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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The feet may be involved in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), causing pain and walking difficulties. This research aimed to study the involvement of the foot in a sample of Brazilian patients with AS. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the Foot Function Index (FFI-BR) was applied to 103 individuals (57 AS patients and 46 controls). Clinical profiles were obtained in AS patients as well as the measurement of disease activity by the ASDAS (Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score)-ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), ASDAS-CRP (C reactive protein) and BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) and function by BASFI (Bath Ankylosing spondylitis functional score). RESULTS: Only 19.2% of AS patients did not have any foot complaints and the FFI-BR score presented worse results than the control group (p = 0.02). The "pain" domain of FFI-BR scored highest in AS patients, followed by "disability". There was no association between the results of the FFI-BR and the clinical profile of patients with AS, but there was an association between the score and the disease activity indexes (r = 0.50, p = 0.003 with ASDAS-ESR; r = 0.44, p = 0.005 with ASDAS-CRP; and r = 0.60, p < 0.0001 with BASDAI). The BASFI also showed a positive correlation (r = 0.72; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Pain and disability are common in AS patients and these symptoms are associated with disease activity.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os pés podem ser acometidos em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante (EA), causando dor e dificuldade de locomoção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o envolvimento do pé em uma amostra de pacientes brasileiros com EA. MÉTODOS: A versão brasileira do Foot Function Index (FFI-BR) foi aplicada a 103 indivíduos (57 pacientes com EA e 46 controles). O perfil clínico foi obtido para pacientes com EA, bem como a medição da atividade da doença por meio do ASDAS (Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score)-ESR. (velocidade de hemossedimentação), ASDAS-CRP (proteína C reativa) e BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) e função pelo BASFI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Score). RESULTADOS: Apenas 19,2% dos pacientes com EA não apresentaram queixas nos pés e o escore FFI-BR apresentou resultados piores do que os do grupo controle (p = 0,02). O domínio "dor" do FFI-BR apresentou a maior pontuação nos pacientes com EA seguido pelo domínio "disfunção". Não se observou associação dos resultados do FFI-BR com o perfil clínico dos pacientes com EA, mas houve associação do escore com os índices de atividade da doença (r = 0,50, p = 0,003 com ASDAS-ESR; r = 0,44, p = 0,005 com ASDAS-CRP; e r = 0,60, p < 0,0001 com BASDAI). O BASFI também apresentou correlação positiva (r = 0,72; p< 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Dor e disfunção são comuns em pacientes com EA e estes sintomas se associam com atividade de doença.
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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The Oswestry Disability Index is considered the gold standard in the evaluation of disability in patients with chronic mechanical back pain. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of Oswestry Disability Index in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and its relationship with disease assessment parameters for ankylosing spondylitis. METHODS: A total of 100 patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis were included in the study group. The control group consisted of 50 individuals with nonspecific low back pain. The Oswestry Disability Index and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index were applied to both groups. In addition, the Visual Analog Scale, the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score C-Reactive Protein, the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score-the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, and the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life scales were applied in the study group. the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, C-Reactive Protein levels, and HLA-B27 analysis were noted as laboratory markers in ankylosing spondylitis patients. RESULTS: The scores of Oswestry Disability Index had a significant correlation with scores of Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index in ankylosing spondylitis patients (r=0.543) and in the control group (r=0.401). There was a significant correlation between the scores of Oswestry Disability Index and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (r=0.544), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (r=0.317), the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (r=0.723), the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score-the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (r=0.501), the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score C-Reactive Protein (r=0.530), Visual Analog Scale-Rest (r=0.476), and Visual Analog Scale-Activity (r=0.441) values in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of Oswestry Disability Index in conjunction with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index may warn the physician to interpret high Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index scores in the context of mechanical pain. Therefore, the use of Oswestry Disability Index in patients with ankylosing spondylitis will be beneficial.
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La espondilitis anquilosante es una enfermedad sistémica caracterizada por inflamación del esqueleto axial, las grandes articulaciones periféricas y los dedos, así como dolor, rigidez de la espalda y manifestaciones a otros niveles del organismo como puede ser en el ojo. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 46 años de edad que acudió al Hospital Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, de Cienfuegos, por dolor lumbar y sintomatología urinaria refractaria a terapéutica habitual, por lo cual fue ingresada para estudio. Fue evaluada según su cuadro clínico y a través del empleo de exámenes complementarios, lo que permitió el diagnóstico de una espondilitis anquilosante. Se le impuso tratamiento con antinflamatorios no esteroideos y fue dada de alta médica con seguimiento por su área de salud. Por lo importante que resulta confirmar el diagnóstico temprano, antes de que ocurran deformidades irreversibles y así evitar secuelas e impotencia en los pacientes que la padecen, con lo cual se les garantiza una mayor calidad de vida, se decidió la presentación de este caso.
