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Obesity is a relevant risk factor in breast cancer (BC), but little is known about the effects of overweight and obesity in surgical outcomes of BC patients. The aim of this study is to analyse surgical options and associated overall survival (OS) in overweight and obese women with BC. In this study, 2143 women diagnosed between 2012 and 2016 at the Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto) were included, and the clinicopathological information was retrieved from the institutional database. Patients were stratified by body mass index (BMI). Statistical analysis included Pearson's chi-squared test with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Multinomial, binary logistic regression and cox proportional-hazards model were also performed to calculate odd ratios and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for adjusted and non-adjusted models. The results revealed no statistical difference in histological type, topographic localization, tumour stage and receptor status and in the number of surgical interventions. Overweight women have increased probability to be subjected to sentinel node biopsy. Obese and overweight women are more likely to be submitted to conservative surgery and contrariwise, less likely to undergo total mastectomy. Patients submitted to conservative surgery and not submitted to total mastectomy had a favourable OS although without statistical significance. No significant differences were observed in OS when stratified by BMI. Our results revealed significant variations regarding the surgical options in overweight and obese patients, but these were not translated in OS difference. More research is recommended to better address treatment options in overweight and obese BC patients.

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Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) at upfront surgery is the gold-standard surgical method for axillary lymph node staging in early stage breast cancer: the technique provides adequate information regarding axillary status, with similar oncological safety and lower morbidity compared to axillary dissection, despite the false negative rates. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), traditionally used for locally advanced breast cancer, plays an important role in the treatment of early stage breast cancer, making downstaging possible in axillary lymph node and breast cancer, thus minimizing the impact of surgery and reducing morbidity, as well as enabling patients with residual disease to be selected for adjuvant treatment. In this respect, the role of SLNB has proved controversial, particularly in view of the lack of data from randomized clinical trials on this subject. Currently, the de-escalation of axillary surgery after NACT is mainly based on retrospectives studies and false negative rates. This paper reviews current evidence on the management of axillary surgery following NACT under different circumstances, with suggested recommendations in each scenario: clinically negative nodes at diagnosis and SLNB after NACT, clinically positive nodes at diagnosis and SLNB after NACT, positive SLNB following NACT and finally the possibility of omitting axillary surgery in good responders.

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BACKGROUND: Lymph mapping with sentinel node biopsy is the standard procedure for lymph node staging in patients with cutaneous melanoma with a tumor thickness of 1 mm or greater. Patients who have metastases in sentinel node must undergo complementary lymphadenectomy; however, it has not been shown to improve survival. OBJECTIVE: To know the prevalence in our setting of metastases in the product of complementary lymphadenectomy in patients with metastatic sentinel node. METHOD: Evaluation of a descriptive, retrospective, observational and analytical cohort of patients with metastatic sentinel node submitted to lymphadenectomy. Multivariate analysis of tumor thickness, neural invasion, location, sentinel node number, serum DHL level, lymph nodes dissected and extracapsular spread. RESULTS: 67 patients, 35 women and 32 men with a mean of 66 years, 22% had metastases in lymph nodes from complementary lymphadenectomy, 19% of them with extracapsular spread; no relationship with the Breslow level. Extracapsular spread in the sentinel node, lymphadenectomy time, and perineural invasion in the primary tumor were prognostic factors for non-sentinel node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, 22% of the patients with a sentinel node-positive have metastases in the non-sentinel nodes, 19% of them with extracapsular spread, which justifies complementary lymphadenectomy.

