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Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is an uncommon but serious and potentially fatal condition, mainly affecting infants. In 2017, Argentina introduced a vaccination program against serogroups A, C, W and Y (MenACWY) for infants aged 3, 5 and 15 months and adolescents aged 11 years. The objective of this study was to review the burden of IMD in Argentina in 2010-2019. Data were obtained from national surveillance databases, and the study estimated IMD incidence, mortality, case-fatality rates, and serogroup distributions across age groups. A total of 1,972 IMD cases were reported in the study period, with the highest incidence in infants aged < 1 year. Incidence peaked in 2013 and subsequently declined. Mortality rates were 18 times higher in infants than in other age groups, reflecting the high impact of IMD in this age group. The case-fatality rate was 8.5% on average and increased with age. The proportion of notified cases with serogroup identification increased over the period, reaching 91% in 2019. The most common serogroups over the study period were serogroup B (48%) and serogroup W (42%), with an increase in B relative to W since 2015. In infants aged < 1 year, the proportion of serogroup B increased in recent years, reaching around 70% of characterized cases in 2018-2019. These results show the dynamism of IMD and indicate the importance of vaccination at an early age and offering protection against predominant serogroups. These data are valuable to support evidence-based decision-making in healthcare.

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Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen. It can resist stress conditions by adapting through the production of biofilms, which represents a serious problem for the food industry. It is classified into 14 serotypes, although only four (1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, and 4b) account for 89.0-98.0% of listeriosis cases worldwide. The objective of this study was to detect and serotype L.monocytogenes isolated from different food matrices from processing plants in Argentina. In the period 2016-2021, 1832 samples (meat, ready-to-eat foods, ice cream, dairy foods, and frozen vegetables) were analyzed, of which 226 (12.34%) isolates compatible with L.monocytogenes were detected. At the same time, environmental and surface samplings were performed in processing plants for ready-to-eat foods, sausages and dairy products, where environmental contamination with L.monocytogenes was detected in numerous critical points of the process, yielding a positivity rate of 22.7%. The molecular analysis of serogroups was performed, where it was observed that serogroup IIb was the most frequent with 66.5% (n=107), and in descending order IIc with 22.3% (n=36), and IIa (n=9) and IVb (n=9) with 5.6%. The serogroup mostly isolated in environmental monitoring was IIb. This work highlights the importance of the detection and serotyping of L.monocytogenes for taking actionable measures and identifying outbreaks, and is the first study in Argentina to describe an extensive study in food matrices.

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The bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, a strictly human pathogen, can cause meningitis, meningococcemia, sepsis, and death; repeatedly it scause outbreaks around the world. The frequency of asymptomatic carriage is often high in adolescents and young adults, increasing the invasive meningococcal disease risk and likelihood of transmission. However, detailed analyses of meningococcal carriage in this population in Colombia, particularly in coastal areas, are lacking. In this study, the prevalence and characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis carriage were evaluated in asymptomatic adolescents and young adults (11-25 years old) in Cartagena, Colombia. Oropharynx samples were collected from participants between August and December 2019. The phenotypic identification of bacteria was performed by conventional methods and biochemical testing. Molecular identification to the species level was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In total, 12 of 648 samples were positive for Neisseria meningitidis by 16S rRNA sequencing, indicating a prevalence of 1.9%. Isolates were classified into four invasive serogroups (A, B, C, and W) by a comparative sequence analysis of the ribosomal gene. Despite the occurrence of meningococcal disease in Cartagena city in the last several years, the frequency of oropharyngeal carriage in adolescents and young adults was low. Serogroup A had not been previously reported in nasopharyngeal samples in Colombia. This is the first report of Neisseria meningitidis on the Colombian Caribbean coast based on 16S rRNA sequencing and is expected to guide the development of vaccination and follow-up strategies.