Ankylosing spondylitis is a systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the axial skeleton, large peripheral joints, and fingers, as well as pain, stiffness of the back, and manifestations at other levels of the body, such as the eye. We present the case of a 46-year-old patient who attended the Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Hospital, in Cienfuegos, due to lumbar pain and urinary symptoms refractory to usual therapy, for which she was admitted for study. She was evaluated according to her clinical picture and through the use of complementary tests, which allowed the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was prescribed and she was discharged with follow-up by her health area. Due to the importance of confirming the early diagnosis, before irreversible deformities occur and thus avoiding sequelae and impotence in patients who suffer from it, to guarantee them a better quality of life, it was decided to present this case.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The terms Spondyloarthritis and spondyloarthropathy (Spa) are used to define a group of diseases with related clinical characteristics and genetics. AIM: To report the clinical and demographic characteristics of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (USpA) and to evaluate the frequency of cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP) positivity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred patients with USpA or AS, 100 control patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 100 healthy volunteers were included. For each patient, their detailed medical histories, physical examination, whole blood counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), anti-CCP, routine biochemical tests, and HLA-B27 test results were evaluated. ASDAS and BASDAI scores and morning stiffness were used to evaluate the disease activity. RESULTS: The presenting symptom of 73 (73%) patients in the AS group and 58 (58%) patients in the USpA group was pain in axial joints. A family history of Spa was positive in 32 patients from both groups (32%). A positive HLA-B27 was found in 55% of the AS group and 25% of the USpA group (p < 0.01 for the difference between groups). The frequency of positive HLA-B27 was significantly higher in individuals with a family history of SpA (p = 0.022). A positive Anti-CCP was found in 56% of the RA group, a significantly higher frequency compared with other groups (p < 0.001). The frequency of positive Anti-CCP in patients in AS (9%) and USpA (6%) was significantly higher than in healthy controls (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of anti-CCP positivity was higher in SpA patients than in healthy controls.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Los términos espondiloartritis y espondiloatropatia (Spa) se usan para definir un grupo de enfermedades con características y genética relacionadas. OBJETIVO: Informar las características clínicas y demográficas de la espondilitis anquilosante (EA) y espondiloartritis indiferenciada (USpA) - y para evaluar la frecuencia de positividad del anticuerpo péptido citrulinado cíclico (anti-CCP). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En este estudio observacional se incluyeron doscientos pacientes con USpA y EA, 100 pacientes control con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide (AR) y 100 voluntarios sanos. Se evaluó la historia clínica, exámen físico, recuentos sanguíneos completos, velocidad de sedimentación globular (ESR), proteína C reactiva (PCR), anti-CCP, pruebas bioquímicas de rutina y resultados de la prueba HLA-B27. Para evaluar la actividad de la enfermedad se utilizaron las puntuaciones ASDAS y BASDAI y la rigidez matutina. RESULTADOS: El síntoma inicial de 73 (73%) pacientes en el grupo de EA y 58 (58%) pacientes en el grupo de USpA fue dolor en las articulaciones axiales. Treinta y dos pacientes de cada grupo (32%) tenían antecedentes familiares de SPA. HLA-B27 fue positivo en el 55% del grupo AS y el 25% del grupo USpA con una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos (p < 0.001). La frecuencia de positividad HLA-B27 fue mayor en individuos con historia familiar de SpA (p = 0,02). Se encontraron anti-CCP positivos en el 56% del grupo con AR, una frecuencia significativamente mayor en comparación con otros grupos (p < 0,01). La frecuencia de anti-CCP positivo fue mayor los pacientes con AS (9%) y USpA (6%) que en el grupo sano (p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: La frecuencia de positividad anti-CCP fue mayor en los grupos de SpA en comparación con los grupos control sanos.
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Humanos , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico , Espondilite Anquilosante/diagnóstico , Espondilite Anquilosante/genética , Espondilartrite/diagnóstico , Sedimentação Sanguínea , Antígeno HLA-B27/genéticaRESUMO
The financial coverage granted by law in Chile for patients with psoriatic arthritis who require biological treatment is of paramount importance and a great advance. However physicians must be knowledgeable about the advantages and limitations of this therapy. The challenge of clinicians is to choose the drug with the greater odds of achieving therapeutic success, with less adverse events and lower costs for our health system. This article aims to help doctors to select the best biological treatment for a specific patient, trying to optimize its effectiveness, minimizing adverse effects, always looking for an efficient use of resources.
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Humanos , Médicos/psicologia , Fatores Biológicos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Psoriásica/tratamento farmacológico , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , ChileRESUMO
Objetivo: Avaliar pacientes com fibromialgia e dor lombar, bus- cando características clínicas de espondiloatrites axiais. Méto- dos: Neste estudo transversal, cem pacientes com fibromialgia e idades entre 18 e 65 anos foram avaliados. A avaliação consis- tiu em um questionário baseado no braço clínico dos critérios Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society para diag- nóstico de espondiloatrites axiais e um questionário de impacto da fibromialgia (Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire). Re- sultados: Quando o braço clínico da Assessment of Spondyloar- thritis International Society foi aplicado em pacientes com fibro- mialgia e dor lombar, 80% dos pacientes preencheram os critérios para diagnóstico de espondiloatrites axiais. As principais carac- terísticas de espondiloatrite axial foram dor lombar inflamatória, boa resposta a drogas anti-inflmatórias não esteroidais, artrite e entesite. Pacientes com critérios de espondiloatrites axiais posi- tivos apresentaram maiores níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa (p=0,00035). O valor médio do Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Ques- tionnaire para todos os pacientes avaliados foi 63,6, e não houve di- ferença entre os pacientes que preencheram os critérios e aqueles que não preencheram. Conclusão: Pacientes com fibromialgia e dor lombar frequentemente apresentam características clínicas de espondiloatrite axial, e aqueles que preencheram os crité- rios clínicos para espondiloatrites axiais também apresentaram maiores níveis séricos de proteína C-reativa.