ANTECEDENTES: El mapeo linfático con biopsia del ganglio centinela es el procedimiento estándar de estadificación ganglionar en pacientes con melanoma cutáneo con grosor tumoral de 1 mm o mayor. Los pacientes que tienen metástasis en él deben ser sometidos a linfadenectomía complementaria; sin embargo, esta no ha mostrado mejorar la superviviencia. OBJETIVO: Conocer la prevalencia en nuestro medio de metástasis en el producto de linfadenectomía complementaria en pacientes con ganglio centinela metastásico. MÉTODO: Evaluación de una cohorte descriptiva, retrospectiva, observacional y analítica de pacientes con ganglio centinela metastásico sometidos a linfadenectomía, con análisis multivariado de grosor tumoral, invasión neural, localización, número de ganglios centinela, concentración sérica de deshidrogenasa láctica, ganglios disecados en linfadenectomía y ruptura capsular. RESULTADOS: Hubo 67 pacientes (35 mujeres y 32 hombres), con una media de 66 años de edad, en el 22% hubo metástasis en ganglios de linfadenectomía complementaria y en el 19% ruptura capsular; sin relación con el nivel de Breslow. La ruptura capsular en el ganglio centinela, el tiempo de linfadenectomía y la invasión perineural fueron factores pronóstico de metástasis en ganglios no centinela. CONCLUSIONES: En esta serie, el 22% de los pacientes tuvieron metástasis en ganglios no centinela, el 19% de ellos con ruptura capsular, lo cual justifica la linfadenectomía complementaria.

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Introducción: Se ha demostrado en diversos protocolos que, en gran proporción de casos con cáncer de mama en estadíos tempranos y ganglio centinela positivo, no se observa enfermedad metastásica en ganglios linfáticos no centinelas (GNC). A raíz de esto es que se han descripto diferentes factores predictores de metástasis axilar. Esto nos motivó a realizar el presente trabajo. Objetivo: Analizar diferentes factores anatomopatológicos y su influencia en el compromiso metastásico de los ganglios no centinela. Material y método: Se estudiaron casos de cáncer de mama estadíos tempranos (T1-T2) con ganglio centinela positivo y seguidas de vaciamiento axilar, operadas en IMGO entre febrero del año 2000 y diciembre de 2012. De la muestra total se identificaron dos grupos: GnC negativos y GnC positivos. Analizamos diferentes variables anatomopatológicas vinculadas a cada grupo y calculamos su grado de significancia. Finalmente, analizamos estas variables en una tabla de análisis multivariado. Resultados: De una muestra de 205 casos (20,8% del total de ganglios estudia- dos en ese período de tiempo), el 48.3% (n=99) presentaba metástasis solo en el GC. De todas las características anatomopatológicas de mal pronóstico analizadas encontramos que el tamaño tumoral 2, el subtipo lobulillar y la invasión linfovascular tuvieron correlación significativa con la cantidad de GnC comprometidos. En el análisis multivariado encontramos tres factores predictivos, la invasión linfovascular, el tamaño de la metástasis en el ganglio centinela y el número de ganglios centinelas comprometidos. Conclusiones: Los factores independientes de compromiso de ganglios no centinela (GNC) en nuestra serie fueron: la invasión linfovascular, el tamaño de la metástasis en el ganglio centinela y el número de ganglios centinelas comprometidos

Introduction: It has been shown in various protocols that pathologically negative nonsentinel lymph node (NSN) disease, is observed in the rest of the armpit in a large proportion of cases with early stage breast carcinoma and positive sentinel node. As a result of this, different pathological predictors of axillary metastasis have been described. This motivated us to carry out the present work. Objetive: To analyze different pathological factors and their influence on the metastatic involvement of nonsentinel nodes. Material and method: Early stage breast cancer cases (T1-T2) with positive sentinel node and axillary emptying, operated on in IMGO between February 2000 and December 2012, were studied. Two groups were identified from the total sample: negative GnC and positive GnC, and analyzed diffe- rent pathological variables associated with metastatic nonsentinel nodes, calculating their significance. Finally, we analyze these variables in a multivariate analysis table. Results: From a sample of 205 cases (20.8% of the total lymph nodes studied), 48.3% (n = 99) had metastasis only in the SN. Of all the anatomo-pathological characteristics analyzed, we found that tumor size two, lobular subtype, and lymphovascular invasion had a significant correlation with the amount of compromised non-sentinel node (NSN). In the multivariate analysis, we found three predictive factors: lymphovascular invasion, the size of the metastasis in the sentinel node and the number of positive sentinel nodes. Conclusions: The independent factors of nonsentinel node involvement (NSN) in our series are: lymphovascular invasion, the size of the sentinel node metastasis, and the number of sentinel nodes involved

