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Pork production in Ecuador is of significant economic and nutritional importance. Many of these operations are family- or backyard-based and utilize alternative feed ingredients to reduce production costs. The current study aimed to determine the chemical composition of cooked cassava and taro, and to evaluate their inclusion in the feed of backyard pigs during the growth and fattening phases. A total of 42 castrated pigs from two geographic locations in Ecuador were studied over a period of 100 days, during which their weight and measurements were recorded at three-week intervals. At the end of the experiment, ileum samples were collected from the slaughtered pigs in order to calculate the apparent digestibility of the feed. The crude protein levels of cassava and taro were found to be 3.2% and 2.1%, respectively. The combination of cooked cassava and taro was found to be a suitable replacement for corn, with the best results observed in the group receiving a diet incorporating 21% each of cassava and taro. Analysis of the ileal content also revealed that this group exhibited the highest nitrogen assimilation from the diet.

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The present study aims to evaluate the growth potential of the P. aeruginosa ATCC9027 strain with molasses as the sole carbon source to produce rhamnolipids. The influence of the cultivation time and substrate concentration on biosurfactant production was investigated by using a complete 3-level factorial design, with the rhamnolipid concentration as the variable response. The strain was able to produce the biosurfactant in all design conditions tested, producing 758.04 mg/L rhamnolipids with 7% v/v substrate concentration in a cultivation time of 120 h. The substrate concentration used in the cultivation step directly influenced the biosurfactant production, and, even with the decrease in biomass growth, the biosurfactant production continued to increase. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) revealed the presence of 62.3% mono- (RL1) and 37.6% di-rhamnolipids (RL3). The stability tests showed that the biosurfactant has good performance in extreme conditions of temperature, pH and saline concentration. The emulsification index was also evaluated for several oils and hydrocarbons, obtaining emulsification rates of up to 84.9% for the burnt motor oil. In addition, rhamnolipid showed a good ability to remove spilled oil from the sand, removing 58.51% of burnt motor oil and 70.09% of post-frying soybean oil. The results indicate that molasses, an agro-industrial residue abundant in Brazil, can be used as the only carbon source for quality rhamnolipid production when under optimized conditions, therefore presenting itself as a management option for this residue and, at the same time, providing the production product with high added value.

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UNLABELLED: Coffee is among the most preferred nonalcoholic drinks, and its consumption is distributed globally. During the coffee fruiting process, however, a large amount of waste is generated in the form of pulp, mucilage, husks, and water waste. The pulp and mucilage have the chemical composition to support the growth of micro-organisms and the production of value-added product. The aim was testify pulp coffee can be considered as carbon and inductor source for ß-glucosidase by Bacillus subtilis CCMA 0087. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed for this optimization. The methodology used in the optimization process was validated by testing the best conditions obtained and comparing them with the values predicted by the model. The highest ß-glucosidase production (22·59 UI ml(-1) ) was reached in 24 h of culturing at coffee pulp concentration of 36·8 g l(-1) , temperature of 36·6°C, and pH of 3·64. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Countries whose economy is based on agricultural activities generate a great deal of liquid and solid waste. Thus, it is important to develop new alternatives for using this waste rather than disposing it in the environment. The production of enzymes, and particularly cellulase, is one such alternative. In this study, we proposed to produce ß-glucosidase production from pulp coffee extract using a Bacillus subtilis strain.

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Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis de polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP) na qualidade da silagem do capim-xaraés. O capim-xaraés foi ensilado aos 54 dias de crescimento com níveis de 0, 10, 20 e 30% de PCP, divididos em 20 silos experimentais (cinco repetições/tratamento), sendo adotado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Após 67 dias, os silos foram abertos para determinação dos teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), pH e acidez titulável (ATIT) das silagens. A inclusão de PCP não influenciou os teores de matéria seca, porém diminuiu os teores de PB. Os teores de FDN e FDA diminuíram à medida que houve adição de polpa cítrica. Com relação ao pH, apenas o tratamento com 30% de PCP apresentou diferença significativa. A ATIT na silagem sem uso (0%) da PCP apresentou valor menor (P<0,05) que o tratamento com 30%. Conclui-se que a inclusão de 30% PCP na ensilagem de capim-xaraés é indicada por melhorar a qualidade da fração fibrosa, mantendo aceitáveis os valores de pH...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of pelleted citrus pulp (PCP) on the quality of xaraés grass silage. Xaraés grass was ensiled at 54 days of growth with 0, 10, 20 and 30% PCP and divided into 20 experimental silos (five repetitions/treatment). A completely randomized design was adopted. The silos were opened after 67 days for the determination of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), pH, and titratable acidity of the silages. The inclusion of PCP did not influence DM content, but reduced CP content. NDF and ADF content decreased with the addition of citrus pulp. Regarding pH, a significant difference was only observed for the inclusion of 30% PCP. Titratable acidity in the silage was lower in the absence of PCP (0%) compared to the treatment with 30% (P<0.05). The inclusion of 30% PCP in xaraés grass silage is indicated since it improves the quality of the fibrous fraction, while maintaining acceptable pH values..(AU)