Objective: To evaluate patients with fibromyalgia and back pain for clinical features of axial spondyloarthritis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, one hundred fibromyalgia patients between 18 and 65 years old were assessed. The assessment consisted of a questionnaire based on the clinical arm ofthe Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society criteria for the diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis and a questionnaire on the impact of fibromyalgia (Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire). Re- sults: When the clinical arm of the Assessment of Spondyloarthri- tis International Society was applied in patients with fibromyal- gia and back pain, 80% of the patients met the clinical criteria for diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis. The main features of axial spondyloarthritis in fibromyalgia patients were inflammatory back pain, good response to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), arthritis, and enthesitis. Patients with positive axial spondyloarthritis criteria presented with higher C- reac- tive protein levels (p=0.00035). The mean value of the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire for all patients assessed was 63.6 and there was no difference between patients that met the criteria for axial spondyloarthritis and those who did not. Con- clusion: Patients with fibromyalgia and back pain often present clinical features of axial spondyloarthritis, and those who met the clinical criteria for axial spondyloarthritis also presented with higher levels of C-reactive protein.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Fibromialgia/diagnóstico , Dor Lombar/diagnóstico , Espondiloartrite Axial/epidemiologia , Artrite , Psoríase , Uveíte , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Doença Crônica/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Prevalência , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Distribuição por Sexo , Distribuição por Idade , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Crônica/epidemiologia , Síndrome Mão-Pé , Entesopatia , Espondiloartrite Axial/diagnóstico , Anamnese/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective We aim to identify retrospectively surgically treated patients with an ankylosed spine who sustained a vertebral fracture. Our goal is to evaluate the main outcomes and complications. Methods We selected patients through the database of surgical interventions in the setting of fractures of an ankylosed spine segment between January 1st 2008 and June 30th 2018. We collected data from digital medical records. The parameters analyzed include hospital length of stay, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, perioperative and postoperative complications as well as neurological evolution. Results Fractures occurred in 14 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (82%) and 3 patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (18%). All patients were male and the mean age was 69 years. Fourteen fractures occurred after minor trauma (83%), of which 11 were due to falls from standing height or lower (65%). The cervical spine represents the majority of the levels involved (65%). Seven patients were admitted to the ICU (41%) and 11 suffered neurological damage. There was improvement of neurological status in less than 50% and there were high percentages of post-operative complications. Conclusion Patients with ankylosed spine diseases are at higher risk for vertebral fracture, even after minor trauma, and these are located predominantly in the cervical spine. The surgical treatment of these conditions is effective as it allows improvement of the patient's neurological status. However, they still present higher morbidity and mortality, as well as increased post-op complications. Prevention of falls may drastically change patients' outcome, neurological function and independence in activities of daily living. Level of evidence IV; A case series therapeutic study.
RESUMO Objetivo Identificar retrospetivamente casos de tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas vertebrais em pacientes com coluna anquilosada. O nosso propósito consiste em avaliar os principais desfechos e respectivas complicações. Métodos Selecionamos pacientes através do banco de dados de intervenções cirúrgicas no quadro de fraturas de um segmento da coluna anquilosada entre 1 de janeiro de 2008 a 30 de junho de 2018. Coletamos os dados a partir dos prontuários médicos digitais. Os parâmetros analisados incluem período de internação hospitalar, admissão na Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo (UTI), complicações pré- e pós-operatórias, assim como evolução neurológica. Resultados As fraturas ocorreram em 14 pacientes com espondilite snquilosante (82%) e em 3 pacientes com hiperostose esquelética difusa idiopática (18%). Todos os pacientes eram do sexo masculino e a idade média era de 69 anos. Quatorze fraturas ocorreram devido a trauma menor (83%), das quais 11 eram devido a quedas da própria altura ou inferiores (65%). A coluna cervical representa a maioria dos níveis envolvidos (65%). Sete pacientes foram admitidos na UTI (41%) e 11 sofreram lesão neurológica. Houve melhoria do estado neurológico em menos de metade dos pacientes e altas porcentagens de complicações pós-operatórias. Conclusão Os pacientes com doenças da coluna anquilosada têm maior risco de fraturas vertebrais, mesmo após trauma menor, localizando-se predominantemente na coluna cervical. O tratamento cirúrgico dessas condições é eficaz, uma vez que permite melhora do estado neurológico do paciente. Entretanto, ainda apresentam altos índices de morbilidade e mortalidade, assim como maior incidência de complicações pós-operatórias. A prevenção de quedas pode alterar drasticamente o desfecho, função neurológica e independência nas atividades diárias do paciente. Nível de evidência IV; Estudo terapêutico de série de casos.
RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar retrospectivamente casos de tratamiento quirúrgico de fracturas vertebrales en pacientes con columna anquilosada. Nuestro propósito consiste en evaluar sus principales resultados y respectivas complicaciones. Métodos Seleccionamos pacientes mediante banco de datos de intervenciones quirúrgicas en el cuadro de fracturas de un segmento de la columna anquilosada entre el 1 de enero de 2008 al 30 de junio de 2018. Recolectamos los datos a partir de los prontuarios médicos digitales. Los parámetros analizados incluyen período de internación hospitalaria, admisión en la Unidad de Tratamiento Intensivo (UTI), complicaciones pre y postoperatorias, así como evolución neurológica. Resultados Las fracturas ocurrieron en 14 pacientes con espondilitis anquilosante (82%) y en 3 pacientes con hiperostosis esquelética difusa idiopática (18%). Todos los pacientes eran del sexo masculino y la edad promedio era de 69 años. Catorce fracturas ocurrieron debido a trauma menor (83%), de las cuales 11 eran debido a caídas de la propia altura o inferiores (65%). La columna cervical representa la mayoría de los niveles implicados (65%). Siete pacientes fueron admitidos en la UTI (41%) y 11 sufrieron lesión neurológica. Hubo mejora del estado neurológico en menos de la mitad de los pacientes y altos porcentajes de complicaciones postoperatorias. Conclusión Los pacientes con enfermedades de la columna anquilosada tienen mayor riesgo de fracturas vertebrales, incluso después de trauma menor, localizándose predominantemente en la columna cervical. El tratamiento quirúrgico de esas condiciones es eficaz, ya que permite mejora del estado neurológico del paciente. Entretanto, aún presentan altos índices de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como mayor incidencia de complicaciones postoperatorias. La prevención de caídas puede alterar drásticamente los resultados, función neurológica e independencia en las actividades diarias del paciente. Nivel de evidencia IV; Estudio terapéutico de serie de casos.
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Humanos , Coluna Vertebral , Espondilite Anquilosante , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral , Hiperostose Esquelética Difusa IdiopáticaRESUMO
Lobular capillary hemangioma or pyogenic granuloma is a benign vascular tumor of the skin or mucous membranes. Most patients present a single lesion. It manifests clinically as an erythematous, friable, and fast-growing tumor. This report details a case with exuberant presentation in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis, using adalimumab. Factors triggering pyogenic granuloma are not well known. They may spontaneously regress, but most require treatment.
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Adalimumab/uso terapêutico , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Granuloma Piogênico/patologia , Dermatopatias/patologia , Espondilite Anquilosante/tratamento farmacológico , Granuloma Piogênico/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dermatopatias/etiologia , Espondilite Anquilosante/complicações , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Abstract Lobular capillary hemangioma or pyogenic granuloma is a benign vascular tumor of the skin or mucous membranes. Most patients present a single lesion. It manifests clinically as an erythematous, friable, and fast-growing tumor. This report details a case with exuberant presentation in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis, using adalimumab. Factors triggering pyogenic granuloma are not well known. They may spontaneously regress, but most require treatment.
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Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dermatopatias/patologia , Espondilite Anquilosante/tratamento farmacológico , Granuloma Piogênico/patologia , Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Adalimumab/uso terapêutico , Dermatopatias/etiologia , Espondilite Anquilosante/complicações , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Granuloma Piogênico/etiologiaRESUMO
Background: Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality today. Despite its wide distribution, it presents particularly prevalent in certain groups of individuals, particularly when exposed to a higher degree of inflammation, giving increased cardiovascular risk. Rheumatic diseases expose their holders to this increased cardiovascular risk condition; however only recently have been associated with spondyloarthritis, particularly ankylosing spondylitis (AS). For being a classically autoimmune disease related to HLA histocompatibility system, AS may present phenotypic variations in different ethnic groups with possible diverse cardiovascular consequences. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the cardiovascular risk profile, correlating the time since diagnosis and activity of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in patients from the rheumatology outpatient clinic of the UFMS-affiliated hospital. Methods: Of 55 patients with AS, 42 were selected consecutively and compared to a control group (CG) in a cross-sectional study. Patients with diabetes, indigenous background and pregnant women were excluded. Quantitative variables were assessed by use of Student t test, while qualitative variables, by chi-square test. The patients underwent electrocardiography, echocardiography and carotid Doppler examination, measurement of serum lipid levels and inflammatory markers, and were stratified according to global cardiovascular risk. The AS activity and impairment were evaluated by use of the BASMI, BASDAI, BASFI and ASDAS. Results: Mean age, 42.87 ± 12.37 years; time since AS diagnosis, 10.76 ± 8.74 years. There was no difference in cardiovascular risk stratification between the groups, most of the patients being at high or moderate risk (AS: 64.3%, and CG: 52%, p = 0.134). The prevalence of manifest CVD (2%) showed no difference between the groups, except for right bundle-branch block (AS: 14%, and CG: 2%, p = 0.027). The prevalence of subclinical CVD showed no difference between the groups, except for higher carotid medial-intimal thickness (CIMT) in the AS group (AS: 1.82 ± 2.63, and CG: 0.67 ± 0.16, p = 0.018). There was no correlation between AS activity or inflammatory markers and CVD, but with time since AS diagnosis and CIMT (p = 0.039, r = 0.328). Conclusions: Prevalence of CVD and risk factors was similar in the groups. Subclinical atherosclerosis degree was higher in the AS group, related to the time since diagnosis, but was independent of the cardiovascular risk factors or inflammation. Most patients with AS are at high cardiovascular risk
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pacientes Ambulatoriais , Espondilite Anquilosante/complicações , Espondilite Anquilosante/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Doenças Reumáticas , Ecocardiografia/métodos , Artérias Carótidas , Índice de Massa Corporal , Prevalência , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Fatores de Risco , Síndrome Metabólica , Diabetes Mellitus , Eletrocardiografia/métodos , Aterosclerose , Hipertensão , HDL-Colesterol , LDL-ColesterolRESUMO