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El estado axilar es un factor pronóstico para los estadios tempranos de cáncer de mama. Existen factores que podrían predecir riesgo de mayor enfermedad axilar. El objetivo es determinar cuáles son los factores predictivos independientes de alta carga residual ganglionar axilar (4 o más GNC comprometidos) luego de la BGC positiva. Estudio analítico, observacional, cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con tumores T1-2, axila clínicamente negativa, a las que se les realizó cirugía conservadora (CC) y BGC con resultado positivo (marco o micrometástasis) y se les realizó posterior linfadenectomía axilar (LA). Del total de 325 pacientes, 96 tuvieron resultado positivo para metástasis en el ganglio centinela (29,5%) y también se les realizó LA. Se dividió a la población seleccionada en dos grupos según el compromiso de los GNC: baja carga axilar 0-3 GNC positivos, y alta carga axilar 4 o más GNC positivos. Se observaron como factores que demostraron mayor riesgo para alta carga axilar ganglionar residual al grado histológico, ki-67 y la invasión extracapsular en el GC; pero solamente la invasión extracapsular en el GC demostró ser significativa en el análisis multivariado. Probablemente con un mayor número de pacientes otras variables pudieran haber resultado factores de riesgo independiente

Axillary status is a prognostic factor for early stages of breast cáncer. There are predictive factors that might indicate the risk of greater axilary disease. The aim is to determine which are the independent predictive factor sor a high residual axillary nodal burden (four or more non-sentinel lymph nodes involved) after a positive sentinel node biopsy. Retrospective cohort analytic observational study of patients with T1-2 tumors, negative axilla, who underwent breast conserving surgery and sentinel node biopsy with a positive result (macro ­ or micro-metastasis) and later underwent lymph node dissection. Out of the total 325 patients, 96 got a positive result for metástasis in the sentinel lymph node (29.5%) and also underwent lymph node dissection. The selected population was divided into two groups according to the involvement of NSLNs: low axillary burden: 0-3 NSLNs, and high axillary burden: 4 or more positive NSLNs. Among the factors found to have a higher risk of high residual axillary nodal burden were the histologic grade, Ki-67 and the extracapsular invasión of the SLN, but only the extracapsular invasión of the SLN was found to be significant in the multivariate analysis. It is likely that with a higher number of patients, other variables might have been independent risk factors

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BACKGROUND: Although well-established, sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for melanoma is not free from controversies and sometimes it can be questionable if SNB should be considered even for patients who meet the criteria for the procedure. Mathematical tools such as nomograms can be helpful and give more precise answers for both clinicians and patients. We present a nomogram for SNB positivity that has been internally validated. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent SNB from 2000 to 2015 in a single institution. Single logistic regressions were used to identify variables that were associated to SNB positivity. All variables with a p value < 0.05 were included in the final model. Overall performance, calibration, and discriminatory power of the final multiple logistic regression model were all assessed. Internal validation of the multiple logistic regression model was performed via bootstrap analysis based on 1000 replications. RESULTS: Site of primary lesion, Breslow thickness, mitotic rate, histologic regression, lymphatic invasion, and Clark level were statistically related to SNB positivity. After internal validation, a good performance was observed as well as an adequate power of discrimination (area under the curve 0.751). CONCLUSIONS: We have presented a nomogram that can be helpful and easily used in daily practice for assessing SNB positivity.

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Abstract The present paper reports on the local treatment of breast cancer from a historical perspective. A search for articles written in English was made in the Medline and EMBASE databases, and 40 papers were selected. Over the past 10 years, various randomized, controlled clinical trials on the local treatment of breast cancer indicated that patients with the samemolecular subtypemay receive different individualized surgical treatments aimed atoptimizing systemic adjuvant therapy. With a view to retaining the gainsmade in diseasefree and overall survival, surgical techniques have advanced from radical surgery to conservative mastectomies, thus reducing sequelae, while adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies have contributed toward controlling the disease, both distant metastases and local recurrence. Current studies evaluate whether future breast cancer therapy may even succeed in eliminating surgery to the breast and axilla altogether.

