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Objective The present paper aims to provide a review on the main complications involving traumatic brain injury (TBI) during pregnancy and on the vegetative state after TBI. Methods A systematic review was performed in concordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria checklist. Results Seven studies were included, of which four were case reports, one was a follow-up, one was a comparative study, and one was a literature review. Discussion Presence of neurological deficits such as hemiparesis, neonatal seizures, cerebral palsy, hemorrhage or hydrocephalus was observed in children of mothers who suffered trauma during pregnancy. The prolongation of a pregnancy in these victims, even in brain death, is within the reach of current medicine. Ethical issues must be considered when deciding to prolong a pregnancy of a woman in brain death. Conclusion For the evaluation of pregnant women with TBI, there is a protocol that can be followed in the emergency care service. The cases reported in the literature suggest that there is no clear limit to restrict support to a pregnant patient in a vegetative state. Further studies should be done to elucidate this matter.

Objetivo O presente artigo buscou revisar as principais complicações envolvendo lesão cerebral traumática durante a gravidez e sobre estado vegetativo após esse trauma. Métodos Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada de acordo com o checklist dos critérios Principais itens para relatar Revisões sistemáticas e Metanálises (PRISMA, na sigla em inglês). Resultados Sete estudos foram incluídos, dos quais quatro eram relatos de caso, um era um acompanhamento, um era um estudo comparativo, e um era uma revisão de literatura. Discussão Presença de déficit neurológico como hemiparesias, convulsões neonatais, paralisia cerebral, hemorragia e hidrocefalia foram observadas em crianças cuja mãe sofreu trauma durante a gravidez. O prolongamento da gravidez nessas vítimas, mesmo nos casos de morte cerebral, está ao alcance da medicina atual. Dilemas éticos devem ser considerados na decisão de prolongar a gravidez em mulheres com trauma cerebral. Conclusão Para avaliação de grávidas com trauma cerebral, existe um protocolo que pode ser seguido em serviços de emergência. Os casos relatados na literatura sugerem que não há um limite claro para restringir o suporte a uma paciente grávida em estado vegetativo. Mais estudos devem ser realizados para elucidar a questão.

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BACKGROUND: Tracheostomy is a frequent surgical procedure in subjects with chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). There is no consensus about safety of tracheostomy decannulation in this population.The aim of our study was to estimate if DOC improvement is a predictor for tracheostomy decannulation. Secondary outcomes include mortality rate and discharge destination. METHODS: We conducted an observational, retrospective, case-control study at a weaning and rehabilitation center (WRC). We included tracheostomized subjects with DOC admitted between August 2015 and December 2017. We matched groups based on the consciousness level at admission assessed withthe coma recovery scale revised (CRS-R). Subjects who were later decannulated formed the cases, while those that remained tracheostomized at the end of follow-up formed the controls. Improvement of DOC was defined as a progress in the categories of the CRS-R. RESULTS: 22 subjects were included in each group. No significant differences were found in clinical and demographic variables, except that controls had longer neurologic injury evolution (65.5 vs 51 days, P = .047), more tracheostomy days at admission to ourinstitution (53 vs 33.5, P = .02), and higher prevalence of neurological comorbidities (12 vs 4, P = .03). Subjects who improved their DOC had more chances of being decannulated (OR 11.28, 95% CI 1.96-123.08). Tracheostomy decannulation could not be achieved in most subjects who did not improve from vegetative state (VS) (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02-0.60). 8 subjects, however, could be decannulated in VS, with only one decannulation failure and no deaths. Mortality was higher in controls (0 vs 6, P = .02), especially among VS (0 vs 5, P = .049). No significant differences were found in discharge destination between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects who improve their DOC are more likely to achieve tracheostomy decannulation. Some subjects in VS were decannulated, with lower mortality than those who remained tracheostomized.

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para llevar a cabo esta investigación, se revisó la literatura sobre el caso de Terri Schiavo, paciente que se encontraba en estado vegetativo persistente y quien falleció luego de dos semanas, después de que se le suspendiera su alimentación e hidratación; se validó su diagnóstico y se indagó si fue una paciente terminal, así como también se verificó la evidencia disponible, en relación con la hidratación y nutrición artificial en este tipo de pacientes, para determinar la concordancia de estas medidas. Esta información fue analizada desde la perspectiva nutricional y bioética; en la búsqueda bibliográfica se consultaron las bases de datos Scopus, Scielo y PubMed, con los criterios de búsqueda nutrición e hidratación artificial en pacientes terminales y de pronóstico incierto. Estos hallazgos fueron analizados con el modelo de proporcionalidad terapéutica de Calipari. Por lo anterior, se determinó que la nutrición e hidratación artificial configuraban tratamientos de carácter obligatorio u optativo para Terri. Sin embargo, pese a que no existe información concluyente sobre la nutrición e hidratación artificial en pacientes terminales, ni de pronóstico incierto, se recomienda la evaluación caso a caso de parte del equipo médico, para determinar la proporcionalidad de estos procedimientos en conjunto con el paciente y su familia. Cabe resaltar que son necesarios más estudios para proporcionar mejor evidencia que permita contar con elementos objetivos para una mejor toma de decisiones.