La espondilitis anquilosante es definida como una espondiloartropatías crónica, inflamatoria e idiopática, que generalmente tiene un comienzo en edades tempranas de la vida. Se plantea que tiene predisposición por el sexo masculino y su principal manifestación clínica es la presencia de un dolor de tipo inflamatorio localizado en la espalda baja y que afecta principalmente la columna lumbar. Sin embargo, puede afectar otras articulaciones como las rodillas, hombros y coxofemorales. La necrosis avascular de la cabeza de fémur es el resultado de la interrupción brusca del aporte sanguíneo al hueso de causas intrínsecas o extrínsecas provocando necrosis y colapso óseo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente joven, de sexo masculino con diagnóstico de espondilitis anquilosante que acude con manifestaciones clínicas y radiológicas que permiten llegar al diagnóstico de una necrosis avascular de la cabeza femoral
Ankylosing spondylitis is defined as chronic, inflammatory and idiopathic spondyloarthropathy, which generally begins at an early age. It is stated that it is predisposed by the male sex and its main clinical manifestation is the presence of a pain of inflammatory type located in the lower back and that mainly affects the lumbar spine. However, it can affect other joints such as the knees, shoulders and coxofemoral joints. The avascular necrosis of the head of the femur is the result of abrupt interruption of the blood supply to the bone of intrinsic or extrinsic causes, causing necrosis and bone collapse. We present the case of a young, male patient diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis who presents with clinical and radiological manifestations that allow the diagnosis of avascular necrosis of the femoral head.
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The rheumatic diseases, which include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Behçet's disease, scleroderma, and ankylosing spondylitis, are characterized by involvement of connective tissue, with multiple manifestations. In those diseases, there can be involvement of the peripheral or central nervous system, and that involvement can be primary, presenting as a major feature of the clinical presentation, or secondary, as an effect of the drugs used in order to control a given disease or its complications. Knowledge of the wide variety of imaging findings is crucial to the diagnosis of a rheumatic disease, especially in the early stages, enabling effective treatment and minimizing disability. This pictorial essay, presenting cases from the records of two tertiary teaching hospitals, encompasses cases of patients diagnosed with rheumatic disease and illustrates the neuroradiological findings on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, in order to emphasize the importance of these methods for properly diagnosing rheumatic diseases.
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Abstract The rheumatic diseases, which include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Behçet's disease, scleroderma, and ankylosing spondylitis, are characterized by involvement of connective tissue, with multiple manifestations. In those diseases, there can be involvement of the peripheral or central nervous system, and that involvement can be primary, presenting as a major feature of the clinical presentation, or secondary, as an effect of the drugs used in order to control a given disease or its complications. Knowledge of the wide variety of imaging findings is crucial to the diagnosis of a rheumatic disease, especially in the early stages, enabling effective treatment and minimizing disability. This pictorial essay, presenting cases from the records of two tertiary teaching hospitals, encompasses cases of patients diagnosed with rheumatic disease and illustrates the neuroradiological findings on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, in order to emphasize the importance of these methods for properly diagnosing rheumatic diseases.
Resumo As doenças reumatológicas, que incluem lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, artrite reumatoide, doença de Behçet, esclerodermia e espondilite anquilosante, são caracterizadas por envolvimento do tecido conjuntivo, com múltiplas manifestações. Nessas doenças, o envolvimento do sistema nervoso central ou periférico pode ser primário, apresentando-se como uma das principais características clínicas, ou secundárias, como efeito das drogas usadas para seu controle. O diagnóstico, especialmente nas fases iniciais, depende do conhecimento de grande variedade de achados em métodos de imagem, permitindo um tratamento eficaz, causando menores deficiências. Este ensaio, com casos de um arquivo didático de dois hospitais terciários, engloba pacientes com diagnóstico de doenças reumatológicas e ilustra os achados neurorradiológicos de ressonância magnética e tomografia computadorizada, a fim de enfatizar a importância desses métodos para o diagnóstico adequado.
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SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an idiopathic seronegative spondyloartropathy that involves mainly the axial skeleton and the sacroiliac joints. AS promotes biomechanical changes in the spine that predispose to fractures, spinal deformity and spondylodiscitis. The aim of this article is to report the clinical and laboratorial characteristics of patients with AS who underwent spinal surgery at our Institution. METHODS: Retrospective review of medical charts of patients who had AS and underwent spinal interventions. RESULTS: Nine patients were found and eight were included in the present study. There were three men and six women and the patients' mean age was 57 years old. All patients had pain at the involved spinal level and one patient had tetraparesis due to cervical myelopathy. Acute-phase proteins were positive in six patients (75%), and HLA-B27 was found in two patients (25%). Four patients had the radiological diagnosis of spondylodiscitis (50%) and underwent a spinal disc biopsy. They were all characterized as having aseptic spondylodiscitis. Three patients were free of pain with analgesics in their last follow-up and one patient had only partial solution of his pain. Three additional patients had spinal fractures surgically treated (37.5%) and one patient was operated because of a cervical kyphotic deformity (12.5%). There were no deaths or surgical complications in this series. CONCLUSIONS: the majority of our clinical and laboratories findings were discrepant with the medical literature. These differences may be secondary to regional characteristics or by the fact that our population included only those patients who underwent spinal surgery.
RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A espondilite anquilosante (EA) é uma espondiloartropatia soronegativa, caracterizada principalmente pelo envolvimento do esqueleto axial e das articulações sacroilíacas. A EA promove alterações biomecânicas que predispõem a coluna a fraturas, deformidades e à espondilodiscite. O objetivo do presente estudo é reportar as características clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes com EA que foram submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos na coluna vertebral em nossa instituição. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com revisão de dados médicos dos pacientes com EA que foram submetidos a intervenções na coluna vertebral. RESULTADOS: Nove pacientes foram encontrados e oito incluídos no presente estudo. Três pacientes eram homens e seis mulheres, com média de 57 anos de idade. Todos os pacientes apresentavam dor no segmento da coluna acometido pela doença e um paciente tinha tetraparesia por mielopatia cervical. Seis pacientes (75%) apresentaram proteínas de fase aguda com níveis séricos elevados e dois eram HLA-B27 positivos. Em quatro pacientes houve o diagnóstico radiológico presumido de espondilodiscite e estes foram submetidos à biópsia de disco (três por via percutânea e um com biópsia aberta) - em nenhum deles houve identificação de agente infeccioso. Desses, três pacientes tiveram melhora total da dor durante o seguimento, enquanto um deles mantinha dores leves. Houve três casos de fraturas tratadas cirurgicamente (37,5%) e um caso de deformidade cervical cifótica grave (12,5%). Não houve mortes ou complicações relacionadas às cirurgias nessa série. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria dos dados clínicos e laboratoriais de nosso estudo divergiu da literatura. Essas diferenças podem ser atribuídas às características regionais de nossa população ou pelo fato de incluirmos apenas pacientes que foram submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Idoso , Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Espondilite Anquilosante/cirurgia , Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Espondilite Anquilosante/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/cirurgia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Resultado do Tratamento , Dor nas Costas/cirurgia , Hospitais Universitários , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the corneal biomechanical features and central corneal thickness in ankylosing spondylitis patients and to evaluate correlations of these parameters with disease activity. Methods: The study included 51 patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis (mean age, 40.80 ± 13.15 years; range, 18-72 years) and 34 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (mean age, 42.00 ± 12.32 years; range, 18-60 years). All underwent a complete ophthalmological and physical examination, including visual acuity testing and biomicroscopic anterior and posterior segment examinations. Corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure, and corneal compensated intraocular pressure were evaluated with an ocular response analyzer, and the central corneal thickness was measured with Sirius® corneal tomography. The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, Functional Index, and Metrology Index scores were recorded. Results: In the ankylosing spondylitis patients, the mean disease duration was 7.73 ± 6.05 (range, 1-30) years. There was no statistically significant difference between the patients and controls in the corneal biomechanical features. The Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure and corneal compensated intraocular pressure both showed positive correlations with age (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively). There was a negative correlation between corneal hysteresis and disease duration (p=0.002), and between central corneal thickness and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index score (p=0.003). Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant negative correlation between corneal hysteresis and disease duration in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Furthermore, the central corneal thickness value decreased with an increase in Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index score, which may result in an underestimate of intraocular pressure readings and thus an inaccurate risk assessment of glaucoma.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as características biomecânicas da córnea e espessura central da córnea em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante e analisar a correlação destes parâmetros no grupo de estudo com a atividade da doença. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 51 pacientes com diagnóstico de espondilite anquilosante e 34 controles saudáveis com idade e sexo. Todos os sujeitos foram submetidos a um exame oftalmológico e físico completo, incluindo exames de acuidade visual, exames de segmento anterior e posterior biomicroscópicos. Foram avaliados o coeficiente de resistência da córnea, a pressão intraocular correlacionada com Goldmann e a pressão intraocular compensada da córnea com o analisador de resposta ocular, a espessura corneana central com a tomografia corneana pelo Sirius®. Se o índice de atividade da doença de espondilite anquilosante de banho, o índice funcional de espondilite anquilosante de banho, o índice de metrologia de espondilite anquilosante de banho. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 51 pacientes com idade média de 40,80 ± 13,15 (intervalo: 18-72) anos e 34 casos de controle com idade média de 42,00 ± 12,32 (intervalo: 18-60) anos. No grupo espondilite anquilosante a duração média da doença foi de 7,73 ± 6,05 (1,00-30,00) anos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre dois grupos quanto às características biomecânicas da córnea. Na análise de correlação, no grupo de estudo; pressão intraocular correlacionada com Goldmann e pressão intraocular compensada da córnea estavam positivamente correlacionados com a idade (p=0,003, p=0,001, respectivamente). Houve uma correlação negativa entre a duração da doença e CH (p=0,002), e entre índice de metrologia de espondilite anquilosante de banho e espessura corneana central (p=0,003). Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou correlação negativa significativa entre a duração da doença e a histerese corneal em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante. Além disso, com um aumento na pontuação de índice de metrologia de espondilite anquilosante de banho, o valor de espessura corneana central também estava diminuindo o que pode causar uma diminuição nas leituras de pressão intraocular artificialmente e resultar em avaliação de risco imprecisa de glaucoma.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Espondilite Anquilosante/patologia , Córnea/patologia , Doenças da Córnea/patologia , Espondilite Anquilosante/complicações , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Contagem de Células , Glaucoma/etiologia , Glaucoma/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Risco , Córnea/fisiopatologia , Doenças da Córnea/complicações , Doenças da Córnea/fisiopatologia , Topografia da Córnea , Paquimetria Corneana , Pressão IntraocularRESUMO
