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INTRODUCTION: Risk scores are essential in primary prevention to detect high-risk patients. The most common scores exclude hypertriglyceridemia and abdominal obesity in their risk assessment. We examined the triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) ratio as a cardiovascular (CV) risk marker in a middle-class urban Mexican population sample. AIM: Our aim was to test the concept of a scoring system reflecting Mexican population characteristics. METHODS: A total of 2602 healthy adults from the Lindavista primary prevention program were considered, evaluating gender, age, blood pressure, smoking, body mass index, waist circumference, lipid profile, and fasting glucose. According to the abnormality, a score from -3 to +3 was assigned. RESULTS: The summation of eleven variables yielded the Lindavista score (LS), which was calibrated versus the TG/HDL ratio and ACC ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus score to determine its correlation with risk categories. The TG/HDL-c ratio had a linear correlation with LS and high-risk ACC ASCVD categories. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with LS and TG/HDL-c, the ACC ASCVD system underestimates the high-risk category. The high prevalence of obesity and lipid triad in the Mexican population requires a scale that considers those traits. The TG/HDL-c ratio is a practical, easy, and economical instrument to categorize risk in Mexicans.
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INTRODUCTION: Obesity has been shown to be associated with low levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of sRAGE and its association with the lipid index in children with obesity. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of children with obesity aged between six and 11 years. Anthropometric measurements, glucose, lipid profile, insulin and sRAGE were evaluated; body mass index, total cholesterol/high-density cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), triglycerides/glucose (TG/glucose), and triglycerides/HDL-C (TG-HDL-C) ratios and HOMA-IR were also calculated. RESULTS: Eighty children were studied, among which 50% were males and 50% females. Females had higher values for waist circumference, HOMA-IR, and TG/HDL-C and TG/glucose ratios. No significant differences were found for sRAGE. When the variables were compared according to TG/HDL-C ratio tertiles, higher TC/HDL, TG/glucose, and sRAGE values were found at upper tertile. A significant correlation was observed between sRAGE and HOMA-IR (p < 0.03) in males, and between sRAGE and TG/HDL-C (p < 0.01) and TG/glucose ratios (p < 0.008) in females. CONCLUSIONS: The female gender showed more cardiovascular risk factors and higher sRAGE at TG/HDL-C upper tertile. Further studies are required to test the possible predictive effect of higher risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular complications.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha mostrado que la obesidad está asociada a niveles bajos de la forma soluble del receptor para productos finales de glicación avanzada (sRAGE). OBJETIVO: Evaluar los niveles de sRAGE y su asociación con el índice lipídico en niños con obesidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de niños de seis a 11 años de edad con obesidad. Se evaluaron medidas antropométricas, glucosa, perfil lipídico, insulina y sRAGE; también se calculó índice de masa corporal, colesterol total/C-HDL, triglicéridos/glucosa, triglicéridos/C-HDL y HOMA-IR. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 80 niños, 50 % hombres y 50 % mujeres. Las mujeres presentaron mayor perímetro de cintura, HOMA-IR, triglicéridos/C-HDL y triglicéridos/glucosa. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en sRAGE. Al comparar las variables conforme a los terciles de la relación triglicéridos/C-HDL, en el tercil superior se encontraron mayores valores de colesterol total/HDL, triglicéridos/glucosa y sRAGE. Se observó correlación significativa entre sRAGE y HOMA-IR (p < 0.03) en los hombres y entre sRAGE, triglicéridos/C-HDL (p < 0.01) y triglicéridos/glucosa (p < 0.008) en las mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: El sexo femenino mostró más factores de riesgo cardiovascular y mayor sRAGE en el tercil superior de triglicéridos/C-HDL. Se requieren más estudios para probar el posible efecto predictor de mayor riesgo para desarrollar complicaciones metabólicas y cardiovasculares.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Resistência à Insulina , Masculino , Humanos , Criança , Feminino , Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada , Receptor para Produtos Finais de Glicação Avançada , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Fatores de Risco , Obesidade/complicações , Glucose , Triglicerídeos , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Colesterol , Biomarcadores , Glicemia/metabolismoRESUMO