to carry out this research, the literature was reviewed on the case of Terri Schiavo, a patient who was in a persistent vegetative state and who died after two weeks, after her nutrition and hydration were suspended; her diagnosis was validated, and it was investigated whether she was a terminal patient, as well as the available evidence, was verified, in relation to artificial hydration and nutrition in this type of patients to determine the concordance of these measures. This information was analyzed from the nutritional and bioethical perspective; in the bibliographic search, the Scopus, Scielo, and PubMed databases were consulted with the search criteria nutrition and artificial hydration in terminal patients and patients with uncertain prognosis; these findings were analyzed with Calipari's therapeutic proportionality model. Therefore, it was determined that artificial nutrition and hydration are mandatory or optional treatments for Terri. However, there is no conclusive information on artificial nutrition and hydration in terminally ill patients, nor is the prognosis uncertain, and a case-by-case evaluation by the medical team is recommended to determine the proportionality of artificial nutrition and hydration, together with the patient and family. It should be emphasized that more studies are needed to provide better evidence to provide objective elements for better decision-making.

Para realizar esta pesquisa, foi revisada a literatura sobre o caso de Terri Schiavo, paciente que se encontrava em estado vegetativo persistente e que faleceu após duas semanas depois de sua alimentação e hidratação terem sido suspensas. Foi avaliado seu diagnóstico e questionado se foi uma paciente terminal, bem como verificada a evidência disponível quanto à hidratação e à nutrição artificiais nesse tipo de pacientes para determinar a concordância dessas medidas. Essa informação foi analisada sob a perspectiva nutricional e bioética; na busca bibliográfica, foram consultadas as bases de dados Scopus, SciELO e PubMed, com os critérios de busca "nutrição e hidratação artificiais em pacientes terminais e de prognóstico incerto". Esses achados foram analisados com o modelo de proporcionalidade terapêutica de Calipari. Assim, foi determinado que a nutrição e a hidratação artificiais configuram tratamentos de caráter obrigatório ou opcional para Terri. Contudo, não existe informação conclusiva sobre a nutrição e a hidratação artificiais em pacientes terminais, nem em pacientes com prognóstico incerto. É recomendada a avaliação por parte da equipe médica caso a caso para determinar a adequação da nutrição e da hidratação artificiais em conjunto com o paciente e sua família. Cabe ressaltar que mais estudos são necessários para proporcionar melhor evidência que permita contar com elementos objetivos para uma melhor tomada de decisões.

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Patient relatives often request withdrawal of life support, especially artificial nutrition and hydration, in cases of permanent vegetative or minimally conscious state, and resort to court in case of disagreement. Two recent cases of withdrawal authorized by the courts concerned, one from abroad and one from Argentina, have been controversial. Although it may appear inhuman to stop feeding and hydrating such patients, to continue it only prolongs a state of irreversible biological subsistence. Families tend to increasingly accept withdrawal if the patient status remains unchanged. However, concern persists regarding the suffering that patients may undergo from onset of withdrawal till death, even though such suffering is little conceivable in the absence of cortical function and conscience content. While doctors and the layman consider ethical to withdraw life support, a nonnegligible proportion of doctors consider that vegetative state patients, even more minimally conscious state patients, do experience hunger, thirst and pain. In some countries, like the United Kingdom, strict withdrawal criteria were proposed, together with pharmacological treatment schemes for the distress arising during the withdrawal period, even though its benefit is controversial. In Argentina, two scientific societies have publicly advocated withdrawal, but not issued formal guidelines. In any case, both "dignified death" Law 26.742 and the Civil Code consent withdrawal of life support, if accompanied by appropriate relief of clinical symptoms indicating suffering.

