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Understanding the evolution and the effect of plasticity in plant responses to environmental changes is crucial to combat global climate change. It is particularly interesting in species that survive in distinct environments, such as Eugenia uniflora, which thrives in contrasting ecosystems within the Atlantic Forest (AF). In this study, we combined transcriptome analyses of plants growing in nature (Restinga and Riparian Forest) with greenhouse experiments to unveil the DEGs within and among adaptively divergent populations of E. uniflora. We compared global gene expression among plants from two distinct ecological niches. We found many differentially expressed genes between the two populations in natural and greenhouse-cultivated environments. The changes in how genes are expressed may be related to the species' ability to adapt to specific environmental conditions. The main difference in gene expression was observed when plants from Restinga were compared with their offspring cultivated in greenhouses, suggesting that there are distinct selection pressures underlying the local environmental and ecological factors of each Restinga and Riparian Forest ecosystem. Many of these genes engage in the stress response, such as water and nutrient transport, temperature, light intensity, and gene regulation. The stress-responsive genes we found are potential genes for selection in these populations. These findings revealed the adaptive potential of E. uniflora and contributed to our understanding of the role of gene expression reprogramming in plant evolution and niche adaptation.
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To gain insights into the trichurid diversity in pre-Hispanic remains of South American camelids (SACs), as well as into modern SAC populations, a bibliographic search was carried out to find parasitological studies. Results showed that a total of 17 studies were performed at archaeological and paleontological sites, in which a total of 213 samples were examined. The sample set was used as the unit of analysis, and 83% of 52 pre-Hispanic sample sets were positive for parasites. Parasitological studies confirmed the pre-Hispanic presence of diverse trichurids: two Trichuris species and capillariid eggs with morphological differences that allowed them to be assigned to three different species. Currently, the richness of the native trichurid assemblages in SACs has been extended by the inclusion of two species (Trichuris sp. 2 and Capillariinae gen. sp. 1). Modern T. tenuis Chandler, 1930, considered SAC-specific, would have invaded SAC populations during the European colonization. The estimate of regional and temporal trichurid prevalence and paleoecological information allowed us to propose a possible origin for some of them. Although the present analysis is exploratory, it should stimulate future studies about the biogeographic history of SAC helminths, provide relevant information to improve descriptions of the Holocene ecology, and identify threatened helminths.
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Helmintos , Nematoides , Parasitos , Animais , Trichuris , América do SulRESUMO
Feeding habits are important for understanding the behavior of organisms in their respective habitats, and their interactions. Food habit is also an important factor for comparing diet and predation among individuals of the same taxonomic category, such as family, subfamily, tribe, genus, etc.Therefore, the aim of this work is to review and compile data from the literature on the feeding habits of snakes of five Dipsadidae tribes: Dipsadini, Elapomorphini, Philodryadini, Pseudoboini, and Xenodontini. Data on diet, predation, and feeding habits were searched, for understanding the traits of each tribe. The representatives of the tribe Dipsadini for example, have a diet of gastropods, slugs and snails, the tribe Elapomorphini has a specialized diet in ophiophagy, i.e., a diet based on other snakes, while the tribes Philodryadini and Pseudoboini both have a more generalist diet, it can be observed that small lizards and mammals are the most consumed in these two tribes, and the tribe Xenodontini specializes in preying on anurans. These results were obtained based on the food items described in the literature, such as amphibians, birds, gastropods, lizards, mammals, fish, eggs and snakes, so in the present study will also be analyzed, what are the characteristics of specialization and generalization regarding the diets of each tribe.
