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Grapes are globally popular with wine production being one of the most well-known uses of grapes worldwide. Brazil has a growing wine industry, and the Serra Gaúcha region is a significant contributor to the country's wine production. Nonetheless, other states are increasing their relevance in this segment. Environmental factors and the soil microbiome (bacteria and fungi) heavily influence grape quality, shaping the crucial "terroir" for wines. Here, soil quality was assessed through nutrient analysis and bacteria microbial diversity, which could significantly impact grape health and final wine attributes. Soil samples from São Paulo's vineyards, focusing on Syrah, Malbec, and Cabernet Sauvignon, underwent chemical and microbial analysis via 16S rRNA metabarcoding and highlighted significant differences in soil composition between vineyards. Statistical analyses including PCA and CAP showcased region-based separation and intricate associations between microbiota, region, and grape variety. Correlation analysis pinpointed microbial genera linked to specific soil nutrients. Random Forest analysis identified abundant bacterial genera per grape variety and the Network analysis revealed varied co-occurrence patterns, with Cabernet Sauvignon exhibiting complex microbial interactions. This study unveils complex relationships between soil microbiota, nutrients, and diverse grape varieties in distinct vineyard regions. Understanding how these specific microorganisms are associated with grapes can improve vineyard management, grape quality, and wine production. It can also potentially optimize soil health, bolster grapevine resilience against pests and diseases, and contribute to the unique character of wines known as terroir.

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The impact of global warming on Argentine viticulture may result in a geographical shift, with wine-growing regions potentially moving towards the southwest, known as one of the windiest regions in the world. Deficit irrigation is a widely used strategy to control the shoot growth and improve fruit quality attributes, such as berry skin polyphenols. The present study aimed to assess the effects of different wind intensities and irrigation levels, as well as their interactions, on field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons with two wind treatments (sheltered and exposed) and two irrigation treatments (well-watered and moderate deficit irrigation) in a multifactorial design. Vegetative growth, stomatal conductance, shoot biomass partition, fruit yield components and berry skin phenolics were evaluated. Our study found that, generally, wind exposure reduced vegetative growth, and deficit irrigation increased the proportion of smaller berries within the bunches. Meanwhile, deficit irrigation and wind exposure additively increased the concentration of berry skin phenolics. Combined stressful conditions enhance biomass partition across the shoot to fruits in Malbec, increasing the weight of bunches and the number of berries. Our findings offer practical implications for vineyard managers in windy regions, providing actionable insights to optimize grapevine cultivation and enhance wine quality.

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Artisanal cheese from Serra Geral, Minas Gerais, Brazil, stands out for its cultural asset and socio-economic relevance. However, standards of identity and quality and the peculiar terroir associated with the edaphoclimatic conditions have not been established. Therefore, the production flow diagram and the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of the raw milk, pingo (natural starter culture), production benches, water and fresh cheese were investigated for the first time. In addition, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from cheese and its production environment were identified by MALDI-TOF. For that, 12 cheese making facilities were selected. The raw milk and pingo showed adequate physico-chemical characteristics for cheesemaking; however, high microbial counts were found. In the water, total and thermotolerant coliforms were also identified. The fresh cheeses were classified as 'high moisture and fat' and 'soft mass'. Most physico-chemical parameters were satisfactory; however, there were high counts of total coliforms, Staphylococcus spp. and coagulase-positive staphylococci. There were high counts of LAB in the raw milk, pingo, bench surface and fresh cheese. A total of 84 microbial biotypes from MRS agar were isolated. Lactococcus lactis was the predominant LAB, followed by Lactococcus garvieae. Leuconostoc mesenteroides (benches), Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (fresh cheese), and Enterococcus faecium (pingo) were identified sporadically. These results indicate the risks to public health associated with the consumption of the fresh cheese, and measures to improve its safety are needed.

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Canastra's Minas artisanal cheese [QMA (Minas artisanal cheese)] is a protected geographical indication traditional food. The influence of fungi on the cheese ripening process is of great importance. This study aimed to apply culture-dependent and -independent methods to determine the mycobiota of QMA produced in the Canastra region, as well as to determine its physicochemical characteristics. Illumina-based amplicon sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were the culture-independent methods used. The physicochemical analysis results showed that the QMA has a moisture content ranging 18.4-28.2%, fat content ranging 20.5-40%, sodium chloride percentage of approximately 0.9%, and pH ranging 5.2-5.5. The population of fungi ranged between 6.3 and 8 log colony-forming unit/g. Fusarium spp., Geotrichum candidum, Paecilomyces spp., Trichosporon coremiiforme, Candida catenulata, Aspergillus spp., Trichosporon japonicum, Aspergillus oryzae, Kluyveromyces spp., Torulaspora spp., and Debaryomyces spp. were the most prevalent fungi. The methods used to evaluate the mycobiota provide a better understanding of which species are present in the final product and eventually contribute to the characteristics of QMA. Geotrichum candidum and C. catenulata were identified as promising species for future studies on product quality.

