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Las precipitaciones extremas representan uno de los eventos naturales climáticos más importantes y pueden originar inundaciones devastadoras. De junio a agosto del 2014 se registró una de las más graves inundaciones en la historia de la ciudad de Asunción. Ocasionó un incremento considerable del nivel del río Paraguay y el desplazamiento de 300.000 personas a campamentos provisionales. Debido a que el contacto directo con el agua de inundación, el consumo de agua contaminada y la congregación de los afectados en refugios provisorios son factores de riesgo para enfermedades infecciosas, el objetivo de este estudio fue la implementación de una metodología estandarizada para la concentración y detección de virus entéricos y micobacterias no tuberculosas, por PCR en tiempo real y PCR-asociada al análisis de restricción enzimática (PRA), en muestras de agua de inundaciones y el reporte de los patógenos detectados en las zonas afectadas de Asunción y en la Bahía del Río Paraguay. La metodología propuesta demostró poseer buena sensibilidad y se registró la presencia de rotavirus, norovirus (genogrupos I y II), astrovirus, adenovirus entéricos y micobacterias no tuberculosas en 50% (N=4/8) de las muestras de los barrios Sajonia, San Jerónimo y Ricardo Brugada, Chacarita. Además, reportamos datos secundarios de casos de enfermedades infecciosas, registrados en los servicios de salud de los barrios afectados durante el periodo de inundación.

Extreme rainfall represents one of the most important natural climatic events and can cause devastating floods. From June to August 2014, one of the most serious floods in the history of the city of Asunción was recorded. It caused a considerable increase in the level of the Paraguay River and the displacement of 300,000 people to temporary camps. Since direct contact with flood water, consumption of contaminated water and the congregation of those affected in temporary shelters are risk factors for infectious diseases, the objective of this study was the implementation of a standardized methodology for the concentration and detection of enteric viruses and non-tuberculous mycobacteria, by real-time PCR and PCR-associated enzyme restriction analysis (PRA), in samples of flood water and the report of the pathogens detected in the affected areas of Asunción and in the Bay of the Paraguay River. The proposed methodology proved to have good sensitivity and the presence of rotavirus, norovirus (genogroups I and II), astrovirus, enteric adenovirus and non-tuberculous mycobacteria was recorded in 50% (N=4/8) of the samples from the Sajonia, San Jeronimo and Ricardo Brugada, Chacarita neighborhoods. In addition, we report secondary data on cases of infectious diseases, registered in the health services of the affected neighborhoods during the flood period.

RESUMO

Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) have been introduced as the most important causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in the young children. One of every 260 children born globally will die due to rotavirus (RV) before 5 years old. The RV is widely known as a viral indicator for health (fecal contamination) because this pathogen has a high treatment resistance nature, which has been listed as a relevant waterborne pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore, monitoring of environmental is important, and RV is one of the best-known indicators for monitoring. It has been proved that common standards for microbiological water quality do not guarantee the absence of viruses. On the other hand, in order to recover and determine RV quantity within water, standard methods are scarce. Therefore, dependable prediction of RV quantities in water sample is crucial to be able to improve supervision efficiency of the treatment procedure, precise quantitative evaluation of the microbial risks as well as microbiological water safety. Hence, this study aimed to introduce approaches to detecting and controlling RV in environmental waters, and discussed the challenges faced to enable a clear perception on the ubiquity of the RV within different types of water across the world.

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BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhea is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and is associated with approximately 500,000 deaths/year globally. Rotavirus and norovirus are leading causes of acute diarrhea accounting for more than half of this burden. OBJECTIVE/STUDY DESIGN: To determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of acute diarrhea caused by rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus among children <5 years of age at two departments in Guatemala from January 2014 to December 2015, we tested 471 stool specimens (202 samples from hospitalized children and 269 samples from children in ambulatory clinics) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and genotyped positive samples. RESULTS: Rotavirus was detected in 20.4%, norovirus in 18.5%, sapovirus in 7% and astrovirus in 4.2% of the samples. Co-infection of rotavirus and norovirus was found in 2.6% of the samples. Most norovirus (87.4%) and rotavirus (81.3%) infections were detected in children in the 6-12 months age group. The proportion of patients with rotavirus (34%) and norovirus (23%) was higher in hospitalized patients compared to ambulatory patients, whereas the prevalence of sapovirus and astrovirus was similar in both settings. Of the 40 genotyped norovirus strains, 62.5% were GII.4 and 15% GII.3. Sapovirus genotypes included GI.1 (15.4%), GII.2 (15.4%), GII.5 (38.5%) and GIV.1 (30.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that in 2014-2015, gastroenteritis viruses account for 50% of acute diarrhea in children younger than 5 years of age in Guatemala, highlighting the importance of continuous surveillance to guide impact of the current rotavirus vaccine and formulation of future norovirus vaccines.