O hábito alimentar, é importante para compreender comportamentos dos organismos em seus respectivos habitats e as suas interações. O hábito alimentar também é um fator importante para comparar dieta e predação entre indivíduos da mesma categoria taxonômica, como por exemplo, família, subfamília, tribo, gênero e etc. Por isso o intuito deste trabalho foi revisar e compilar dados da literatura em relação a hábitos alimentares de serpentes de cinco tribos da família Dipsadidae, sendo elas Dipsadini, Elapomorphini, Philodryadini, Pseudoboini e Xenodontini. Dados de dieta, predação e hábitos alimentares foram levantados para compreender as tendências e padrões de cada tribo. Os representantes da tribo Dipsadini por exemplo, tem a sua dieta em gastrópodes lesmas e caramujo, na tribo Elapomorphini tem sua dieta especializada em ofiofagia ou seja, dieta a base de outras serpentes, já as tribos Philodryadini e Pseudoboini ambos possuem uma alimentação mais generalista, posso pode se observar que pequenos lagartos e mamíferos são os mais consumidos nestas duas tribos, e a tribo Xenodontini é especialista em predar anuros. Esses resultados foram obtidos com base em itens alimentares descrito na literatura como por exemplo, anfíbios, aves, gastrópodes, lagartos, mamíferos, peixes, ovos e serpentes, portanto no presente estudo será analisado também, quais características de especialização e generalização em relação a dietas de cada tribo.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Balanophoraceae is one of the most bizarre and biologically interesting plant clades. It groups species with peculiar features that offers an opportunity for investigating several aspects of parasite plant development and morphogenesis. We analysed the development and the mature vegetative body of Lathrophytum peckoltii Eichler, focusing on the formation of the host-parasite interface. Additionally, we analysed how this parasitic interaction causes modifications to the anatomy of Paullinia uloptera Radlk and Serjania clematidifolia Cambess host roots. METHODS: Vegetative bodies of the parasite at different developmental stages were collected while infesting the roots of Sapindaceae vines. Non-parasitized host roots were also collected for comparison. Light, epifluorescence, confocal and scanning electron microscopy were used for the analysis. KEY RESULTS: The initial cells of the vegetative axis divide repeatedly, originating a parenchymatous matrix, which occupies the space from the cortex to the vascular cylinder of the host's root. In the peripheral layers of the matrix, located near the xylem of the host's roots, a few cells initiate the process of wall lignification, originating the parasitic bundle. The vascular cambium of the host's root changes the division plane and becomes composed of fusiform initials, forming the vascular bundle. The vegetative axis presents a dermal tissue similar to a phellem, a parenchymatous matrix and a vascular system with different origins. CONCLUSION: The parasite reproduces by endophytic development, in a manner similar to that observed for endoparasites. The strategy of late cell differentiation could aid the parasite in avoiding early detection and triggering of defence responses by the host. This development causes changes to the host root cambial activity, leading to the establishment of direct, vessel to vessel connection between host and parasite. We associate these changes with the cambium modularity and an influx of parasite-derived hormones into the host cambium.
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Balanophoraceae , Sapindaceae , Câmbio , Raízes de Plantas , XilemaRESUMO
South American racers of the tribe Philodryadini are a widespread and diverse group of Neotropical snakes with a complex taxonomic and systematic history. Recent studies failed to present a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for the tribe, mainly due to incomplete taxon sampling. Here we provide the most extensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Philodryadini available so far, including 20 species (83% of the known diversity) from which six were not sampled previously. Our results reveal that Philodryadini is not monophyletic, but instead includes a central Andean clade formed by Philodryas simonsii, P. tachymenoides, and P. amaru, and a southern and cis-Andean clade including all remaining philodryadines. This discovery requires resurrection of two genera as well as erection of a new tribe of Xenodontinae for the central Andean clade. Within the southern and cis-Andean radiation, our analyses resolve a basal dichotomy separating two main lineages: Clade A, containing the Common Green Racers P. laticeps and P. viridissima and the South American Vine snakes P. georgeboulengeri and P. argentea; and Clade B, including the remaining species of Philodryas sensu stricto. We resurrect the genera Chlorosoma and Xenoxybelis to better represent the monophyly of lineages within the southern and cis-Andean clade.(AU)