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Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis de polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP) na qualidade da silagem do capim-xaraés. O capim-xaraés foi ensilado aos 54 dias de crescimento com níveis de 0, 10, 20 e 30% de PCP, divididos em 20 silos experimentais (cinco repetições/tratamento), sendo adotado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Após 67 dias, os silos foram abertos para determinação dos teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), pH e acidez titulável (ATIT) das silagens. A inclusão de PCP não influenciou os teores de matéria seca, porém diminuiu os teores de PB. Os teores de FDN e FDA diminuíram à medida que houve adição de polpa cítrica. Com relação ao pH, apenas o tratamento com 30% de PCP apresentou diferença significativa. A ATIT na silagem sem uso (0%) da PCP apresentou valor menor (P<0,05) que o tratamento com 30%. Conclui-se que a inclusão de 30% PCP na ensilagem de capim-xaraés é indicada por melhorar a qualidade da fração fibrosa, mantendo aceitáveis os valores de pH...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of pelleted citrus pulp (PCP) on the quality of xaraés grass silage. Xaraés grass was ensiled at 54 days of growth with 0, 10, 20 and 30% PCP and divided into 20 experimental silos (five repetitions/treatment). A completely randomized design was adopted. The silos were opened after 67 days for the determination of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), pH, and titratable acidity of the silages. The inclusion of PCP did not influence DM content, but reduced CP content. NDF and ADF content decreased with the addition of citrus pulp. Regarding pH, a significant difference was only observed for the inclusion of 30% PCP. Titratable acidity in the silage was lower in the absence of PCP (0%) compared to the treatment with 30% (P<0.05). The inclusion of 30% PCP in xaraés grass silage is indicated since it improves the quality of the fibrous fraction, while maintaining acceptable pH values..

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Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição do fubá de milho pelo gérmen integral de milho, sobre consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho e características de carcaça de ovinos confinados. Foram utilizados 40 borregos da raça Santa Inês, com peso médio inicial de 17 ± 2,5 Kg, confinados por um período de 70 dias, em baias individuais, providas de comedouros e bebedouros. O alimento ofertado e as sobras foram pesados para fins de controle de consumo. O ensaio de digestibilidade ocorreu 40 dias após o início do ensaio de desempenho, utilizando-se o LIPE® como marcador externo. Após período de confinamento, os ovinos foram abatidos e tiveram os pesos e rendimentos da carcaça devidamente registrados. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de cinco níveis de substituição do fubá de milho pelo gérmen integral de milho (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100 %). A substituição do fubá de milho pelo gérmen integral reduziu linearmente o consumo de matéria seca (1,002 – 0,639 kg/dia), proteína bruta (0,152 – 0,099 kg/dia) e fibra em detergente neutro (0,425 – 0,329 kg/dia). Houve aumento linear no consumo de extrato etéreo. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra e detergente neutro e extrato etéreo reduziram linearmente com a substituição do fubá de milho pelo gérmen integral bem como peso corporal ao abate (29,61 – 25,77kg), peso de corpo vazio (24,28 – 18,55 kg) e ganho médio diário (0,170 – 0,119 g/dia), respectivamente. Os pesos de carcaça quente e carcaça fria, rendimento de carcaça quente, rendimento verdadeiro, rendimento comercial, e área de olho-de-lombo diminuíram linearmente, enquanto que conversão alimentar, perda por resfriamento e gordura de cobertura não foram influenciadas pela substituição. Em função da diminuição linear no consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho provocados pela inclusão do gérmen integral de milho não se recomenda a utilização do gérmen integral de milho em substituição ao fubá de milho.