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Diarreia aguda infecciosa é processo autolimitado. Manejo adequado de um episódio de diarreia aguda, com hidratação, alimentação e uso racional de exames de laboratório e medicamentos, vem preocupando pediatras e órgãos responsáveis pela saúde mundial. São discutidas aqui estas preocupações. Aspectos fisiopatológicos apresentados visam diminuir, ao máximo, a investigação laboratorial e o uso de medicamentos, com tratamento orientado, principalmente para hidratação e alimentação. Orientações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, acompanhadas pelas do Ministério da Saúde, são comparadas com as últimas recomendações, em 2014, das Sociedades Europeias de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica, Hepatologia e Nutrição e de Doenças Infecciosas. Observa-se grande concordância entre elas, principalmente no tratamento baseado, quase exclusivamente, em hidratação e alimentação, enquanto se espera a autolimitação.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) gastrointestinal infection in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a diagnostic challenge with close relationship with clinical course and treatment response. This article summarizes biology, pathology, clinical manifestation and diagnosis of CMV disease and especially in IBD.

La infección gastrointestinal por citomegalovirus (CMV) en paciente con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) constituye un desafío diagnóstico importante y se encuentra íntimamente relacionada con la evolución y respuesta a tratamiento de la EII. El presente artículo resume las características biológicas del CMV, sus características patogénicas, sus manifestaciones clínicas y sus métodos diagnósticos. Se expone con mayor detalle la implicancia de esta infección en pacientes portadores con EII y su enfrentamiento clínico.

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BACKGROUND: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common disorder that affects children worldwide. It is usually caused by viral agents, including rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, norovirus, and astrovirus groups. Currently, there are few reports about co-infection among these viruses, mainly in Brazil. METHODS: This is a retrospective study in which 84 rotavirus-positive samples from hospitalized patients at a teaching hospital in Southern Brazil, collected in the 2001-2010 period, were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), for the investigation of enteric adenovirus, astrovirus, and norovirus. RESULTS: In total, 12 of the 84 (14%) samples were positive to enteric adenovirus or norovirus. Clinical, laboratory, and demographic data showed statistically significant differences between mono and co-infected patients, including age and depletion rate. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the need for implementation of other enteric virus detection assays in clinical diagnosis for a complete laboratory investigation of hospitalized pediatric patients with AGE, in order to understand the impact of these pathogens on disease severity, spread within hospital, and consequently, prevent the dissemination of nosocomial infections.

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A presente revisão tem por objetivo a descrição da infecção gastrointestinal por rotavírus no âmbito de sua epidemiologia e da importância do seu tratamento, na forma vacinal, que abrange bons resultados contra a maioria dos genótipos e sorotipos mais comuns no planeta. Neste caso, a vacina denominada de Vacina Oral de Rotavírus Humano (VORH), de origem humana, G1P[8] da cepa R1X4414, atualmentefoi a que demonstrou melhoreficácia. Como a vacinação específica é a medida mais eficaz na prevenção e controle, são necessários estudos da eficácia de novas candidatas a vacinas contra o rotavírus no Brasil e no mundo.

This review describes the gastrointestinal infection by rotavirus in the ambit of its epidemiology and the importance of its treatment by vaccines that embrace good results against most of the genotypes and more common sorotypes in the planet. In this case, the vaccine denominated Oral Vaccine of Human Rotavirus (OVHR), from human origin, G1P [8] of thestump R1X4414, now has demonstrated bettereffectiveness. Considering that thespecific vaccination is the most effective way to prevention and control, we need studies about the effectiveness of new vaccines against the rotavirus in Brazil and in the whole world.

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