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In this perspective, we will explain the concept of "friendly" yeasts for developing wine starters that do not suppress desirable native microbial flora at the initial steps of fermentation, as what usually happens with Saccharomyces strains. Some non-Saccharomyces strains might allow the development of yeast consortia with the native terroir microflora of grapes and its region. The positive contribution of non-Saccharomyces yeasts was underestimated for decades. Avoiding them as spoilage strains and off-flavor producers was the main objective in winemaking. It is understandable, as in our experience after more than 30 years of wine yeast selection, it was shown that no more than 10% of the isolated native strains were positive contributors of superior flavors. Some species that systematically gave desirable flavors during these screening processes were Hanseniaspora vineae and Metschnikowia fructicola. In contrast to the latter, H. vineae is an active fermentative species, and this fact helped to build an improved juice ecosystem, avoiding contaminations of aerobic bacteria and yeasts. Furthermore, this species has a complementary secondary metabolism with S. cerevisiae, increasing flavor complexity with benzenoid and phenylpropanoid synthetic pathways practically inexistent in conventional yeast starters. How does H. vineae share the fermentation niche with other yeast strains? It might be due to the friendly conditions it creates, such as ideal low temperatures and low nitrogen demand during fermentation, reduced synthesis of medium-chain fatty acids, and a rich acetylation capacity of aromatic higher alcohols, well-known inhibitors of many yeasts. We will discuss here how inoculation of H. vineae strains can give the winemaker an opportunity to develop ideal conditions for flavor expression of the microbial terroir without the risk of undesirable strains that can result from spontaneous yeast fermentations.

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Grapevine cultivars are distributed worldwide, nevertheless the fermentation of its grape berries renders distinct wine products that are highly associated to the local fungal community. Despite the symbiotic association between wine and the fungal metabolism, impacting both the terroir and mycotoxin production, few studies have explored the vineyard ecosystem fungal community using both molecular marker sequencing and mycotoxin production assessment. In this study, we investigated the fungal community of three grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) in two tropical vineyards. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was performed on two biocompartments: grape berries (GB) and grapevine soil (GS); yielding a total of 578,495 fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 reads, which were used for taxonomic classification. GB and GS fungal communities were mainly constituted by Ascomycota phylum. GS harbors a significant richer and more diverse fungal community than GB. Among GB samples, Syrah grape berries exclusively shared fungal community included wine-associated yeasts (e.g. Saccharomycopsis vini) that may play key roles in wine terroir. Mycotoxin production assessment revealed the high potential of Aspergillus section Flavi and Penicillium section Citrina isolates to produce aflatoxin B1-B2 and citrinin, respectively. This is the first study to employ next-generation sequencing to investigate vineyard associated fungal community in Brazil. Our findings provide valuable insights on the available tools for fungal ecology assessment applied to food products emphasizing the coexistence between classical and molecular tools.

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In Southeast Brazil, the change of grape harvest from wet summer to dry winter through double-pruning management has improved the quality of wines, currently denominated winter wines. In order to better understand the influences of soil, macroclimate, and vineyard management in winter wines, we investigated seven vineyards in the states of Minas Gerais (Três Corações TC, Três Pontas TP, Cordislândia COR, São Sebastião do Paraíso SSP and Andradas AND) and São Paulo (Itobi ITO and Espirito Santo do Pinhal PIN) during three consecutive growing seasons. The vineyards are located in warm temperate zones and grouped in four soil types: Acrudox in TC, AND and SSP, Hapludox in TP; Hapludult in AND and PIN; Eutrudept in ITO. The high clay content (> 35 %) observed in all soil types, associated to low evapotranspiration demand, avoided the occurrence of severe water stress, as observed by the high values of leaf and stem water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Differences in vigor were more related to vineyard management and did not affect grape composition. Among vineyards, parameters for berry quality from ITO, such as sugar and acidity, were more associated to high soil sand content and winter temperature. No significant differences were found in anthocyanins and total phenols of berries among vineyards, suggesting that the high thermal range and low precipitation during autumn-winter, historically observed in all municipalities, seemed to be the main factor for improvement of phenolic compounds.