Resumo Este artigo discute o tratamento local do câncer de mama a partir de uma perspectiva histórica. Uma busca de artigos publicados em inglês foi realizada nas bases de dados Medline e EMBASE, sendo selecionados 40 artigos. Nos últimos 10 anos, vários ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados sobre o tratamento local do câncer de mama indicaram que pacientes com o mesmo subtipo molecular podem receber diferentes tratamentos cirúrgicos individualizados como objetivo de otimizar a terapia adjuvante sistêmica. Pretendendo reter os ganhos obtidos na sobrevida livre de doença e na sobrevida global, as técnicas cirúrgicas avançaram progressivamente da cirurgia radical para mastectomias conservadoras, reduzindo sequelas, enquanto as terapias adjuvantes e neoadjuvantes contribuíram para o controle da doença, tanto em relação às metástases distantes quanto à recorrência local. Estudos atuais avaliam se a terapia futura contra o câncer de mama poderá até mesmo eliminar a cirurgia da mama e da axila por completo.

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Abstract Introduction The efficacy of sentinel node biopsy in early stage oral cancer is well established. Its evolving role can be reinforced by further studies. Objective Analyzing the predictability of the levels of echelon nodes for various oral cavity tumor subsites on sentinel node biopsy. Methods A prospective study of 20 patients with stage I/II oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent sentinel node biopsy-guided neck dissection between January 2017 and 2018 at our institute. The procedure included radiotracer injection, imaging (lymphoscintigraphy, single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography), and gamma probe application. Sentinel node detection on imaging and gamma probe were compared. Results Out of 20 patients, 13 (65%) had carcinoma of the tongue, 6 (30%) had buccal mucosa carcinoma, and 1 (5%) had retromolar trigone carcinoma. Themean age of the patients was 52.3 years. A total of 13 (65%) patients were male, and 7 (35%) were female. The sentinel node identification rates with imaging and gamma probe were of 70% and 100% respectively. In tongue and retromolar trigone primaries, the most common first-echelon nodes in both modalities were levels IIA and IB respectively. For buccal mucosa primaries, first-echelon nodes were detected only with the gamma probe, which was level IB. On imaging, second-echelon nodes were detected only for tongue primaries, and had equivalent incidence of levels II, III, and IV. On the gamma probe, level IIA, followed by III, and IV for the tongue, and level IIA were the most common second-echelon nodes for the buccal mucosa. Third-echelon nodes were detected only with the gamma probe for tongue carcinoma at level IV. Conclusion The combined use of imaging and gamma probe provides the best results, with high identification rate and predictability of echelon levels.

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Introduction The efficacy of sentinel node biopsy in early stage oral cancer is well established. Its evolving role can be reinforced by further studies. Objective Analyzing the predictability of the levels of echelon nodes for various oral cavity tumor subsites on sentinel node biopsy. Methods A prospective study of 20 patients with stage I/II oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent sentinel node biopsy-guided neck dissection between January 2017 and 2018 at our institute. The procedure included radiotracer injection, imaging (lymphoscintigraphy, single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography), and gamma probe application. Sentinel node detection on imaging and gamma probe were compared. Results Out of 20 patients, 13 (65%) had carcinoma of the tongue, 6 (30%) had buccal mucosa carcinoma, and 1 (5%) had retromolar trigone carcinoma. The mean age of the patients was 52.3 years. A total of 13 (65%) patients were male, and 7 (35%) were female. The sentinel node identification rates with imaging and gamma probe were of 70% and 100% respectively. In tongue and retromolar trigone primaries, the most common first-echelon nodes in both modalities were levels IIA and IB respectively. For buccal mucosa primaries, first-echelon nodes were detected only with the gamma probe, which was level IB. On imaging, second-echelon nodes were detected only for tongue primaries, and had equivalent incidence of levels II, III, and IV. On the gamma probe, level IIA, followed by III, and IV for the tongue, and level IIA were the most common second-echelon nodes for the buccal mucosa. Third-echelon nodes were detected only with the gamma probe for tongue carcinoma at level IV. Conclusion The combined use of imaging and gamma probe provides the best results, with high identification rate and predictability of echelon levels.