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Animais , Serpentes/anatomia & histologia , Serpentes/classificação , Serpentes/genética , Filogenia , Classificação , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , América do SulRESUMO
Rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin; TK) has received attention for its natural rubber content as a strategic biomaterial, and a promising, sustainable, and renewable alternative to synthetic rubber from fossil carbon sources. Extensive research on the domestication and rubber content of TK has demonstrated TK's potential in industrial applications as a relevant natural rubber and latex-producing alternative crop. However, many aspects of its biology have been neglected in published studies. For example, floral development is still poorly characterized. TK inflorescences were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Nine stages of early inflorescence development are proposed, and floral micromorphology is detailed. Individual flower primordia development starts at the periphery and proceeds centripetally in the newly-formed inflorescence meristem. Floral organogenesis begins in the outermost flowers of the capitulum, with corolla ring and androecium formation. Following, pappus primordium-forming a ring around the base of the corolla tube-and gynoecium are observed. The transition from vegetative to inflorescence meristem was observed 21 days after germination. This description of inflorescence and flower development in TK sheds light on the complex process of flowering, pollination, and reproduction. This study will be useful for genetics, breeding, systematics, and development of agronomical practices for this new rubber-producing crop.
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Myiopsitta monachus is a small Neotropical parrot (Psittaciformes: Arini Tribe) from subtropical and temperate regions of South America. It has a diploid chromosome number 2n = 48, different from other members of the Arini Tribe that have usually 70 chromosomes. The species has the lowest 2n within the Arini Tribe. In this study, we combined comparative chromosome painting with probes generated from chromosomes of Gallus gallus and Leucopternis albicollis, and FISH with bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) selected from the genome library of G. gallus with the aim to shed light on the dynamics of genome reorganization in M. monachus in the phylogenetic context. The homology maps showed a great number of fissions in macrochromosomes, and many fusions between microchromosomes and fragments of macrochromosomes. Our phylogenetic analysis by Maximum Parsimony agree with molecular data, placing M. monachus in a basal position within the Arini Tribe, together with Amazona aestiva (short tailed species). In M. monachus many chromosome rearrangements were found to represent autopomorphic characters, indicating that after this species split as an independent branch, an intensive karyotype reorganization took place. In addition, our results show that M. monachus probes generated by flow cytometry provide novel cytogenetic tools for the detection of avian chromosome rearrangements, since this species presents breakpoints that have not been described in other species.
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South American racers of the tribe Philodryadini are a widespread and diverse group of Neotropical snakes with a complex taxonomic and systematic history. Recent studies failed to present a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for the tribe, mainly due to incomplete taxon sampling. Here we provide the most extensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Philodryadini available so far, including 20 species (83% of the known diversity) from which six were not sampled previously. Our results reveal that Philodryadini is not monophyletic, but instead includes a central Andean clade formed by Philodryas simonsii, P. tachymenoides, and P. amaru, and a southern and cis-Andean clade including all remaining philodryadines. This discovery requires resurrection of two genera as well as erection of a new tribe of Xenodontinae for the central Andean clade. Within the southern and cis-Andean radiation, our analyses resolve a basal dichotomy separating two main lineages: Clade A, containing the Common Green Racers P. laticeps and P. viridissima and the South American Vine snakes P. georgeboulengeri and P. argentea; and Clade B, including the remaining species of Philodryas sensu stricto. We resurrect the genera Chlorosoma and Xenoxybelis to better represent the monophyly of lineages within the southern and cis-Andean clade.