ABSTRACT Background Rheumatic diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) may be associated with sexual dysfunction. Aim To study erectile function of a group of Brazilian AS patients comparing them with controls. Materials and Methods This was a cross sectional study approved by the local Committee of Ethics in Research. The questionnaire IIEF (International Index of Erectile Function) was applied to 40 AS patients and 40 healthy controls. AS patients had determination of disease activity (through BASDAI or Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease activity index), ASDAS (Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score, MASES or Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Score and SPARCC or Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada), function (through BASFI or Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index and HAQ or Health Assessment Questionnaire) and BASMI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrological Index). Results AS patients had a median score on IIEF of 22.0 (IQR=18-25) while controls had 29 (IQR=27-30) with p<0.0001 Only 17.5% of the AS patients had no erectile dysfunction, in opposite to 87.5% of controls (p<0.0001). IIEF scores had a negative association with BASDAI (p<0.0001), HAQ (p=0.05), body mass index (P=0.03), MASES (P=0.02) and SPARCC (P=0.02) in a univariate analysis. Multiple regression showed that BASDAI was the only variable independently associated with IIEF. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of erectile dysfunction among AS patients that is associated with disease activity measured by BASDAI.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Espondilite Anquilosante/complicações , Disfunção Erétil/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Disfunção Erétil/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rheumatic diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) may be associated with sexual dysfunction. AIM: To study erectile function of a group of Brazilian AS patients comparing them with controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross sectional study approved by the local Committee of Ethics in Research. The questionnaire IIEF (International Index of Erectile Function) was applied to 40 AS patients and 40 healthy controls. AS patients had determination of disease activity (through BASDAI or Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease activity index), ASDAS (Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score, MASES or Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Score and SPARCC or Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada), function (through BASFI or Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index and HAQ or Health Assessment Questionnaire) and BASMI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrological Index). RESULTS: AS patients had a median score on IIEF of 22.0 (IQR=18-25) while controls had 29 (IQR=27-30) with p<0.0001 Only 17.5% of the AS patients had no erectile dysfunction, in opposite to 87.5% of controls (p<0.0001). IIEF scores had a negative association with BASDAI (p<0.0001), HAQ (p=0.05), body mass index (P=0.03), MASES (P=0.02) and SPARCC (P=0.02) in a univariate analysis. Multiple regression showed that BASDAI was the only variable independently associated with IIEF. CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of erectile dysfunction among AS patients that is associated with disease activity measured by BASDAI.
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Disfunção Erétil/etiologia , Espondilite Anquilosante/complicações , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Disfunção Erétil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) generates inflammation and pain in entheses, peripheral joints and the spine. Education regarding AS can improve patients' disability. Thus, it is important to assess patients' knowledge. There is no instrument in the literature for assessing knowledge of AS in Portuguese. The aim here was to translate to the Brazilian Portuguese language, culturally adapt and test the reliability of the questionnaire "Ankylosing Spondylitis: What do you know?" and to correlate the findings with other factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Original article regarding validation of questionnaire, produced at the Federal University of Sao Paulo (Unifesp). METHODS: For translation and cultural adaptation, Guilleman methodology was used. After the first phase, the reliability was tested on 30 patients. Correlations between these scores and other factors were examined. RESULTS: In the interobserver assessment, the Pearson correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha were 0.831 and 0.895, respectively. In the intraobserver evaluation, the intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha were 0.79 and 0.883, respectively. At this stage, the score for area of knowledge A showed correlations with ethnicity and education; the score for area D, with age; the total score and scores for areas A and B with "social aspects" of SF-36; and the score for area D with "pain", "vitality" and "emotional aspects" of SF-36. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the questionnaire "Ankylosing Spondylitis: What do you know?" was created. It is reproducible and correlates with education level, ethnicity and the SF-36 domains "social aspects" and "emotional aspects".
RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A espondilite anquilosante (EA) gera inflamação e dor em enteses, articulações periféricas e coluna vertebral. A educação na EA pode melhorar a incapacidade dos pacientes. Assim, é importante avaliar o conhecimento do paciente. Não há na literatura instrumento que avalie o conhecimento da EA na língua portuguesa. O objetivo foi traduzir para a língua portuguesa brasileira, realizar a adaptação cultural e testar a confiabilidade do questionário Ankylosing Spondylitis: What do you know? e relacionar os resultados com outros fatores. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Artigo original de validação de questionário realizado na Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp). MÉTODOS: Para tradução e adaptação cultural, foi utilizada a metodologia de Guilleman. Depois da primeira fase, a confiabilidade foi testada em 30 pacientes. Correlações entre esses escores e outros fatores foram avaliadas. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação interobservador, o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e o alpha de Cronbach foram de 0,831 e 0,895, respectivamente. Na avaliação intra-observador, o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e o alpha de Cronbach foram de 0,79 e 0,883, respectivamente. Nesta etapa, foram encontradas correlações entre etnia e escolaridade e a área de conhecimento A, e entre idade e a área D; entre o escore total e escores das áreas A e B e "aspectos sociais" do SF-36 e entre a área D e "dor", "vitalidade" e "aspectos emocionais" do SF-36. CONCLUSÃO: Foi criada a versão brasileira do questionário "Ankylosing Spondylitis: What do you know?", que é reprodutível e se correlaciona com escolaridade, etnia e os domínios "aspectos sociais" e "aspectos emocionais" do SF-36.