Es frecuente que familiares directos soliciten la suspensión de soporte vital, en particular de la hidratación y nutrición asistidas, en pacientes con estado vegetativo o de mínima conciencia permanente, y que recurran a la justicia en caso de desacuerdo. Dos casos recientes de suspensión, uno del exterior y otro argentino, autorizados por los tribunales respectivos, han sido motivo de controversia. Si bien puede parecer inhumano dejar de alimentar e hidratar, continuar haciéndolo solo prolonga un estado de supervivencia biológica irreversible. Las familias tienden a aceptar la suspensión si el paciente se mantiene sin cambios. Sin embargo, persiste preocupación por el posible sufrimiento desde la suspensión hasta la muerte, aunque el mismo es poco concebible en ausencia de función cortical y de conciencia. Si bien médicos y profanos consideran ético suspender el soporte vital, una cierta proporción de médicos considera que en el estado vegetativo, o más aún, en mínima conciencia, efectivamente se experimenta hambre, sed y dolor. En países como el Reino Unido, se han propuesto criterios de suspensión de soporte vital, y esquemas de tratamiento para el malestar durante el período de suspensión, aunque su beneficio efectivo es controvertido. La Argentina cuenta con recomendaciones de dos sociedades científicas, pero no con criterios reglamentados. Pero tanto la Ley 26.742 de "muerte digna" como el Código Civil consienten la suspensión del soporte vital en el estado vegetativo o de mínima conciencia, si se acompaña de medidas de alivio de los síntomas clínicos que puedan significar sufrimiento.

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Es frecuente que familiares directos soliciten la suspensión de soporte vital, en particular de la hidratación y nutrición asistidas, en pacientes con estado vegetativo o de mínima conciencia permanente, y que recurran a la justicia en caso de desacuerdo. Dos casos recientes de suspensión, uno del exterior y otro argentino, autorizados por los tribunales respectivos, han sido motivo de controversia. Si bien puede parecer inhumano dejar de alimentar e hidratar, continuar haciéndolo solo prolonga un estado de supervivencia biológica irreversible. Las familias tienden a aceptar la suspensión si el paciente se mantiene sin cambios. Sin embargo, persiste preocupación por el posible sufrimiento desde la suspensión hasta la muerte, aunque el mismo es poco concebible en ausencia de función cortical y de conciencia. Si bien médicos y profanos consideran ético suspender el soporte vital, una cierta proporción de médicos considera que en el estado vegetativo, o más aún, en mínima conciencia, efectivamente se experimenta hambre, sed y dolor. En países como el Reino Unido, se han propuesto criterios de suspensión de soporte vital, y esquemas de tratamiento para el malestar durante el período de suspensión, aunque su beneficio efectivo es controvertido. La Argentina cuenta con recomendaciones de dos sociedades científicas, pero no con criterios reglamentados. Pero tanto la Ley 26.742 de "muerte digna" como el Código Civil consienten la suspensión del soporte vital en el estado vegetativo o de mínima conciencia, si se acompaña de medidas de alivio de los síntomas clínicos que puedan significar sufrimiento.

Patient relatives often request withdrawal of life support, especially artificial nutrition and hydration, in cases of permanent vegetative or minimally conscious state, and resort to court in case of disagreement. Two recent cases of withdrawal authorized by the courts concerned, one from abroad and one from Argentina, have been controversial. Although it may appear inhuman to stop feeding and hydrating such patients, to continue it only prolongs a state of irreversible biological subsistence. Families tend to increasingly accept withdrawal if the patient status remains unchanged. However, concern persists regarding the suffering that patients may undergo from onset of withdrawal till death, even though such suffering is little conceivable in the absence of cortical function and conscience content. While doctors and the layman consider ethical to withdraw life support, a nonnegligible proportion of doctors consider that vegetative state patients, even more minimally conscious state patients, do experience hunger, thirst and pain. In some countries, like the United Kingdom, strict withdrawal criteria were proposed, together with pharmacological treatment schemes for the distress arising during the withdrawal period, even though its benefit is controversial. In Argentina, two scientific societies have publicly advocated withdrawal, but not issued formal guidelines. In any case, both "dignified death" Law 26.742 and the Civil Code consent withdrawal of life support, if accompanied by appropriate relief of clinical symptoms indicating suffering.

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Only a fraction of patients in coma secondary to a primary acute brain injury develop a vegetative state (VS). At least 20% of patients show late transitions to a minimally conscious states (MCS). They are particularly common in young adults with traumatic brain injury. The main problems faced by clinicians are the diagnostic accuracy of VS and MCS as well as the usefulness of sophisticated paraclinical investigations. Specific therapies are of limited effectiveness. This population is vulnerable to misdiagnosis and limited access to medical care and rehabilitation, thus generating ethical problems.