Assuntos
Animais , Classificação , Filogenia , Serpentes/anatomia & histologia , Serpentes/classificação , Serpentes/genética , América do Sul , Código de Barras de DNA TaxonômicoRESUMO
Abstract South American racers of the tribe Philodryadini are a widespread and diverse group of Neotropical snakes with a complex taxonomic and systematic history. Recent studies failed to present a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for the tribe, mainly due to incomplete taxon sampling. Here we provide the most extensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Philodryadini available so far, including 20 species (83% of the known diversity) from which six were not sampled previously. Our results reveal that Philodryadini is not monophyletic, but instead includes a central Andean clade formed by Philodryas simonsii, P. tachymenoides, and P. amaru, and a southern and cis-Andean clade including all remaining philodryadines. This discovery requires resurrection of two genera as well as erection of a new tribe of Xenodontinae for the central Andean clade. Within the southern and cis-Andean radiation, our analyses resolve a basal dichotomy separating two main lineages: Clade A, containing the Common Green Racers P. laticeps and P. viridissima and the South American Vine snakes P. georgeboulengeri and P. argentea; and Clade B, including the remaining species of Philodryas sensu stricto. We resurrect the genera Chlorosoma and Xenoxybelis to better represent the monophyly of lineages within the southern and cis-Andean clade.
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Arawete and Asurini Indian tribes were revisited after a 36-year follow-up in search of HTLV infections. 46 persons (23 from each tribe) were tested for HTLV-1/2 antibodies and viral DNA. None were positive; this was probably because of their social/cultural isolation from neighboring tribes where HTLV-2c is hyperendemic.
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Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/etnologia , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/transmissão , Povos Indígenas , Isolamento Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Deltaretrovirus/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Indian history textbook for class eight published by the National Council for Educational Research and Training includes a plethora of images, and readers are encouraged to look at them critically. There is a clear effort to teach history through the visuals. This research is primarily concerned about the representation of the historical stories of the tribal people of India and thus it only closely analyzes the chapter four that is dedicated to the stories of the tribal people. Moreover, this paper critically examines three pictures of the tribal people of India, taken by an internationally recognized photo journalist Sunil Janah, that have been attached to the forth chapter of the book. This is an effort to show the contrast between the stories behind the pictures in their original context, with the new stories that the same pictures depict in a very different context in the textbook. The changed meaning of the pictures and the way they are used in the textbook shows an ignorance of telling the history of the tribal people in their own way. A closer look will reveal the dominance of highly colonized ideology that encourages the book writers to dehumanize a very diverse Indian tribal community and neglect their identity by putting them under one umbrella term. Also, the same ideology reflects when the book attempts to tell their stories in an apathetic and monotonous way.
O livro de história indiano para a classe oito publicada pelo Conselho Nacional de pesquisa educacional e formação inclui uma infinidade de imagens, e os leitores são encorajados a olhar para estas criticamente. Há um esforço claro em ensinar a história através do visual. Esta pesquisa é principalmente preocupada com a representação das estórias históricas do povo tribal da Índia e, para tanto, analisa detalhadamente em seu capítulo quatro as histórias do povo tribal. Além disso, este artigo examina criticamente três fotos do povo tribal da Índia, tiradas por um jornalista fotográfico internacionalmente reconhecido, Sunil Janah, que foram anexadas ao capítulo quatro do livro. Este é um esforço para mostrar o contraste entre as histórias por trás das imagens em seu contexto original, com as novas histórias que as mesmas imagens retratam em um contexto muito diferente no livro didático. O significado alterado das imagens e a maneira como elas são usados no livro didático, mostra uma ignorância em contar a história das pessoas tribais em sua própria maneira. Um olhar mais atento revelará a predominância da ideologia altamente colonizada que incentiva os escritores do livro a desumanizar uma comunidade tribal indiana muito diversa e a negligenciar sua identidade ao colocá-la embaixo de um guarda-chuva de um só termo. Além disso, a mesma ideologia se revela quando o livro tenta contar suas histórias de uma forma apática e monótona.