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Abstract The bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, a strictly human pathogen, can cause meningitis, meningococcemia, sepsis, and death; repeatedly it scause outbreaks around the world. The frequency of asymptomatic carriage is often high in adolescents and young adults, increasing the invasive meningococcal disease risk and likelihood of transmission. However, detailed analyses of meningococcal carriage in this population in Colombia, particularly in coastal areas, are lacking. In this study, the prevalence and characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis carriage were evaluated in asymptomatic adolescents and young adults (11-25 years old) in Cartagena, Colombia. Oropharynx samples were collected from participants between August and December 2019. The phenotypic identification of bacteria was performed by conventional methods and biochemical testing. Molecular identification to the species level was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In total, 12 of 648 samples were positive for Neisseria meningitidis by 16S rRNA sequencing, indicating a prevalence of 1.9%. Isolates were classified into four invasive serogroups (A, B, C, and W) by a comparative sequence analysis of the ribosomal gene. Despite the occurrence of meningococcal disease in Cartagena city in the last several years, the frequency of oropharyngeal carriage in adolescents and young adults was low. Serogroup A had not been previously reported in nasopharyngeal samples in Colombia. This is the first report of Neisseria meningitidis on the Colombian Caribbean coast based on 16S rRNA sequencing and is expected to guide the development of vaccination and follow-up strategies.

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Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic bacterium present in several environments able to survive and proliferate in food processing plants, contaminating products that when ingested can lead to listeriosis. Worldwide, the bacterium has been isolated from foods of animal and plant origin and its occurrence in ready-to-eat foods is a challenge for food processing establishments. Serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, and 4b related to 95% of listeriosis cases have been detected in different foods and presented resistance to common antibiotics such as tetracycline and penicillin. The analysis and dissemination of the presence of L. monocytogenes in different foods are essential to anchor control and prevention measures. In Brazil, despite the lack of official data on contamination by L. monocytogenes, some studies have reported the presence of bacteria in various foods and food processing environments. Thus, this review focuses on presenting the main characteristics of the L. monocytogenes, resistance to antimicrobial agents, and occurrence in several foods and countries from 2010 to 2020.

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Listeria monocytogenes is an important pathogen that has been implicated in foodborne illnesses and the recall of products such as fruit and vegetables. This study determines the prevalence of virulence-associated genes and serogroups and evaluates the effects of different growth media and environmental conditions on biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes. Eighteen L. monocytogenes isolates from Hass avocados sold at markets in Guadalajara, Mexico, were characterized by virulence-associated genes and serogroup detection with PCR. All isolates harbored 88.8% actA, 88.8% plcA, 83.3% mpl, 77.7% inlB, 77.7% hly, 66.6% prfA, 55.5% plcB, and 33.3% inlA. The results showed that 38.8% of isolates harbored virulence genes belonging to Listeria pathogenicity island 1 (LIPI-1). PCR revealed that the most prevalent serogroup was serogroup III (1/2b, 3b, and 7 (n = 18, 66.65%)), followed by serogroup IV (4b, 4d-4e (n = 5, 27.7%)) and serogroup I (1/2a-3a (n = 1, 5.5%)). The assessment of the ability to develop biofilms using a crystal violet staining method revealed that L. monocytogenes responded to supplement medium TSBA, 1/10 diluted TSBA, and TSB in comparison with 1/10 diluted TSB (p < 0.05) on polystyrene at 240 h (p < 0.05). In particular, the biofilm formation by L. monocytogenes (7.78 ± 0.03-8.82 ± 0.03 log10 CFU/cm2) was significantly different in terms of TSBA on polypropylene type B (PP) (p < 0.05). In addition, visualization by epifluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and treatment (DNase I and proteinase K) revealed the metabolically active cells and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms on PP. L. monocytogenes has the ability to develop biofilms that harbor virulence-associated genes, which represent a serious threat to human health and food safety.

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Equine leptospirosis, although usually asymptomatic, has been associated with recurrent uveitis, abortion, and other systemic signs, constituting a major economic loss in the equine agribusiness sector. The occurrence of anti-Leptospira spp. agglutinins were investigated in 1200 serum samples of horses from 27 municipalities of the Recôncavo Baiano region, Bahia state (NE Brazil), besides the risk factors related to animals and their cattle farms. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was performed using 13 serogroups of Leptospira spp. as antigens. From 1200 analyzed equines, 97 (8%) were considered as positive, which obtained titer equal to or higher than 200. In 22 (78.6%) from the 28 properties, at least one animal was detected as seropositive. The most prevalent serogroup in animals, raised in stables, was the Australis (serovar Bratislava) 67%; in mounted police animals was the Sejroe (serovar Wolffi and Hardjobovis) 50%; and equestrian animals was the Australis (serovar Bratislava) 25% and Icterohaemorrhagiae (serovar Copenhageni) 25%. Equine leptospirosis is present in most cattle farms of the region studied. The risk factors of major importance regarded the semi-extensive livestock farming, the land topography of the cattle farm, the contact with animals in neighboring properties, and cohabitation with goats.