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OBJECTIVE: The P300 component of a sensory event-related potential is one of the major electrophysiological markers used to explore remnants of cognitive function in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). However, measuring the P300 in patients is complicated by significant inter-trial variability commonly observed in levels of arousal and awareness. To overcome this limitation, we analyzed single-trial modulation of power in the delta and theta frequency bands, which underlie the P300. METHODS: In a preliminary cross-sectional study using a 24-channel EEG and a passive own-name oddball paradigm, we analyzed event-related synchronization (ERS) across trials in the delta and theta bands in a sample of 10 control and 12 DoC subjects. RESULTS: In comparison to controls, DoC subjects presented a low percentage of trials where delta ERS was observed. In particular, coordinated modulation between delta and theta in response to the stimulus was absent, with a high percentage of trials where only theta ERS was observed. Further, we found a positive correlation between the percentage of epochs with delta ERS and the strength of the P300. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced modulation of spectral activity in the delta band in response to stimuli indicates a dissociation in the activity of the neural networks that oscillate in delta and theta ranges and contribute to the generation of the P300. SIGNIFICANCE: The reduction in spectral modulation observed in DoC provides a deeper understanding of neurophysiological dysfunction and the means to develop a more fine-grained marker of residual cognitive function in individual patients.

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Sutton and Clauss presented a detailed review about the effectiveness of zolpidem, discussing recoveries from brain damage due to strokes, trauma and hypoxia. A significant finding has been the unexpected and paradoxical increment of brain activity in vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS). On the contrary, zolpidem is considered one of the best sleep inducers in normal subjects. We have studied series of VS/UWS cases after zolpidem intake. We have demonstrated EEG activation, increment of BOLD signal in different brain regions, and an autonomic influence, mainly characterized by a vagolytic chronotropic effect without a significant increment of the vasomotor sympathetic tone. As this autonomic imbalance might induce cardio- circulatory complications, which we didn't find in any of our patients, we suggest developing future trials under control of physiological indices by bedside monitoring. However, considering that the paradoxical arousing zolpidem effect might be certainly related to brain function improvement, we agree with Sutton and Clauss that future multicentre and multinational clinical trials should be developed, but under control of physiological indices.

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Introduction Tracheostomy weaning in patients who suffered a severe acquired brain injury is often a challenge and decannulation failures are not uncommon. Objective Our study objective is to describe the decannulation failure rate in patients undergoing rehabilitation following a severe acquired brain injury (sABI); to describe the factors associated with a successful tube weaning. Methods We conduct a retrospective analysis of charts, consecutively retrieved considering a 3-year window. Variables analyzed were: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), cause of hospitalization (stroke, trauma, cardiac arrest), date of the pathological event, gap between the index event and the first day of hospitalization, duration of Neurorehabilitation Ward hospitalization, comorbidities, chest morphological alteration, kind of tracheostomy tube used (overall dimension, cap, fenestration), SpO2, presentation and quantification of pulmonary secretion, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), respiratory frequency and pattern, cardiac frequency, presence of spontaneous cough, cough strength, and blood gas analysis. Results We analyzed 45 tracheostomised sABI patients following stroke, trauma, or cardiac arrest. The weaning success percentage was higher in Head Trauma patients and in patients presenting positive spontaneous cough. Failures seem to be associated with presence of secretions and anoxic brain damage. GCS seemed not related to the decannulation outcome. Conclusions Parameters that could be used as positive predictors of weaning are: mean expiratory pressure, presence of spontaneous cough, and cough strength. Provoked cough and GCS were not predictive of weaning success.

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Abstract Introduction Tracheostomy weaning in patients who suffered a severe acquired brain injury is often a challenge and decannulation failures are not uncommon. Objective Our study objective is to describe the decannulation failure rate in patients undergoing rehabilitation following a severe acquired brain injury (sABI); to describe the factors associated with a successful tube weaning. Methods We conduct a retrospective analysis of charts, consecutively retrieved considering a 3-year window. Variables analyzed were: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), cause of hospitalization (stroke, trauma, cardiac arrest), date of the pathological event, gap between the index event and the first day of hospitalization, duration of Neurorehabilitation Ward hospitalization, comorbidities, chest morphological alteration, kind of tracheostomy tube used (overall dimension, cap, fenestration), SpO2, presentation and quantification of pulmonary secretion, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), respiratory frequency and pattern, cardiac frequency, presence of spontaneous cough, cough strength, and blood gas analysis. Results We analyzed 45 tracheostomised sABI patients following stroke, trauma, or cardiac arrest. The weaning success percentage was higher in Head Trauma patients and in patients presenting positive spontaneous cough. Failures seem to be associated with presence of secretions and anoxic brain damage. GCS seemed not related to the decannulation outcome. Conclusions Parameters that could be used as positive predictors of weaning are: mean expiratory pressure, presence of spontaneous cough, and cough strength. Provoked cough and GCS were not predictive of weaning success.