Resumen Introducción: Se ha mostrado que la obesidad está asociada a niveles bajos de la forma soluble del receptor para productos finales de glicación avanzada (sRAGE). Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles de sRAGE y su asociación con el índice lipídico en niños con obesidad. Métodos: Estudio transversal de niños de seis a 11 años de edad con obesidad. Se evaluaron medidas antropométricas, glucosa, perfil lipídico, insulina y sRAGE; también se calculó índice de masa corporal, colesterol total/C-HDL, triglicéridos/glucosa, triglicéridos/C-HDL y HOMA-IR.] Resultados: Se estudiaron 80 niños, 50 % hombres y 50 % mujeres. Las mujeres presentaron mayor perímetro de cintura, HOMA-IR, triglicéridos/C-HDL y triglicéridos/glucosa. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en sRAGE. Al comparar las variables conforme a los terciles de la relación triglicéridos/C-HDL, en el tercil superior se encontraron mayores valores de colesterol total/HDL, triglicéridos/glucosa y sRAGE. Se observó correlación significativa entre sRAGE y HOMA-IR (p < 0.03) en los hombres y entre sRAGE, triglicéridos/C-HDL (p < 0.01) y triglicéridos/glucosa (p < 0.008) en las mujeres. Conclusiones: El sexo femenino mostró más factores de riesgo cardiovascular y mayor sRAGE en el tercil superior de triglicéridos/C-HDL. Se requieren más estudios para probar el posible efecto predictor de mayor riesgo para desarrollar complicaciones metabólicas y cardiovasculares.
Abstract Introduction: Obesity has been shown to be associated with low levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE). Objective: To evaluate the levels of sRAGE and its association with the lipid index in children with obesity. Methods: Cross-sectional study of children with obesity aged between six and 11 years. Anthropometric measurements, glucose, lipid profile, insulin and sRAGE were evaluated; body mass index, total cholesterol/high-density cholesterol (TC/HDL-C), triglycerides/glucose (TG/glucose), and triglycerides/HDL-C (TG-HDL-C) ratios and HOMA-IR were also calculated. Results: Eighty children were studied, among which 50% were males and 50% females. Females had higher values for waist circumference, HOMA-IR, and TG/HDL-C and TG/glucose ratios. No significant differences were found for sRAGE. When the variables were compared according to TG/HDL-C ratio tertiles, higher TC/HDL, TG/glucose, and sRAGE values were found at upper tertile. A significant correlation was observed between sRAGE and HOMA-IR (p < 0.03) in males, and between sRAGE and TG/HDL-C (p < 0.01) and TG/glucose ratios (p < 0.008) in females. Conclusions: The female gender showed more cardiovascular risk factors and higher sRAGE at TG/HDL-C upper tertile. Further studies are required to test the possible predictive effect of higher risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular complications.
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BACKGROUND: Among several lipid ratios available, the triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) may detect individuals at risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, its reference values for different ethnicities are not well established. OBJECTIVE: To define sex- and ethnicity-specific reference values for TG/HDL-C ratio in a large sample of healthy multiethnic adults and test its association with cardiometabolic conditions. METHODS: An apparently healthy sample (n = 2,472), aged 35-74, free of major cardiovascular risk factors, was used to generate the reference values for the TG/HDL-C. Exclusion criteria were diabetes, elevated blood pressure, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, severe hypertriglyceridemia, and smoking history. Cut-offs based on the reference values were tested in the whole ELSA Brasil study (n = 13,245), stratified by sex and ethnicity, to identify cardiometabolic conditions. RESULTS: TG/HDL-C ratio was higher in men than women, and did not change significantly with age, regardless of sex and ethnicity. Also, black individuals showed lower levels of TG/HDL-C as compared to other ethnic groups. ROC curve showed that the cut-off based on the 75th percentile displayed better sensitivities and specificities for men and women, regardless of ethnicity. Also, the sex- and ethnicity-specific cut-offs based on the 75th percentile were significantly associated with all tested cardiometabolic conditions (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance). Also, we observed that the use of a single sex-specific cut-off (men: 2.6; women: 1.7) could be used for the different ethnicities with good reliability. CONCLUSION: The defined TG/HDL-C cut-offs (men: 2.6; women: 1.7) are reliable and showed good clinical applicability to detect cardiometabolic conditions in a multiethnic population.