Corn replacement by whole corn germen on intake, digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot ewes was evaluated. Forty Santa Inês strain ewes, with mean initial weight 17 kg, were put in individual feedlots for 70 days and provided with eating and drinking troughs. Feed provided and wastes were weighed for intake control. The digestibility trial was undertaken 40 days after the start of the performance test by employing LIPE® as external marker. The ewes were killed after the feedlot period and their weight and carcass yield registered. Experimental treatments comprised five levels of corn substitution by whole corn germen (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100%). Corn replacement by whole corn germen decreased linearly intake of dry matter (1.002 – 0.639 kg/day), crude protein (0.152 – 0.099 376 kg/day) and neutral detergent fiber (0.425 – 0.329 kg/day). A linear increase occurred in ether extract intake (CEE g/day). Coefficients of apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fiber and neutral detergent and ether extract were linearly reduced by the replacement of corn by whole corn germen. Reduction also occurred in body weight at finish (29.61 – 25.77kg), weight of empty carcass (24.28 – 18.55 kg) and mean daily weight gain (0.170 – 0.119 g/day). Hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, hot carcass yield, real yield, commercial yield and rib-eye area decreased linearly. However, food conversion, loss through chilling and cover fat were not affected by the substitution. Results show that the sub-product is not recommended due to linear decrease in intake, digestibility and performance caused by the inclusion of whole corn germen.

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This work aimed to evaluate sugar cane bagasse from cachaça production, subjected to hay-making and ensiling. The experiment was conduced at Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG, using the completely random delineation (CRD), with seven treatment and three repetitions. The treatments were constituted of in natura sugar cane bagasse (INB), manually hayed and baled sugar cane bagasse, mechanically hayed and baled, manually baled INB and mechanically baled INB, whole ensiled INB and chopped ensiled INB. Bromatological composition, tampon capacity (TC), pH values and total sugar rate of the INB were evaluated. For the ensilage, there were used cistern silos and for the baling, manual and mechanical balers. The bagasse was baled in natura, or after reaching 89 percent rate of DM, according to the treatments. The evaluated characteristics were dry matter rate (DM), crude protein (CP), fiber in neutral detergent (FND), fiber in acid detergent (FAD). The results went through variance analyses and the averages were compared by the Scott - Knott test (P<0.05). The INB presented rates of 51.70 percent of DM; 2 percent of CP; 79.43 percent of FND; 48.78 percent of FAD and 16.4 percent of total sugar in the MS. The sugar cane bagasse presented low TC and the silage presented satisfactory pH for good conservation. The dehydration followed by the manual baling provided a decrease in the cell wall components, revealing itself as the best bagasse conservation method.

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar proveniente da produção de cachaça, submetido à fenação e à ensilagem. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com sete tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por bagaço de cana in natura (BIN), bagaço de cana fenado e enfardado manualmente, bagaço de cana fenado e enfardado mecanicamente, BIN enfardado manualmente, BIN enfardado mecanicamente, BIN ensilado inteiro e BIN ensilado picado. Foram avaliadas a composição bromatológica, capacidade tampão (CT), valores de pH e os teores de açúcares totais do BIN. Para a ensilagem foram utilizados silos cisternas e para o enfardamento, enfardadoras manual e mecânica. O bagaço foi enfardado in natura, ou após atingir teor de 89 por cento de MS, conforme os tratamentos. As características avaliadas foram os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott (P<0,05). O BIN apresentou teores de 51,70 por cento de MS; 2 por cento de PB; 79,43 por cento de FDN; 48,78 por cento de FDA e 16,4 por cento de açúcares totais na MS. O bagaço de cana apresentou baixa CT e as silagens apresentaram pH satisfatório para boa conservação. A desidratação seguida do enfardamento manual proporcionou diminuição nos componentes da parede celular, revelando-se o melhor método de conservação do bagaço.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o aproveitamento das conchas dos moluscos escargot e aruá. As conchas foram processadas na forma de farinha e, depois, avaliadas suas características físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Essas características foram comparadas aos padrões de qualidade exigidos pela Lei 6.198, de 26/12/74, e o Decreto 76.986, de 06/01/76 do Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento, para a comercialização de produtos destinados à alimentação animal. Os resultados obtidos mostraram-se promissores, sendo o uso das conchas desses moluscos uma fonte alternativa de minerais para uso como fertilizantes e/ou na formulação de ração animal.(AU)

The objective of this work was to study the use of the shells of the mollusks escargot and aruá. The shells wereprocessed in theflour form and accomplished the studies of the characteristics physical-chemistries and microbiology. Those characteristics were compared to the quality patterns demanded by the Legislation (6.198, de 26/12/ 74, e o Decreto 76.986, de 06/01/76 do Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento) for the commercialization of destined products the animal feeding. The obtained results show to be viable the use of the shells of those mollusks as alternative source of minerals for use how fertilizer or in the formulation of animal ration. (AU)

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