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Brain-injured patients may, with the assistance of life support, continue to perform basic bodily functions, but yet be deficient in wakefulness, awareness, decision making or other overt manifestations of consciousness. Here, we review two neurological states observed in brain injured patients with different degrees of brain impairment, the vegetative state (VS)and the minimally conscious state (MCS), and we discuss how these states are diagnosed through assessing patient behavioral responses during clinical examination. We consider howfunctional neuroimaging has revealed preserved cognitive capacities in patients that were supposed to be in the VS and has introduced a new diagnosis, cognitive motor dissociation.We review the GW Theory proposal that consciousness arises from functional connectivity (FC) of widely separated brain regions. We discuss how such high FC underlies the DefaultMode Network (DMN), a group of neural circuits that are active when an individual is not involved with external tasks and engages in introspective thinking. Finally, we discuss thefinding that the level of FC of the DMN is diminished in brain injured patients and the proposal that the level of residual DMN FC in brain injured patients is an index of their consciousness

Pacientes com lesão cerebral, quando assistidos, podem continuar a desempenhar funções fisiológicas básicas, mesmo estando com a vigília, a atenção, a capacidade de decisão e outras funções de consciência prejudicadas. Revisamos aqui dois níveis de distúrbio de consciência o estado vegetativo (VS) e o nível de consciência mínima (MCS), e discutimos como são diagnosticados através das respostas comportamentais durante o exame clínico. Abordamos como a neuroimagem funcional revelou capacidades cognitivas preservadas em pacientes supostamente em estado vegetativo, introduzindo um novo diagnóstico: a dissociação cognitivo-motora. Revisamos a proposta da Global Workspace (GW) teoria de que a consciência surge a partir de um alto grau de conectividade funcional (FC) entre áreas cerebrais distantes. Discutimos como esta alta conectividade é a base do Default Mode Network (DMN), uma rede neural ativada quando o indivíduo não está envolvido com tarefas externas e se volta para atividade mental introspectiva. Finalmente, discutimos os achados de redução do nível de FC no DMN em pacientes com lesão cerebral e a proposta de que o mesmo poderia ser um índice do nível de consciência nesses pacientes.

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Brain-injured patients may, with the assistance of life support, continue to perform basic bodily functions, but yet be deficient in wakefulness, awareness, decision making or other overt manifestations of consciousness. Here, we review two neurological states observed in brain injured patients with different degrees of brain impairment, the vegetative state (VS)and the minimally conscious state (MCS), and we discuss how these states are diagnosed through assessing patient behavioral responses during clinical examination. We consider howfunctional neuroimaging has revealed preserved cognitive capacities in patients that were supposed to be in the VS and has introduced a new diagnosis, cognitive motor dissociation.We review the GW Theory proposal that consciousness arises from functional connectivity (FC) of widely separated brain regions. We discuss how such high FC underlies the DefaultMode Network (DMN), a group of neural circuits that are active when an individual is not involved with external tasks and engages in introspective thinking. Finally, we discuss thefinding that the level of FC of the DMN is diminished in brain injured patients and the proposal that the level of residual DMN FC in brain injured patients is an index of their consciousness.(AU)

Pacientes com lesão cerebral, quando assistidos, podem continuar a desempenhar funções fisiológicas básicas, mesmo estando com a vigília, a atenção, a capacidade de decisão eoutras funções de consciência prejudicadas. Revisamos aqui dois níveis de distúrbio de consciência o estado vegetativo (VS) e o nível de consciência mínima (MCS), e discutimoscomo são diagnosticados através das respostas comportamentais durante o exame clínico. Abordamos como a neuroimagem funcional revelou capacidades cognitivas preservadas empacientes supostamente em estado vegetativo, introduzindo um novo diagnóstico: a dissociação cognitivo-motora. Revisamos a proposta da Global Workspace (GW) teoria de que a consciência surge a partir de um alto grau de conectividade funcional (FC) entre áreas cerebrais distantes. Discutimos como esta alta conectividade é a base do Default Mode Network (DMN), uma rede neural ativada quando o indivíduo não está envolvido com tarefas externas e se volta para atividade mental introspectiva. Finalmente, discutimos os achadosde redução do nível de FC no DMN em pacientes com lesão cerebral e a proposta de que o mesmo poderia ser um índice do nível de consciência nesses pacientes.(AU)

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Actualización del extenso y variado concepto de la neuroética. Se discute la responsabilidad profesional, tanto de médicos como de otros profesionales vinculados con las diversas ramas de la neurociencia, relacionados con la salud y la enfermedad de los pacientes afectados de un proceso que comprometa al sistema nervioso central o periférico. Se analiza el espectro amplio de la neurociencia y su vinculación con la neurotecnología. Se enumeran los diversos tipos de iatrogenia. Descripción de cuatro pacientes en estado vegetativo y muerte cerebral. Se plantea la actitud y responsabilidad del profesional médico analizando y discutiendo el enfoque terapéutico correspondiente. Se recuerdan las desviaciones de la neuroética durante el período nazi, antes y durante la Segunda Guerra mundial. Se mencionan situaciones médicas especiales que plantean aspectos neuroéticos.