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The aim of this survey was to determine epidemiological indicators for leptospirosis in equids from Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 138 equids were sampled from 58 rural properties, and for the diagnosis of leptospirosis it was used the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) with 22 serovars as antigens. A seropositivity found was 40.6% (56/138). The reactive serogroups were Australis (43%), Sejroe (16.3%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14.3%), Grippotyphosa (10.2%), Canicola (6.1%), Tarassovi (4.1%), Pomona (2%), Ballum (2%) and Hebdomadis (2%). Animals over 36 months of age presented higher chance of get seropositive (odds ratio = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.23 7.56; P = 0.016). The results obtained in the present work point to the high occurrence of seropositive equids for Leptospira sp. in the semiarid of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. As it is the first report of seropositive equidae in Paraíba, other surveys should be conducted in the region aiming to isolate and identify the agent for the determination of the current infection in the animals.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar indicadores epidemiológicos da leptospirose em equídeos do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram amostrados 138 equídeos provenientes de 58 propriedades rurais, e para o diagnóstico da leptospirose foi utilizado o teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), utilizando uma bateria com 22 sorovares como antígenos. A sororreatividade encontrada foi de 40,6% (56/138). Os sorogrupos reatores foram Australis (43%), Sejroe (16,3%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14,3%), Grippotyphosa (10,2%), Canicola (6,1%), Tarassovi (4,1%), Pomona (2%), Ballum (2%) e Hebdomadis (2%). Animais com idade acima de 36 meses apresentaram maior chance de serem sororreativos (odds ratio = 3,04; IC 95% = 1,23 7,56; P = 0,016). Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho apontam para a elevada ocorrência de equídeos sororreagentes para Leptospira sp. no semiárido paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. Sendo este o primeiro relato de equídeos sororreagentes na Paraíba, outros estudos devem ser conduzidos na região com o objetivo de isolar e identificar o agente para a determinação da infecção corrente nos animais.