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Abstract: Background: Psoriasis is immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disease with preference for skin and joints. The skin involvement occurs by hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. It is associated with comorbidities, mainly related to the clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Increased TNF-alpha expression (TNF-α) is related to its pathophysiology. Infliximab is an intravenous drug that acts neutralizing the biological activity of TNF-α and prevents the binding of the molecule to the target cell receptor, inhibiting cell proliferation of psoriasis and other diseases mediated by TNF-α. A lot of infusion reactions have been described in the literature. Objective: To evaluate the adverse effects of intravenous treatment with infliximab, analyzing patients with psoriasis compared to those with other chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Method: Analysis of medical records and adverse events of 168 patients undergoing infliximab infusion for psoriasis and chronic inflammatory diseases treatment. Results: 168 patients who have used infliximab were evaluated, 24 had psoriasis and 144 had chronic inflammatory diseases. Only 2 (8.3%) patients with psoriasis showed adverse events requiring treatment discontinuation, and just 6 (4.2%) female patients with chronic inflammatory diseases experienced adverse events. Conclusion: Infliximab is a safe drug, with a low percentage of adverse events and there were more adverse events in women with chronic inflammatory diseases and in patients who received more infliximab infusions.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psoríase/tratamento farmacológico , Antirreumáticos/efeitos adversos , Infliximab/efeitos adversos , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Espondilite Anquilosante/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Crohn/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores Sexuais , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Infliximab/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate treatment persistence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis who started therapies with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) and tumor necrosis factor blockers (anti-TNF drugs). METHODS This retrospective cohort study from July 2008 to September 2013 evaluated therapy persistence, which is defined as the period between the start of treatment until it is discontinued, allowing for an interval of up to 30 days between the prescription end and the start of the next prescription. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by logistic regression models to estimate the patients' chances of persisting in their therapies after the first and after the two first years of follow-up. RESULTS The study included 11,642 patients with rheumatoid arthritis - 2,241 of these started on anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) and 9,401 patients started on DMARD - and 1,251 patients with ankylosing spondylitis - 976 of them were started on anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) and 275 were started on DMARD. In the first year of follow-up, 63.5% of the patients persisted in their therapies with anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) and 54.1% remained using DMARD in the group with rheumatoid arthritis. In regards to ankylosing spondylitis, 79.0% of the subjects in anti-TNF (+/-DMARD) group and 41.1% of the subjects in the DMARD group persisted with their treatments. The OR (95%CI) for therapy persistence was 1.50 (1.34-1.67) for the anti-TNF (+/-DMARD) group as compared with the DMARD group in the first year for the patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 2.33 (1.74-3.11) for the patients with ankylosing spondylitis. A similar trend was observed at the end of the second year. CONCLUSIONS A general trend of higher rates of therapy persistence with anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) was observed as compared to DMARD in the study period. We observed higher persistence rates for anti-TNF drugs (+/-DMARD) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis as compared to rheumatoid arthritis; and a higher persistence for DMARD in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as compared to ankylosing spondylitis.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a persistência do tratamento em pacientes com artrite reumatoide e espondilite anquilosante que iniciaram terapia com medicamentos modificadores do curso da doença (MMCD) e agentes bloqueadores do fator de necrose tumoral (anti-TNF). MÉTODOS Este estudo de coorte retrospectiva de julho de 2008 a setembro de 2013 avaliou a persistência na terapia, definida como o tempo do início até a descontinuação, permitindo-se um intervalo de até 30 dias entre o fim da prescrição e o início da prescrição seguinte. Odds ratio (OR) com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por meio de modelos de regressão logística para estimar a chance de apresentar persistência na terapia após o primeiro e os dois primeiros anos de seguimento. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos 11.642 pacientes com artrite reumatoide - 2.241 iniciaram uso de agentes anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 9.401 iniciaram MMCD - e 1.251 pacientes com espondilite anquilosante - 976 iniciaram uso de agentes anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 275 iniciaram MMCD. No primeiro ano de acompanhamento, 63,5% persistiram em terapia com anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 54,1% em uso de MMCD do grupo com artrite reumatoide. Em relação à espondilite anquilosante, 79,0% do grupo anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) e 41,1% do grupo MMCD persistiram no tratamento. O OR (IC95%) para persistência na terapia foi de 1,50 (1,34-1,67) para o grupo anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) comparado com MMCD no primeiro ano em pacientes com artrite reumatoide, e de 2,33 (1,74-3,11) em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante. Foi observada tendência semelhante ao final do segundo ano. CONCLUSÕES Observou-se uma tendência geral de taxas mais elevadas de persistência na terapia com anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) em relação a MMCD no período estudado. Foram observadas taxas de persistência mais elevadas para os usuários de anti-TNF (+/-MMCD) em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante em relação a artrite reumatoide, e maior persistência para MMCD em pacientes com artrite reumatoide em relação à espondilite anquilosante.