El libro de texto de historia de la India para la clase ocho publicado por el Consejo Nacional de Investigación y Capacitación Educativa incluye una gran cantidad de imágenes, y se anima a los lectores a mirarlas críticamente. Hay un claro esfuerzo por enseñar a la historia a través de las imágenes. Esta investigación es principalmente preocupante de la representación de las historias históricas del pueblo tribal de la India y por lo tanto sólo analiza de cerca el capítulo cuatro que está dedicado a las historias del pueblo tribal. Además, este documento examina críticamente tres imágenes del pueblo tribal de la India, tomadas por un periodista fotográfico reconocido internacionalmente, Sunil Janah, que se han adjuntado al capítulo cuatro del libro. Este es un esfuerzo para mostrar el contraste entre las historias detrás de las imágenes en su contexto original, con las nuevas historias que las mismas imágenes representan en un contexto muy diferente en el libro de texto. El significado cambiado de las imágenes y la forma en que se utilizan en el libro de texto, muestran una ignorancia de contar la historia del pueblo tribal a su manera. Una mirada más cercana revelará el dominio de la ideología altamente colonizada que alienta a los escritores de libros a deshumanizar a una comunidad tribal india muy diversa y descuidar su identidad poniéndolos bajo un término general. Además, la misma ideología se refleja cuando el libro intenta contar sus historias de una manera apática y monótona.
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Livros Ilustrados , História , Índia , Grupos Populacionais , Aprendizagem , Processos MentaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Triatomines have been grouped into complexes and subcomplexes based largely on morphological and geographical distribution. Although these groupings are not formally recognised as taxonomic ranks, they are likely monophyletic. However, recent studies have demonstrated that some subcomplexes from South America did not form monophyletic groups, and reorganisations have been suggested. One suggested reorganisation is to exclude Triatoma vitticeps, T. melanocephala, and T. tibiamaculata from the T. brasiliensis subcomplex. However, T. vitticeps and T. melanocephala exhibit several similar characteristics, including morphologic, cytogenetic, and phylogenetic features, a factor which supports the creation of a new subcomplex. Thus, this study aimed to describe the T. vitticeps subcomplex. RESULTS: T. vitticeps and T. melanocephala are sister species and share a phylogenetic relationship, several similar morphological characteristics, the same composition of constitutive heterochromatin (Xs CG-rich and Y AT-rich), the same karyotype (2n = 20A + X1X2X3Y), and the same meiotic behaviour during spermatogenesis. Based on karyosystematics, for example, the T. vitticeps subcomplex may differ from all of the other subcomplexes from South America, as well as from the Rhodniini tribe and the genus Panstrongylus. We argue that the case of agmatoploidy involving the X chromosome was responsible for the karyotype divergence of this subcomplex in relation to the other South America subcomplexes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the phenotypic characteristics (morphology) and genotypes (cytogenetics and molecular features), we propose the creation of the monophyletic T. vitticeps subcomplex, which we believe is distinct from all other subcomplexes from South America.
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Insetos Vetores , Triatoma/classificação , Animais , Feminino , Heterocromatina/química , Cariótipo , Masculino , Meiose , América do Sul , Espermatogênese , Triatoma/anatomia & histologia , Triatoma/citologia , Triatoma/genéticaRESUMO
Leaf-cutter ants cultivate and feed on the mutualistic fungus, Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, which is threatened by parasitic fungi of the genus Escovopsis. The mechanism of Escovopsis parasitism is poorly understood. Here, we assessed the nature of the antagonism of different Escovopsis species against its host. We also evaluated the potential antagonism of Escovopsioides, a recently described fungal genus from the attine ant environment whose role in the colonies of these insects is unknown. We performed dual-culture assays to assess the interactions between L. gongylophorus and both fungi. We also evaluated the antifungal activity of compounds secreted by the latter on L. gongylophorus growth using crude extracts of Escovopsis spp. and Escovopsioides nivea obtained either in (1) absence or (2) presence of the mutualistic fungus. The physical interaction between these fungi and the mutualistic fungus was examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Escovopsis spp. and E. nivea negatively affected the growth of L. gongylophorus, which was also significantly inhibited by both types of crude extract. These results indicate that Escovopsis spp. and E. nivea produce antifungal metabolites against the mutualistic fungus. SEM showed that Escovopsis spp. and E. nivea maintained physical contact with the mutualistic fungus, though no specialised structures related to mycoparasitism were observed. These results showed that Escovopsis is a destructive mycoparasite that needs physical contact for the death of the mutualistic fungus to occur. Also, our findings suggest that E. nivea is an antagonist of the ant fungal cultivar.