Update of broad concept of neuroethics. The liability of different members related to neuroscience connected to health and disease of the central and peripheral nervous system are discussed. The importance of neuroethics with neurotechnology. Different types of iatrogenic disturbances are mentioned. Four patients with vegetative state and cerebral death, and the medical responsibility in the therapeutic approach are analyzed. Deviations of neuroethics during the nazi period and the second world war are described. Some especial medical situations with neuroethics aspects are commented.

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As discussões a respeito das condutas de limitação de esforço terapêutico (LET) são frequentes nas unidades de terapia intensiva e na especialidade médica oncológica e são também importantes em contextos hospitalares de internação de longa permanência para vítimas de grandes traumas e agravos que necessitam de cuidados prolongados à saúde e de reinserção social. Na prática clínica, a tomada de decisão para LET é complexa e deve envolver o indivíduo, a família e a equipe multiprofissional. O objetivo deste artigo é discorrer a respeito da LET como um abrangente processo de "adequação de medidas" por agregação consensual de fatores centrado na pessoa, pautado por intensificação dos cuidados paliativos...

Las discusiones acerca de las conductas de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico (LET) son comunes en las unidades de cuidados intensivos y oncología y también son importantes en hospitales de larga estancia para las personas víctimas de traumatismos graves y lesiones que requieren atención de salud a largo plazo y la reintegración social. En la práctica clínica, la toma de decisiones para la LET es compleja y debe abordar al individuo, la familia y el equipo multiprofesional. El propósito de este artículo es discutir sobre LET como un proceso integral de "adecuación de medidas" mediante la agregación consensual de factores centrados en la persona, marcado por la intensificación de los cuidados paliativos...

Discussions about the limitation of therapeutic effort are common in intensive care units and oncology and are also important in long stay hospitals for victims of major trauma and injuries that require long-term health care and social reintegration. In clinical practice, the decision making for limitation of therapeutic effort is complex and multifactorial and should involve the individual, the family and the multidisciplinary team. The purpose of this article is to discuss about limitation of therapeutic effort as a comprehensive process of "adjustment of measures" for consensual aggregation of person-centered factors, marked by intensification of palliative care...

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El estado vegetativo persistente es una condición clínica caracterizada por la ausencia completa de conciencia sobre uno mismo y el entorno, unido a ciclos de sueño-vigilia, con preservación total o parcial de las funciones hipotalámicas y autonómicas del tallo encefálico. En el presente artículo, el autor discute aspectos puntuales sobre la entidad clínica, basado en su experiencia y en la revisión de la bibliografía sobre el tema; igualmente se exponen elementos clínicos y epidemiológicos de la afección, se propone una clasificación causal, y se enuncian los criterios de la Multisociety Task Force on Persistent Vegetative State para realizar el diagnóstico, así como los exámenes complementarios, que se dividen en estudios imagenológicos y electrofisiológicos. De los hallazgos anatomopatológicos se resaltan 3 patrones fundamentales: lesiones bilaterales y difusas de la corteza cerebral, daños difusos de las conexiones intra- y subcorticales de la sustancia blanca de los hemisferios cerebrales, y necrosis del tálamo; mientras que del tratamiento se proponen 2 pilares básicos: tratar la enfermedad de base y ofrecer cuidados generales. Entre los fármacos -- clasificados en 2 categorías: depresores y estimulantes del sistema nervioso -- se destaca el zolpidem, que ha mostrado los mejores resultados. Finalmente, se plantea que en Cuba se defiende que estos pacientes pueden ser asistidos en la atención primaria de salud.