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In Southeast Brazil, the change of grape harvest from wet summer to dry winter through double-pruning management has improved the quality of wines, currently denominated winter wines. In order to better understand the influences of soil, macroclimate, and vineyard management in winter wines, we investigated seven vineyards in the states of Minas Gerais (Três Corações TC, Três Pontas TP, Cordislândia COR, São Sebastião do Paraíso SSP and Andradas AND) and São Paulo (Itobi ITO and Espirito Santo do Pinhal PIN) during three consecutive growing seasons. The vineyards are located in warm temperate zones and grouped in four soil types: Acrudox in TC, AND and SSP, Hapludox in TP; Hapludult in AND and PIN; Eutrudept in ITO. The high clay content (> 35 %) observed in all soil types, associated to low evapotranspiration demand, avoided the occurrence of severe water stress, as observed by the high values of leaf and stem water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Differences in vigor were more related to vineyard management and did not affect grape composition. Among vineyards, parameters for berry quality from ITO, such as sugar and acidity, were more associated to high soil sand content and winter temperature. No significant differences were found in anthocyanins and total phenols of berries among vineyards, suggesting that the high thermal range and low precipitation during autumn-winter, historically observed in all municipalities, seemed to be the main factor for improvement of phenolic compounds.(AU)

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Environment and crop management shape plant's phenotype. Argentinean high-altitude vineyards are characterized by elevated solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) and water deficit (D) that enhance enological quality for red winemaking. These signals promote phenolics accumulation in leaves and berries, being the responses mediated by abscisic acid (ABA). DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression and may affect grapevine growth, development and acclimation, since methylation patterns are mitotically heritable. Berry skins low molecular weight polyphenols (LMWP) were characterized in field grown Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec plants exposed to contrasting UV-B, D, and ABA treatments during one season. The next season early fruit shoots were epigenetically (methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism; MSAP) and biochemically (LMWP) characterized. Unstable epigenetic patterns and/or stochastic stress-induced methylation changes were observed. UV-B and D were the treatments that induced greater number of DNA methylation changes respect to Control; and UV-B promoted global hypermethylation of MSAP epiloci. Sequenced MSAP fragments associated with UV-B and ABA showed similarities with transcriptional regulators and ubiquitin ligases proteins activated by light. UV-B was associated with flavonols accumulation in berries and with hydroxycinnamic acids in the next season fruit shoots, suggesting that DNA methylation could regulate the LMWP accumulation and participate in acclimation mechanisms.

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Malbec wines from 27 parcels from the three most important winemaking regions of Mendoza, Argentina, were produced under standardized winemaking conditions, and analyzed for phenolic composition and by means of sensory descriptive analysis. Different methods of characterization and cluster analysis for each data matrix showed that some locations of Mendoza could be significantly separated from each other. The results of unsupervised statistical methods were compared using a test for similarities and divergences, also showing that different locations may be associated. The current report is the first one characterizing Malbec wines from the three major producing regions of Argentina using two different ways for locations classification. The effects of climate and geographical origin of Malbec grapes on the quality parameters of resulting wines were also evidenced. These results have enological and viticulture interest for the winemaking industry as the vineyard site selection for Malbec can considerably affect quality attributes.

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The presence and load of species of LAB at the end of the malolactic fermentation (MLF) were investigated in 16 wineries from the different Chilean valleys (Limarí, Casablanca, Maipo, Rapel, and Maule Valleys) during 2012 and 2013, using PCR-RFLP and qPCR. Oenococcus oeni was observed in 80% of the samples collected. Dominance of O. oeni was reflected in the bacterial load (O. oeni/total bacteria) measured by qPCR, corresponding to >85% in most of the samples. A total of 178 LAB isolates were identified after sequencing molecular markers, 95 of them corresponded to O. oeni. Further genetic analyses were performed using MLST (7 genes) including 10 commercial strains; the results indicated that commercial strains were grouped together, while autochthonous strains distributed among different genetic clusters. To pre-select some autochthonous O. oeni, these isolates were also characterized based on technological tests such as ethanol tolerance (12 and 15%), SO2 resistance (0 and 80 mg l-1), and pH (3.1 and 3.6) and malic acid transformation (1.5 and 4 g l-1). For comparison purposes, commercial strain VP41 was also tested. Based on their technological performance, only 3 isolates were selected for further examination (genome analysis) and they were able to reduce malic acid concentration, to grow at low pH 3.1, 15% ethanol and 80 mg l-1 SO2. The genome analyses of three selected isolates were examined and compared to PSU-1 and VP41 strains to study their potential contribution to the organoleptic properties of the final product. The presence and homology of genes potentially related to aromatic profile were compared among those strains. The results indicated high conservation of malolactic enzyme (>99%) and the absence of some genes related to odor such as phenolic acid decarboxylase, in autochthonous strains. Genomic analysis also revealed that these strains shared 470 genes with VP41 and PSU-1 and that autochthonous strains harbor an interesting number of unique genes (>21). Altogether these results reveal the presence of local strains distinguishable from commercial strains at the genetic/genomic level and also having genomic traits that enforce their potential use as starter cultures.