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Agaricales/metabolismo , Antibiose/fisiologia , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Formigas/microbiologia , Extratos Celulares/farmacologia , Hypocreales/patogenicidade , Animais , Técnicas de Cocultura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Simbiose/fisiologiaRESUMO
A review is presented on cranial trepanations performed by primitive cultures. The scientific interest in this topic began after the discovery in 1965 by Ephraim G. Squier of a pre-Columbian trepanated skull, and studied by Paul Broca in Paris. Pseudotrepanation and other types of cranial manipulation are reviewed. The techniques, technology, and instruments for every type of trepanation are well known. There are a surprisingly high percentage of cases showing signs of post-trepanation survival. Indications for trepanation are speculative, perhaps magic. Although trepanation in primitive cultures is widespread around the world, and throughout time, the main fields of interest are the Neolithic Period in Europe, the pre-Columbian Period in Andean South America, and some contemporaneous Pacific and African tribes. This particular trepanation procedure has no relationship with modern Neurosurgery, or with trepanations with therapeutic purposes performed since the Greco-Roman period in Europe, and afterwards around the world.
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Medicina Tradicional/história , Trepanação/história , África , Antropologia Cultural , Remodelação Óssea , Comportamento Ritualístico , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/cirurgia , Etnicidade/história , Europa (Continente) , Fósseis , Cefaleia/cirurgia , História do Século XVI , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional , Oceania , Osteogênese , Peru , Crânio/diagnóstico por imagem , Crânio/patologia , Crânio/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Trepanação/instrumentação , Trepanação/métodos , Trepanação/mortalidade , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
The EF1α is a multifunctional protein with additional unrelated activities to its primary function in translation. This protein is encoded by a multigene family and few studies are still available in plants. Expression of six EF1α genes in Glycine max was performed using RT-qPCR and RNA-seq data to advance in the function of each gene during plant development, stress conditions and phytohormone treatments. A phylogenetic classification in Phaseoleae tribe was used to identify the G. max EF1α genes (EF1α 1a1, 1a2, 1b, 2a, 2b and 3). Three EF1α types (1-3) were found in Phaseoleae revealing duplications in G. max types 1 and 2. EF1α genes were expressed in all studied tissues, however, specific amount of each transcript was detected. In plant development, all EF1α transcripts were generally more expressed in younger tissues, however, in unifoliolate leaves and cotyledons a higher expression occurred in older tissues. Five EF1α genes (except 2a) were up-regulated under stress in a response tissue/stress/cultivar-dependent. EF1α 3 was the most stress-induced gene linked to cultivar stress tolerance mainly in aerial tissues. Auxin, salicylate and ethylene induced differentially the EF1α expression. Overall, this study provides a consistent EF1α classification in Phaseoleae tribe to better understand their functional evolution. The RT-qPCR and RNA-seq EF1α expression profiles were consistent, both exhibiting expression diversification of each gene (spatio-temporal, stress and phytohormone stimuli). Our results point out the EF1α genes, especially EF1α 3, as candidate for developing a useful tool for future G. max breeding.