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RESUMO

The aim of this survey was to determine epidemiological indicators for leptospirosis in equids from Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 138 equids were sampled from 58 rural properties, and for the diagnosis of leptospirosis it was used the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) with 22 serovars as antigens. A seropositivity found was 40.6% (56/138). The reactive serogroups were Australis (43%), Sejroe (16.3%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14.3%), Grippotyphosa (10.2%), Canicola (6.1%), Tarassovi (4.1%), Pomona (2%), Ballum (2%) and Hebdomadis (2%). Animals over 36 months of age presented higher chance of get seropositive (odds ratio = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.23 7.56; P = 0.016). The results obtained in the present work point to the high occurrence of seropositive equids for Leptospira sp. in the semiarid of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. As it is the first report of seropositive equidae in Paraíba, other surveys should be conducted in the region aiming to isolate and identify the agent for the determination of the current infection in the animals.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar indicadores epidemiológicos da leptospirose em equídeos do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram amostrados 138 equídeos provenientes de 58 propriedades rurais, e para o diagnóstico da leptospirose foi utilizado o teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), utilizando uma bateria com 22 sorovares como antígenos. A sororreatividade encontrada foi de 40,6% (56/138). Os sorogrupos reatores foram Australis (43%), Sejroe (16,3%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14,3%), Grippotyphosa (10,2%), Canicola (6,1%), Tarassovi (4,1%), Pomona (2%), Ballum (2%) e Hebdomadis (2%). Animais com idade acima de 36 meses apresentaram maior chance de serem sororreativos (odds ratio = 3,04; IC 95% = 1,23 7,56; P = 0,016). Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho apontam para a elevada ocorrência de equídeos sororreagentes para Leptospira sp. no semiárido paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. Sendo este o primeiro relato de equídeos sororreagentes na Paraíba, outros estudos devem ser conduzidos na região com o objetivo de isolar e identificar o agente para a determinação da infecção corrente nos animais.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis and the predominant serogroups in serological tests of ruminants performed at the Transmissible Diseases Laboratory of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, between 2010 and 2017. This research included the records of serological tests for leptospirosis from 5594 animals, including 1527 cattle, 1761 goats, 2170 sheep, and 136 buffaloes from four Brazilian states (Paraíba, Pernambuco, Maranhão, and Rio Grande do Norte). Of the 5594 serum samples, 662 were serologically positive, corresponding to a frequency of 11.8%. Serjoe (30.6%), Autumnalis (13.6%), and Icterohaemorrhagiae (11.3%) were the most frequent subgroups among all species. The individual frequencies in cattle, goats, sheep, and buffaloes were 20% (306/1527), 8.3% (147/1761), 7.9% (171/2170), and 27.9% (38/136), respectively, with titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:3200. The most frequent serogroups according to animal species were as follows: Serjoe predominated in cattle (62%), followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae (12.5%) and Tarassovi (6.6%); Autumnalis was the most frequent in goats and sheep (29.4% and 26.9%, respectively), followed by Seramanga (12.5%) in goats and Icterohaemmorrhagiae (13.5%) in sheep; and Australis predominated in buffaloes (39.5%), followed by Pomona (31.6%) and Canicola (21.1%). Leptospira sp. infection, determined by serology, is widespread in ruminants (cattle, goats, sheep, and buffaloes) in northeastern Brazil, suggesting the existence of alternative transmission routes that are less dependent on environmental factors. Identification of the most frequent serogroups highlights the need to improve sanitary conditions, and implement efficient and targeted control measures directed at the primary infection sources.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soropositividade para leptospirose e os sorogrupos predominantes nos testes sorológicos realizados no Laboratório de Doenças Transmissíveis (LDT) da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, em bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e bubalinos no período de 2010 a 2017. Foram computados os registros dos exames sorológicos para leptospirose de 5.594 animais, que incluíram 1.527 bovinos, 1.761 caprinos, 2.170 ovinos e 136 bubalinos, provenientes de quatro estados brasileiros (Paraíba, Pernambuco, Maranhão e Rio Grande do Norte). Das 5.594 amostras de soro de bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e bubalinos, 662 amostras foram positivas no teste sorológico, resultando em uma frequência de 11,8%. Serjoe (30,6%), Autumnalis (13,6%) e Icterohaemorrhagiae (11,3%) foram os sorogrupos mais frequentes para todas as espécies. As frequências individuais de bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e bubalinos foram de 20% (306/1.527), 8,3% (147/1.761), 7,9% (171/2.170), e 27,9% (38/136), respectivamente, com títulos variando de 1:100 a 1:3200. Com relação aos sorogrupos mais frequentes por espécie animal, o Serjoe predominou em bovinos (62%), seguido de Icterohaemorrhagiae (12,5%) e Tarassovi (6,6%); Autumnalis foi o mais frequente em caprinos e ovinos (29,4% e 26,9%, respectivamente), seguido de Seramanga (12,5%) em caprinos e Icterohaemmorrhagiae (13,5%) em ovinos; Australis predominou nos bubalinos (39,5%), seguido de Pomona (31,6%) e Canicola (21,1%)...

