program was the training of 38 volunteer factory-based health promoters. These promoters attended the round table sessions, where they facilitated discussion and distributed condoms and were subsequently available for counseling co-workers. Initially, the Center intended to recruit only literate women as promoters, but several nonliterate women were selected for training by labor organizations 18 hours of tuition and discussion of AIDS/human immunodeficiency virus were held over 2 1/2 weeks, including sessions on group dynamics and organizational skills. To improve communications skills, sessions included role play exercises which were videotaped and played back to trainees. Training in communication skills also helps promoters participate in activities aimed at supporting a broader range of workers' rights.