The persistent vegetative state is a clinical condition characterized by the complete absence of consciousness of oneself and the environment, linked with sleep-wake cycles, with total or partial preservation of hypothalamic and autonomic functions of the brainstem. In this article the author discusses specific aspects related to the clinical entity, based on his experience and literature survey on the subject. Also, clinical and epidemiological elements of the condition are stated, a causal classification is proposed, and the criteria of the Multisociety Task Force on Persistent Vegetative State for diagnosis are set, as well as complementary tests, which are divided in imaging and electrophysiological studies. Of the pathological findings three fundamental patterns are stressed: diffuse bilateral lesions of the cerebral cortex, diffuse damages of white matter intracortical and subcortical connections of the cerebral hemispheres, and necrosis of the thalamus, whereas two basic treatment mainstays are proposed: to treat underlying condition and provide general care. Among the drugs --classified in 2 categories: depressants and stimulants of the nervous system-- zolpidem is highlighted, which has shown the best results. Finally, it is stated that in Cuba it is argued that these patients can be treated at the primary health care.

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OBJECTIVES: Family members of patients in a vegetative state have relatively high rates of anxiety and distress. It is important to recognize the problems faced by this population and apply psychological interventions to help them. This exploratory study describes the psychological stress experienced by family members of patients in a vegetative state. We discuss the effectiveness of a psychological crisis intervention directed at this population and offer suggestions for future clinical work. METHODS: A total of 107 family members of patients in a vegetative state were included in the study. The intervention included four steps: acquisition of facts about each family, sharing their first thoughts concerning the event, assessment of their emotional reactions and developing their coping abilities. The Symptom Check List-90 was used to evaluate the psychological distress of the participants at baseline and one month after the psychological intervention. Differences between the Symptom Check List-90 scores at the baseline and follow-up evaluations were analyzed. RESULTS: All participants in the study had significantly higher Symptom Check List-90 factor scores than the national norms at baseline. There were no significant differences between the intervention group and the control group at baseline. Most of the Symptom Check List-90 factor scores at the one-month follow-up evaluation were significantly lower than those at baseline for both groups; however, the intervention group improved significantly more than the control group on most subscales, including somatization, obsessive-compulsive behavior, depression, and anxiety. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the four-step intervention method effectively improves the mental health of the family members who received this treatment and lessens the psychological symptoms of somatization, obsessive-compulsive behavior, depression and anxiety.

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The vegetative state (VS) is characterized by the absence of awareness of self or the environment and preserved autonomic functions. The diagnosis relies critically on the lack of consistent signs of purposeful behavior in response to external stimulation. Yet, given that patients with disorders of consciousness often exhibit fragmented movement patterns, voluntary actions may go unnoticed. Here we designed a simple motor paradigm that could potentially detect signs of purposeful behavior in VS patients with mild to severe brain damage by examining the neural correlates of motor preparation in response to verbal commands. Twenty-four patients who met the diagnostic criteria for VS were recruited for this study. Eleven of these patients showing preserved auditory evoked potentials underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test for basic speech processing. Five of these patients, who showed word related activity, were included in a second fMRI study aimed at detecting functional changes in premotor cortex elicited by specific verbal instructions to move either their left or their right hand. Despite the lack of overt muscle activity, two patients out of five activated the dorsal premotor cortex contralateral to the instructed hand, consistent with movement preparation. Our results may reflect residual voluntary processing in these two patients. We believe that the identification of positive results with fMRI using this simple task, may complement the clinical assessment by helping attain a more precise diagnosis in patients with disorders of consciousness.

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El espacio de reflexión y debate que ofrece la Bioética debe ser aprovechado, fundamentalmente, en temas tan escabrosos como comprometedores con la existencialidad del hombre. Con el avance impetuoso de la ciencia y la tecnología, los límites entre la vida y la muerte se han dilatado, el contexto del espacio y el tiempo en que se desarrolla la muerte humana ha cambiado. Y no es que no se muera o que se muera mucho menos que en tiempos remotos, sino que los dilemas que se configuran alrededor de la muerte son otros. El poder resolutivo de las ciencias biomédicas hace que cada día nos encontremos ante eventos nunca antes pensados por el hombre por los que surgen estados ontológicos generan dudas sobre referentes éticos solidificados por el hombre. ¿Qué entender por persona? ¿Qué es la muerte? ¿Cómo asumirla? Todas son preguntas que marcan el hilo conductor de la reflexión para responder ante los conflictos de la existencialidad humana en los límites ahora movedizos de la vida.

The opportunity of reflection and debate that offers Bioethics must be well-planned, essentially in crude issues as compromising with the existence of the man. With the impetuous advance of science and the technology the limits between the life and the death have dilated, the context space time in which the human death is developed has changed, is not that it does not die or that dies much less that in remote times, but the dilemmas that are formed around the death are others. The decisive power of biomedical sciences causes that every day we are before events never thought before by the man, arise ontological states that put in crisis and doubt ethical episteme solidified by the man.