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The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis and the predominant serogroups in serological tests of ruminants performed at the Transmissible Diseases Laboratory of the Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, between 2010 and 2017. This research included the records of serological tests for leptospirosis from 5594 animals, including 1527 cattle, 1761 goats, 2170 sheep, and 136 buffaloes from four Brazilian states (Paraíba, Pernambuco, Maranhão, and Rio Grande do Norte). Of the 5594 serum samples, 662 were serologically positive, corresponding to a frequency of 11.8%. Serjoe (30.6%), Autumnalis (13.6%), and Icterohaemorrhagiae (11.3%) were the most frequent subgroups among all species. The individual frequencies in cattle, goats, sheep, and buffaloes were 20% (306/1527), 8.3% (147/1761), 7.9% (171/2170), and 27.9% (38/136), respectively, with titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:3200. The most frequent serogroups according to animal species were as follows: Serjoe predominated in cattle (62%), followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae (12.5%) and Tarassovi (6.6%); Autumnalis was the most frequent in goats and sheep (29.4% and 26.9%, respectively), followed by Seramanga (12.5%) in goats and Icterohaemmorrhagiae (13.5%) in sheep; and Australis predominated in buffaloes (39.5%), followed by Pomona (31.6%) and Canicola (21.1%). Leptospira sp. infection, determined by serology, is widespread in ruminants (cattle, goats, sheep, and buffaloes) in northeastern Brazil, suggesting the existence of alternative transmission routes that are less dependent on environmental factors. Identification of the most frequent serogroups highlights the need to improve sanitary conditions, and implement efficient and targeted control measures directed at the primary infection sources.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soropositividade para leptospirose e os sorogrupos predominantes nos testes sorológicos realizados no Laboratório de Doenças Transmissíveis (LDT) da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos, Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil, em bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e bubalinos no período de 2010 a 2017. Foram computados os registros dos exames sorológicos para leptospirose de 5.594 animais, que incluíram 1.527 bovinos, 1.761 caprinos, 2.170 ovinos e 136 bubalinos, provenientes de quatro estados brasileiros (Paraíba, Pernambuco, Maranhão e Rio Grande do Norte). Das 5.594 amostras de soro de bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e bubalinos, 662 amostras foram positivas no teste sorológico, resultando em uma frequência de 11,8%. Serjoe (30,6%), Autumnalis (13,6%) e Icterohaemorrhagiae (11,3%) foram os sorogrupos mais frequentes para todas as espécies. As frequências individuais de bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e bubalinos foram de 20% (306/1.527), 8,3% (147/1.761), 7,9% (171/2.170), e 27,9% (38/136), respectivamente, com títulos variando de 1:100 a 1:3200. Com relação aos sorogrupos mais frequentes por espécie animal, o Serjoe predominou em bovinos (62%), seguido de Icterohaemorrhagiae (12,5%) e Tarassovi (6,6%); Autumnalis foi o mais frequente em caprinos e ovinos (29,4% e 26,9%, respectivamente), seguido de Seramanga (12,5%) em caprinos e Icterohaemmorrhagiae (13,5%) em ovinos; Australis predominou nos bubalinos (39,5%), seguido de Pomona (31,6%) e Canicola (21,1%)...(AU)

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Los serogrupos O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O121, O145 y O157 de STEC se relacionan con un elevado número de casos de SUH a nivel mundial, por lo que están incluidos dentro de las categorías de mayor riesgo para los humanos, según los criterios de autoridades alimentarias de Estados Unidos y Europa. El método convencional de identificación de antígenos O y H se realiza por aglutinación con antisueros de conejo. Este método además de ser muy costoso y laborioso, no se encuentra disponible en el país para empleo masivo. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transverso ha sido la estandarización de una técnica de PCR múltiple para la detección de estos 8 serogrupos, a fin de contar con un sistema de detección eficiente, sensible y con potencial de aplicación en la industria alimentaria. Se estandarizaron reacciones de PCR empleando como controles positivos cepas E. coli de referencia correspondientes a la totalidad de los serogrupos citados. Se obtuvieron productos de tamaños esperados para cada serogrupo, no se observaron amplificaciones cruzadas o falsos positivos. Esta técnica estandarizada podría representar una herramienta rápida y menos costosa que la técnica serológica, con la capacidad de ser aplicada a diferentes matrices, permitiendo la detección de estos serogrupos en aislados STEC de ganado en pie, fuentes de agua de consumo, alimentos e incluso en aislamientos clínicos asociados a enfermedades humanas(AU)

STEC serogroups O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O121, O145, and O157, are related to a high number of cases of HUS worldwide, so they are included in the categories of greatest risk for humans, according to the food administration criteria of the United States and Europe. The conventional method of identifying antigens O and H is carried out by agglutination with rabbit antisera. This method is very expensive and laborious and is not available in the country for massive-scale use. In this context, the objective of this cross-sectional descriptive observational study has been the standardization of a multiplex PCR technique for the detection of these 8 serogroups, in order to have an efficient and sensitive detection system with the potential for application in the food industry. PCR reactions were standardized using as positive controls reference E. coli strains to correspond to all the mentioned serogroups. Products of expected sizes were obtained for each serogroup; no cross-amplification or false positives were observed. This standardized technique could represent a quick and less expensive tool than the serological technique, with the possibility to be applied to different kind of samples, allowing the detection of these serogroups in STEC isolates of live cattle, sources of drinking water, food and even in clinical isolates associated with human diseases(AU)