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BACKGROUND: Among Chilean varieties, Carignan noir has had a major resurgence due to its rediscovered wine quality potential. For this, the aim of this study was to characterize phenolic composition of grapes grown in six sites from the Maule Valley. RESULTS: The data showed that myricetin-3-glc and catechin were the most important flavonol and flavanol, respectively. Anthocyanin and flavonol composition was correlated with biologically effective degree days, exhibiting a relationship with grape maturity. Flavanol and hydroxycinnamic acid composition was inversely correlated to the average maximum temperature of the warmest month, showing that their synthesis is favored by cooler temperatures during the warmest month. CONCLUSION: These results have enological and viticultural interest for grape growers as vineyard site selection for this cultivar can confer differentiable attributes in terms of grape composition and quality. On the other hand, understanding the effects of climate on the synthesis of phenolic compounds may be useful for managing the vineyards with the aim of improving grape quality. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Avaliaram-se 172 vinhos brancos de diferentes países com o objetivo de determinar a influência do país produtor na concentração de cloretos. A análise de cloretos, realizada pelo Laboratório de Bebidas de Origem Vegetal do Espírito Santo (Labeves), foi feita pelo método potenciométrico, no qual a dosagem é feita diretamente na amostra, utilizando-se um eletrodo de Ag/AgCl. Organizaram-se os dados coletados para teor de cloretos, presentes nos certificados de análise emitidos pelo Labeves, de forma a compor um banco de dados onde os vinhos foram discriminados conforme o país de origem. Austrália e Argentina foram os países que apresentaram maior concentração de cloretos. Concluise que o país produtor tem influência na concentração de cloretos em vinhos brancos.

White wines (172 samples) from different countries were evaluated to determine the influence of origin in their chloride concentration. Chlorides analysis, performed at the Laboratório de Bebidas de Origem Vegetal do Espírito Santo (Labeves), was done using potentiometric method, in which dosing was done directly on the sample, using an electrode of Ag / AgCl. A database was organized with the amount of chloride which was used to classify wines according to its country origin. Australia and Argentina wines presented higher concentrations of chlorides. The origin has, thus, influence in the chloride concentration in white wines.

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The edaphoclimatic conditions in Southwest Parana differ from those in traditional wine-growing regions and have a major influence on the organoleptic characteristics of the grapes. Studies of grape maturation under these conditions may enable us to time the supply of raw materials for the elaboration of differentiated wines. This study aimed to quantify the ripening components of the grape cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, and Sangiovese grapes grown in Dois Vizinhos, PR, during the harvest seasons of 2008/2009 and 2011/2012. The grapevines were performed according to the espalier system and grafted on rootstock R110 (‘Cabernet Sauvignon and ‘Merlot) and Paulsen 1103 (‘Tempranillo and ‘Sangiovese). The ripening of the grapes was monitored every ten days from the beginning of ripening (verasion) until harvest. The following variables were evaluated: mass and diameter of berries, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TTA), total sugars, estimated alcohol content, anthocyanins, and flavanols. Sangiovese berries showed the greatest weight and diameter in the two years. The TSS was higher in the second year of evaluation for Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo grapes. The pH decreased from the first year to the second for all cultivars. There were no significant differences in ATT among the cultivars. A higher content of flavanols was observed during the first growing season of study than during the second. Tempranillo grapes showed the highest concentration of anthocyanins during both growing seasons. Not all cultivars had enough acidity to permit wine stability and guard time. None of the cultivars required the chaptalization of must, presenting good potential of alcohol production.(AU)