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Fator de Iniciação 1 em Eucariotos/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Glycine max/genética , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Estresse Fisiológico , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Família Multigênica , Filogenia , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/métodos , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Glycine max/efeitos dos fármacos , Glycine max/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Plant lectins have been studied as histological markers and promising antineoplastic molecules for a long time, and structural characterization of different lectins bound to specific cancer epitopes has been carried out successfully. The crystal structures of Vatairea macrocarpa (VML) seed lectin in complex with GalNAc-α-O-Ser (Tn antigen) and GalNAc have been determined at the resolution of 1.4Å and 1.7Å, respectively. Molecular docking analysis of this new structure and other Tn-binding legume lectins to O-mucin fragments differently decorated with this antigen provides a comparative binding profile among these proteins, stressing that subtle alterations that may not influence monosaccharide binding can, nonetheless, directly impact the ability of these lectins to recognize naturally occurring antigens. In addition to the specific biological effects of VML, the structural and binding similarities between it and other lectins commonly used as histological markers (e.g., VVLB4 and SBA) strongly suggest VML as a candidate tool for cancer research.
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Antígenos Glicosídicos Associados a Tumores/química , Antígenos Glicosídicos Associados a Tumores/metabolismo , Fabaceae/química , Lectinas de Plantas/química , Lectinas de Plantas/metabolismo , Acetilgalactosamina/química , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Mucina-2/química , Homologia Estrutural de Proteína , TermodinâmicaRESUMO
The third instar larvae and the pupae of Platyphileurus felscheanus Ohaus, 1910 (Phileurini), recently synonymized with Surutu jelineki Endrodi, 1975 (Cyclocephalini), are described and illustrated, and some life history information is given. The larvae were collected and reared in bromeliads in rain forests of Santa Catarina state in southern Brazil. The systematic position of this monotypic genus is reassessed at the tribe level by considering larval and adult morphological characters. Both character sets, being described and illustrated, suggest the placement of Platyphileurus in the tribe Oryctini.
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Leaf-cutting ants modify the properties of the soil adjacent to their nests. Here, we examined whether such an ant-altered environment impacts the belowground fungal communities. Fungal diversity and community structure of soil from the fungus garden chambers of Atta sexdens rubropilosa and Atta bisphaerica, two widespread leaf-cutting ants in Brazil, were determined and compared with non-nest soils. Culture-dependent methods revealed similar species richness but different community compositions between both types of soils. Penicillium janthinellum and Trichoderma spirale were the prevalent isolates in fungus chamber soils and non-nest soils, respectively. In contrast to cultivation methods, analyses of clone libraries based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region indicated that richness of operational taxonomic units significantly differed between soils of the fungus chamber and non-nest soils. FastUnifrac analyses based on ITS sequences further revealed a clear distinction in the community structure between both types of soils. Plectania milleri and an uncultured Clavariaceae fungus were prevalent in fungus chamber soils and non-nest soils, respectively. FastUnifrac analyses also revealed that fungal community structures of soil from the garden chambers markedly differed among ant species. Our findings suggest that leaf-cutting ants affect fungal communities in the soil from the fungus chamber in comparison to non-nest soils.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Himenópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Microbiologia do Solo , Agaricales , Animais , Ascomicetos , Brasil , DNA Fúngico/química , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/química , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Fungos/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Penicillium , Análise de Sequência de DNA , TrichodermaRESUMO