E necessário explorar o espaço de reflexão e debate que oferece a bioética, sobretudo em áreas tão delicadas, relacionadas com a existência humana. Com o rápido avanço da ciência e da tecnologia, têm-se ampliados os limites entre a vida e a morte, mudou o contexto espaço-tempo em que se desenvolve a morte humana. Não é que ninguém morra nem menos pessoas morram hoje do que outros tempos, mas são diferentes os dilemas em torno da morte. O poder de resolução das ciências biomédicas permite que ocorram eventos diários jamais concebidos pelo homem; surgem estados ontológicos que põem em crise e questionam alguns epistemes éticos petrificados pelo homem.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Pressure ulcers are lesions caused by inadequate blood flow and tissue malnourishment secondary to prolonged pressure on skin, soft connective tissues, muscle and/or bones. The authors report two distinct clinical situations of severely compromised neurological patients who shared several predisposing factors for pressure ulcers, but with opposite outcomes regarding the development of pressure ulcers. CASE REPORTS: The first case was a young patient in a persistent vegetative state who developed pressure ulcers that resulted in secondary sepsis and death. The second case was a patient with a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who, in spite of being bedridden for several months with severe immobility, never developed pressure ulcers. These intriguing contrary clinical situations had already been defined by Charcot in the nineteenth century, with his creation of the expression "decubitus ominosus". He indicated that patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually did not develop this form of complication, as was illustrated by the cases presented here.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Escaras de decúbito (ED) são lesões decorrentes de fluxo sangüíneo inadequado, com desnutrição tecidual secundária à pressão prolongada da pele, tecido conjuntivo, músculos e/ou ossos. Os autores relatam dois casos de pacientes com grave comprometimento neurológico e com vários fatores predisponentes para o desenvolvimento de escaras de decúbito, porém com conseqüências opostas. RELATO DE CASOS: O primeiro caso, um jovem paciente em estado vegetativo persistente, desenvolveu extensas ED evoluindo para sepse e óbito. O segundo caso, o paciente com esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA), ficou longo período restrito ao leito com imobilidade acentuada, mas sem o aparecimento de ED. Estas duas situações clínicas já foram bem definidas por Charcot no século XIX, quando este criou o termo "decubitus ominosus" que se aplica ao primeiro caso, e quando definiu que pacientes com ELA raramente desenvolvem ED, fato observado no segundo caso.

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Los desórdenes de la conciencia continúan fascinando a neurólogos, neurocientíficos y filósofos pero durante décadas no han sido objeto de estudios consistentes debido a su dificultad en el abordaje experimental. En los últimos años, un creciente número de grupos de investigación en neurociencias cognitivas están abordando el estudio de la neurofisiología de la conciencia desde una perspectiva experimental a pesar de la complejidad metodológica y epistemológica del tema. Aunque es difícil de describir la conciencia, ésta podría ser definida como una combinación entre la capacidad de estar en vigilia (wakefulness) y el hecho de estar consciente (awareness). Desde una perspectiva neurobiológica se ha propuesto que el sistema de la formación reticular ascendente y sus proyecciones talámicas serían críticos en modular el ciclo sueño vigilia y el alerta (wakefulness). La capacidad de darse cuenta conscientemente (awareness) sería una función de las redes neurales entre la corteza y el tálamo y el sistema córtico-cortical. Distintos modelos se han utilizado al atacar este difícil problema; estudios in vivo no invasivos, en personas conscientes con lesiones cerebrales, en animales y en personas en estados de conciencia disminuida. En este artículo revisamos la evidencia científica de los correlatos neurales de los procesos conscientes e inconscientes en diferentes estados de conciencia haciendo hincapié en pacientes en estado de conciencia disminuida.

Disorders of consciousness have captivated neurologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers for decades, but few consistent studies have been conducted on these conditions due to their difficult experimental approach. In recent years, an increasing number of cognitive neuroscience research groups have examined the physiology of consciousness from an experimental perspective, despite the methodological and epistemological complexities of the field. While describing consciousness can be challenging, a close definition must acknowledge a combination of wakefulness and awareness. Form a neurobiological standpoint; it has been argued that the ascending reticular system and its thalamic projections are critical in modulating awareness and wakefulness sleep cycles. Awareness may be a function of the neural networks within the cortex, the thalamus, and the cortico-cortical system. Different models have been employed to tackle this difficult problem, including non-invasive in vivo studies, examination of conscious patients with brain lesions, and studies on both animals and patients with disorders of consciousness. This article reviews the scientific evidence for the neural basis of conscious and unconscious processes in different states of consciousness, focusing on patients in the vegetative and minimally conscious state.

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