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Leptospirosis is an endemic zoonotic disease in Brazil and is widespread throughout rural populations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This study aimed to identify presumptive infecting Leptospira serogroups in human and animal cases and describe their occurrences within the ecoregions of the state by animal species. Data for human and animal leptospirosis cases were gathered from the government's passive surveillance systems and presumptive infecting serogroups were identified based on a two-fold titer difference in serogroups in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) panel. A total of 22 different serogroups were reported across both human and animal cases. Serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae was the most common among humans, while serogroup Sejroe predominated among animal cases, particularly bovines. Each ecoregion had a large distribution of cases, with 51% of the human cases in the Parana⁻Paraiba ecoregion, and 81% of the animal cases in the Savannah ecoregion. Identifying and mapping the serogroups circulating using the One Health approach is the first step for further understanding the distribution of the disease in the state. This study has the potential to aid in guiding public health and agricultural practices, furthering the need for a human vaccine in high-risk populations to complement control and prevention efforts.

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Intestinal infections represent an important public health concern worldwide. Escherichia coli is one of the main bacterial agents involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. In 2011, an outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in Germany was related to a non-O157 STEC strain of O104:H4 serotype. The difficulty in identifying the origin of the bacteria related to the outbreak showed the importance of having epidemiological information from different parts of the world. The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis to determine if E. coli strains isolated from cattle from different locations in Mexico have similar characteristics to those isolated in other countries. Samples obtained in different years from 252 cows belonging to 5 herds were analyzed. A total of 1,260 colonies were selected from the 252 samples, 841 (67%) of which corresponded to E. coli and 419 (33%) to other enterobacteria. In total, 78% (656) of the E. coli strains could be serotyped, of which 393 (59.9%) belonged to 5 diarrheagenic (DEC) pathotypes. Serotyping showed STEC (40.7%) and ETEC (26.7%) strains were more common. PCR assays were used to determine the presence of STEC (eae, stx1, stx2, and ehxA) and EAEC (aatA, aggR, and aapA) genes, and phylogenetic groups. The results showed that 70 strains belonging to 23 serogroups were stx1 and stx2 positive, while 13 strains from the O9 serogroup were ehxA, aggR, and eae positive. Phylogenetic analysis showed 58 (82.9%) strains belonged to A and B1 commensal phylogroups and 12 (17.1%) to B2, D and E virulent phylogroups. An assay to evaluate cross-antigenic reactivity in the serum of cattle between K9 capsular antigen and O104 LPS by ELISA showed similar responses against both antigens (p > 0.05). The antimicrobial sensitivity assay of the strains showed resistance to AM, CEP, CXM, TE, SXT, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. The results show that cattle are carriers and potential transmitters of STEC and ETEC strains containing virulence genes. Epidemiological retrospective studies in different countries are of great help for identifying virulent bacterial strains with the potential to cause outbreaks that may have epidemiological impact in susceptible countries.