As particularidades edafoclimáticas do Sudoeste paranaense diferem das tradicionais regiões de cultivo da videira e exercem grande influência nas características organolépticas das bagas. Estudos sobre a evolução da maturação de uvas nessas condições podem viabilizar o fornecimento de matéria-prima para a elaboração de vinhos diferenciados. Objetivou-se quantificar os componentes da maturação de uvas das cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo e Sangiovese cultivadas no município de Dois Vizinhos PR, nas safras de 2008/2009 e 2011/2012. As videiras foram conduzidas em espaldeira e enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto R110 (‘Cabernet Sauvignon e ‘Merlot) e Paulsen 1103 (‘Tempranillo e ‘Sangiovese). A evolução da maturação das uvas foi acompanhada a cada dez dias a partir do início da maturação (verasion) até a colheita. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: massa e diâmetro médio das bagas, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), pH, acidez total titulável (ATT), açúcares totais, álcool provável, antocianinas e flavonóis. Bagas da cv. Sangiovese apresentaram maior massa e diâmetro médio nos anos avaliados. Os teores de SST foram maiores no segundo ano de avaliação para as cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon e Tempranillo. O pH sofreu redução do primeiro ano para o segundo de avaliação, para todas as cultivares. Não houve diferenças significativas na ATT entre as cvs. A maior concentração de flavonóis foi obtida no primeiro ciclo de estudo. A cv. Tempranillo apresentou concentração mais elevada de antocianinas nos dois anos avaliados. Todas as cultivares não apresentam acidez total suficiente para permitir ao vinho estabilidade e tempo de guarda. Todas as cvs. dispensam a chaptalização do mosto tendo boa produção de álcool provável.(AU)

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The edaphoclimatic conditions in Southwest Parana differ from those in traditional wine-growing regions and have a major influence on the organoleptic characteristics of the grapes. Studies of grape maturation under these conditions may enable us to time the supply of raw materials for the elaboration of differentiated wines. This study aimed to quantify the ripening components of the grape cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, and Sangiovese grapes grown in Dois Vizinhos, PR, during the harvest seasons of 2008/2009 and 2011/2012. The grapevines were performed according to the espalier system and grafted on rootstock R110 (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’) and Paulsen 1103 (‘Tempranillo’ and ‘Sangiovese’). The ripening of the grapes was monitored every ten days from the beginning of ripening (verasion) until harvest. The following variables were evaluated: mass and diameter of berries, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TTA), total sugars, estimated alcohol content, anthocyanins, and flavanols. Sangiovese berries showed the greatest weight and diameter in the two years. The TSS was higher in the second year of evaluation for Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo grapes. The pH decreased from the first year to the second for all cultivars. There were no significant differences in ATT among the cultivars. A higher content of flavanols was observed during the first growing season of study than during the second. Tempranillo grapes showed the highest concentration of anthocyanins during both growing seasons. Not all cultivars had enough acidity to permit wine stability and guard time. None of the cultivars required the chaptalization of must, presenting good potential of alcohol production.

As particularidades edafoclimáticas do Sudoeste paranaense diferem das tradicionais regiões de cultivo da videira e exercem grande influência nas características organolépticas das bagas. Estudos sobre a evolução da maturação de uvas nessas condições podem viabilizar o fornecimento de matéria-prima para a elaboração de vinhos diferenciados. Objetivou-se quantificar os componentes da maturação de uvas das cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo e Sangiovese cultivadas no município de Dois Vizinhos – PR, nas safras de 2008/2009 e 2011/2012. As videiras foram conduzidas em espaldeira e enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto R110 (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ e ‘Merlot’) e Paulsen 1103 (‘Tempranillo’ e ‘Sangiovese’). A evolução da maturação das uvas foi acompanhada a cada dez dias a partir do início da maturação (verasion) até a colheita. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: massa e diâmetro médio das bagas, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), pH, acidez total titulável (ATT), açúcares totais, álcool provável, antocianinas e flavonóis. Bagas da cv. Sangiovese apresentaram maior massa e diâmetro médio nos anos avaliados. Os teores de SST foram maiores no segundo ano de avaliação para as cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon e Tempranillo. O pH sofreu redução do primeiro ano para o segundo de avaliação, para todas as cultivares. Não houve diferenças significativas na ATT entre as cvs. A maior concentração de flavonóis foi obtida no primeiro ciclo de estudo. A cv. Tempranillo apresentou concentração mais elevada de antocianinas nos dois anos avaliados. Todas as cultivares não apresentam acidez total suficiente para permitir ao vinho estabilidade e tempo de guarda. Todas as cvs. dispensam a chaptalização do mosto tendo boa produção de álcool provável.

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