The occurrence of Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., popularly known as pupunha palm, among other names, has been registered in the Guianas and in the North of Brazil in areas of terra firme (non-flooding) and gallery forests. In order to characterize the inflorescence and further knowledge of this family, a morphoanatomical study was carried out of the palm S. inajai in a green area of the Campus of the Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas. The inflorescences are branched to one order, pedunculate, and interfoliar, measuring 62-82 cm in length, with woody bracts with longitudinal grooves on the external surface, and flowers in triads. The number of flowers to each inflorescence varies from 5,904 to 17,316 for staminate flowers, and from 180 to 3,528 for pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers with six anthers and one vascular bundle each; three-lobed pistillodium, vascularized pistillodium. Its pistillate flowers have six staminodia joined to form a circle, syncarpic, tricarpellary, trilocular gynoecium, one ovule to each locule, synascidiate in the ovary, and plicated above. Tripartite stigma, apical and sessile, with epidermis composed of elongated papillary cells, pattern of epidermis that is maintained throughout the stylar canal. Bitegmented, anatrope, pachychalazal ovule.(AU)
Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., popularmente conhecida como pupunha-brava entre outras denominações, teve sua ocorrência registrada para Guianas e no norte do Brasil em áreas de floresta de terra firme e floresta de galeria. Com o intuito de caracterizar a inflorescência ampliando o conhecimento a respeito da família foi realizado o estudo morfoanatômico da palmeira S. inajai, em área verde do Campus da Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas. A inflorescência é ramificada em primeira ordem, pedunculada, interfoliar com 62-82 cm de comprimento, bráctea lenhosa com fissuras longitudinais na superfície externa e flores em tríades. O número de flores por inflorescência varia entre 5.904 - 17.316 para flores estaminadas e 180 - 3.528 para as flores pistiladas. Flores estaminadas com seis anteras e um feixe vascular cada; pistilódio trífido e vascularizado. Flores pistiladas com seis estaminódios unidos formando um círculo. Gineceu sincárpico, tricarpelar, trilocular, um óvulo por lóculo, sinascidiado no ovário e plicado acima. Estigma tripartido, apical e séssil, com epiderme composta por células papilosas alongadas, padrão de epiderme que se mantem por todo canal estilar. Óvulo é anátropo, paquicalazal e bitegumentado.(AU)
Assuntos
Arecaceae/anatomia & histologia , Arecaceae/fisiologia , Inflorescência , Ecossistema Amazônico , BrasilRESUMO
The occurrence of Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., popularly known as pupunha palm, among other names, has been registered in the Guianas and in the North of Brazil in areas of terra firme (non-flooding) and gallery forests. In order to characterize the inflorescence and further knowledge of this family, a morphoanatomical study was carried out of the palm S. inajai in a green area of the Campus of the Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas. The inflorescences are branched to one order, pedunculate, and interfoliar, measuring 62-82 cm in length, with woody bracts with longitudinal grooves on the external surface, and flowers in triads. The number of flowers to each inflorescence varies from 5,904 to 17,316 for staminate flowers, and from 180 to 3,528 for pistillate flowers. Staminate flowers with six anthers and one vascular bundle each; three-lobed pistillodium, vascularized pistillodium. Its pistillate flowers have six staminodia joined to form a circle, syncarpic, tricarpellary, trilocular gynoecium, one ovule to each locule, synascidiate in the ovary, and plicated above. Tripartite stigma, apical and sessile, with epidermis composed of elongated papillary cells, pattern of epidermis that is maintained throughout the stylar canal. Bitegmented, anatrope, pachychalazal ovule.
Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., popularmente conhecida como pupunha-brava entre outras denominações, teve sua ocorrência registrada para Guianas e no norte do Brasil em áreas de floresta de terra firme e floresta de galeria. Com o intuito de caracterizar a inflorescência ampliando o conhecimento a respeito da família foi realizado o estudo morfoanatômico da palmeira S. inajai, em área verde do Campus da Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas. A inflorescência é ramificada em primeira ordem, pedunculada, interfoliar com 62-82 cm de comprimento, bráctea lenhosa com fissuras longitudinais na superfície externa e flores em tríades. O número de flores por inflorescência varia entre 5.904 - 17.316 para flores estaminadas e 180 - 3.528 para as flores pistiladas. Flores estaminadas com seis anteras e um feixe vascular cada; pistilódio trífido e vascularizado. Flores pistiladas com seis estaminódios unidos formando um círculo. Gineceu sincárpico, tricarpelar, trilocular, um óvulo por lóculo, sinascidiado no ovário e plicado acima. Estigma tripartido, apical e séssil, com epiderme composta por células papilosas alongadas, padrão de epiderme que se mantem por todo canal estilar. Óvulo é anátropo, paquicalazal e bitegumentado.