RESUMO

This study aimed to identify serogroups of Escherichia coli important for human health in isolates from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Ceará State. In addition, hemolysis and production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) was assessed in the isolates. A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from different Psittaciformes species from a wildlife rehabilitation center in Fortaleza, Brazil. The isolates used in this study were previously identified and stored. Serogroup identification was performed using polyvalent sera for EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) and EHEC (O157). ESBL detection was performed with double disk synergy method. For hemolysis detection, isolates were inoculated in blood agar base enriched with ovine blood. Only 31 (39.7%) isolates were seropositive and the most frequent were O127, O114, O128 and O111. There was no agglutination for serogroups O55, O124, O136 or O157. Considering both seropositive and seronegative isolates, 9 (11.5%) and 35 (44.9%) presented hemolysis and ESBL production, respectively. In conclusion, the investigated psittacine from illegal wildlife trade hosted ESBL-producing E. coli strains and some belong to important serogroups often linked to severe human infections.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar sorogrupos de E. coli importantes para a saúde humana, oriundos de psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico no estado do Ceará, assim como detectar atividade hemolítica e produção de betalactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL). Foram testadas 78 cepas de Escherichia coli provenientes de psitaciformes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Fortaleza, CE. Para a identificação dos sorogrupos, utilizaram-se soros polivalentes EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) e EHEC (O157). Para detecção de ESBL, as cepas foram submetidas ao método de aproximação de disco e, para a detecção de hemolisina, foram plaqueadas em ágar sangue base enriquecido com sangue de carneiro. No geral, 31 (39,7%) das amostras foram soropositivas. Os sorogrupos mais frequentemente detectados foram O127, O114, O128 e O111. Não houve positividade para os sorogrupos O55, O124, O136 e O157. Considerando-se as amostras sororreagentes e não sororreagentes, observou-se que nove (11,5%) e 35 (44,9%) cepas de E. coli apresentaram produção de hemolisinas e de ESBL, respectivamente. Em conclusão, constatou-se que psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico de animais silvestres albergam cepas de E. coli produtoras de ESBL e providas de importantes sorogrupos implicados em graves infecções humanas.(AU)

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Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad meningocóccica ha sido y sigue siendo una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad. Objetivos: Analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes con infección meningocóccica invasora hospitalizados en un centro hospitalario de referencia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo de revisión de historias clínicas de pacientes internados entre los años 2005 y 2018 en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical con aislamiento o detección de N. meningitidis en sangre o LCR. Resultados: Fueron captados 44 pacientes con enfermedad meningocóccica invasora durante el periodo estudiado (3±2 casos/año). Los casos predominaron en el grupo etario 15000 /mm3 (p=0,03), la plaquetopenia15000 /mm3, la leucopenia <5000/ mm3, y la plaquetopenia se asociaron a mayor mortalidad.

Abstract Introduction: Meningococcal disease has been and continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Objectives: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with invasive meningococcal infection hospitalized in a reference hospital center. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study based in the review of clinical records of patients admitted between 2005 and 2018 in the Institute of Tropical Medicine in whom Neisseria meningitidis was isolated o detected by PCR in blood or CSF. Results: Forty-four patients with invasive meningococcal disease were recruited during the period studied (3 ± 2 cases/year). The cases predominated in the age group 15000/mm3 (p=0.03), thrombocytopenia15,000/mm3, leukopenia <5000 / mm3, and thrombocytopenia were associated with increased mortality.

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Background: Pododermatitis or footrot is an infectious disease that affects the hoof and interdigital tissue of sheep causing lameness. The disease is caused by the interaction of the agent Dichelobacter nodosus and symbiotic bacteria in the complex environment of the epidermal tissues of the hoof and host immune system. D. nodosus is not able to invadehealthy hooves, so the infection is preceded by colonization of the interdigital skin by Fuso bacterium necrophorum. The aim of this research was to perform the isolation andcharacterization of D. nodosus in sheep farms of different municipalities of Bahia, obtaining the serogroups present in each herd.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out in nine sheep farms from eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. All farms presented history of foot diseases. A total of 620 animals were observed, 140 of which were examined for lameness. To collect the contents of the lesions, sterile swabs were introduced into tubes containing sterile Thorley transport medium under refrigeration at 8°C and sent for laboratory analysis. Subsequently, each swab collected was seeded in two Petri dishes containing 4% hoof agar medium and incubated in anaerobic at 37°C for 96 hours. The purified samples were seeded on 2% hoof agar and incubated under the same conditions as above. The colonies were identified by the morphological characteristic and Gram staining. The DNA was extracted and stored at -20°C until its use in PCR, for identification and classification of D. nodosus in serogroups (A-I). In the nine farms visited were found animals with clinical signs of infectious pododermatitis. After processing, there was success of isolation in 39 samples (41%), confirming the presence of D. nodosus in all municipalities evaluated.[...](AU)

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Background: Pododermatitis or footrot is an infectious disease that affects the hoof and interdigital tissue of sheep causing lameness. The disease is caused by the interaction of the agent Dichelobacter nodosus and symbiotic bacteria in the complex environment of the epidermal tissues of the hoof and host immune system. D. nodosus is not able to invadehealthy hooves, so the infection is preceded by colonization of the interdigital skin by Fuso bacterium necrophorum. The aim of this research was to perform the isolation andcharacterization of D. nodosus in sheep farms of different municipalities of Bahia, obtaining the serogroups present in each herd.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out in nine sheep farms from eight municipalities in the state of Bahia. All farms presented history of foot diseases. A total of 620 animals were observed, 140 of which were examined for lameness. To collect the contents of the lesions, sterile swabs were introduced into tubes containing sterile Thorley transport medium under refrigeration at 8°C and sent for laboratory analysis. Subsequently, each swab collected was seeded in two Petri dishes containing 4% hoof agar medium and incubated in anaerobic at 37°C for 96 hours. The purified samples were seeded on 2% hoof agar and incubated under the same conditions as above. The colonies were identified by the morphological characteristic and Gram staining. The DNA was extracted and stored at -20°C until its use in PCR, for identification and classification of D. nodosus in serogroups (A-I). In the nine farms visited were found animals with clinical signs of infectious pododermatitis. After processing, there was success of isolation in 39 samples (41%), confirming the presence of D. nodosus in all municipalities evaluated.[...]

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This study aimed to identify serogroups of Escherichia coli important for human health in isolates from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Ceará State. In addition, hemolysis and production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) was assessed in the isolates. A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from different Psittaciformes species from a wildlife rehabilitation center in Fortaleza, Brazil. The isolates used in this study were previously identified and stored. Serogroup identification was performed using polyvalent sera for EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) and EHEC (O157). ESBL detection was performed with double disk synergy method. For hemolysis detection, isolates were inoculated in blood agar base enriched with ovine blood. Only 31 (39.7%) isolates were seropositive and the most frequent were O127, O114, O128 and O111. There was no agglutination for serogroups O55, O124, O136 or O157. Considering both seropositive and seronegative isolates, 9 (11.5%) and 35 (44.9%) presented hemolysis and ESBL production, respectively. In conclusion, the investigated psittacine from illegal wildlife trade hosted ESBL-producing E. coli strains and some belong to important serogroups often linked to severe human infections.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar sorogrupos de E. coli importantes para a saúde humana, oriundos de psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico no estado do Ceará, assim como detectar atividade hemolítica e produção de betalactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL). Foram testadas 78 cepas de Escherichia coli provenientes de psitaciformes do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Fortaleza, CE. Para a identificação dos sorogrupos, utilizaram-se soros polivalentes EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) e EHEC (O157). Para detecção de ESBL, as cepas foram submetidas ao método de aproximação de disco e, para a detecção de hemolisina, foram plaqueadas em ágar sangue base enriquecido com sangue de carneiro. No geral, 31 (39,7%) das amostras foram soropositivas. Os sorogrupos mais frequentemente detectados foram O127, O114, O128 e O111. Não houve positividade para os sorogrupos O55, O124, O136 e O157. Considerando-se as amostras sororreagentes e não sororreagentes, observou-se que nove (11,5%) e 35 (44,9%) cepas de E. coli apresentaram produção de hemolisinas e de ESBL, respectivamente. Em conclusão, constatou-se que psitacídeos provenientes do tráfico de animais silvestres albergam cepas de E. coli produtoras de ESBL e providas de importantes sorogrupos implicados em graves infecções humanas.(AU)

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An outbreak of meningococcal disease with a case-fatality rate of 30% and caused by predominantly serogroup W of Neisseria meningitidis began in Chile in 2012. This outbreak required a case-control study to assess determinants and risk factors for infection. We identified confirmed cases during January 2012-March 2013 and selected controls by random sampling of the population, matched for age and sex, resulting in 135 case-patients and 618 controls. Sociodemographic variables, habits, and previous illnesses were studied. Analyses yielded adjusted odds ratios as estimators of the probability of disease development. Results indicated that conditions of social vulnerability, such as low income and overcrowding, as well as familial history of this disease and clinical histories, especially chronic diseases and hospitalization for respiratory conditions, increased the probability of illness. Findings should contribute to direction of intersectoral public policies toward a highly vulnerable social group to enable them to improve their living conditions and health.

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