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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) can eradicate axillary disease in breast cancer (BC) patients. Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in patients with positive axilla who accomplish complete clinical response after NAC is a new opportunity for changing paradigms and decreasing the extension and the morbidity of axillary surgery. The aim of this article is to review the limits of SNB in this setting and present the current status of an expanded modification of this technique. False-negative rates (FNRs) of conventional SNB exceed the threshold of 10%, and are not acceptable. The extended SNB (ESNB) entails the removal of at least 3 lymph nodes (LNs) including the sentinel node (SN) mapped by dual tracers and a marked lymph node (LN) that was found previously metastatic. This node by node removal procedure greatly reduces the FNRs of the procedure. Despite that axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is still the standard of care for patients with involved LNs before NAC, the ESNB is a valid option for selected patients in whom axillary positive disease is converted to negative. When ESNB is negative in such cases (immunohistochemistry included), the omission of ALND seems to be safe.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Marking positive lymph nodes (LNs) before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) may improve the accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of marking LNs with 4% carbon microparticle suspension (CMS) before NAC and to evaluate if this technique would improve the SLNB identification rate. METHODS: A prospective study of patients with cT1-T4, cN1-N2 breast cancer who underwent US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of suspected LNs and concomitant marking with 4% CMS was performed. After NAC, LNs marked with 4% CMS and those marked with Patent Blue V dye (PBV) were identified and resected. RESULTS: Of the 123 patients included, 74 (60.1%) had positive LNs at FNAB. During axillary surgery, 4% CMS was identified in 121 of 123 patients (98.3%) and blue sentinel LNs in 91% (112 of 123 patients) (P = .0103). Comparing isolated results of PBV and 4%CMS + PBV, the association was better in identifying positive LNs (72.2% vs 97.7%) (P = .02). CONCLUSION: The association of 4% CMS and PBV is feasible and significantly increased the identification rate of positive LNs. 4% CMS may play an important role as a complementary technique in patients submitted to NAC.

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BACKGROUND: Minor basin or in transit node drainage can be found in patients with cutaneous melanoma who undergo sentinel node biopsy. Its clinical impact is still unclear. Our objective is to evaluate clinical outcomes in patients who presented with in transit sentinel node (ITN) drainage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in a single Brazilian institution between 2000 and 2015. RESULTS: Our cohort comprised 1223 SNB. There were 64 patients (5.2%) with ITN. Melanoma of the limbs (OR 10.61, P < 0.0001) and acral subtype (OR 3.49, P < 0.0001) were associated with ITN drainage. Among these 64 patients, 14 (21.9%) had a positive SNB. The ITN was positive for metastases in five patients, four in a popliteal basin and one on the trunk. Regarding completion node dissection (CND), two patients had positive non-sentinel nodes (NSN), both in major basins. In patients who developed recurrence, time to recurrence was shorter (mean time 18 vs 31.4 months, P = 0.001) and time to death was shorter (mean time 31.6 vs 40 months, P = 0.039) in those who had ITN drainage. CONCLUSION: ITN drainage was associated with earlier recurrences and deaths from melanoma.

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Introducción Actualmente, entre un 25 y un 35% de los cánceres de mama se diagnostican como lesiones no palpables. La detección de lesiones cada vez más pequeñas exige el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas prequirúrgicas de marcación y localización. Presentamos la experiencia del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires con la técnica de localización radioguiada de lesiones no palpables y ganglio centinela (snoll). Objetivos El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las características clínico-patológicas de las pacientes sometidas a dicha técnica y las ventajas, desventajas, complicaciones y resultados en términos de márgenes libres, tasa de retumorectomías, volumen tumoral resecado y tiempo quirúrgico. Material y método Se trata de un estudio observacional, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todas las pacientes con carcinomas no palpables en quienes se llevó a cabo la técnica de snoll entre el 1 de agosto de 2016 y el 4 de mayo de 2017. Resultados Se incluyó un total de 25 pacientes, todas con diagnóstico previo de carcinoma de mama invasor a través de una punción histológica. Utilizando la técnica snoll, se logró identificar la lesión de mama en el 96% de las pacientes. En el 100% de las pacientes, los márgenes quirúrgicos estaban libres de lesión, por lo que no se realizaron retumorectomías. Se identificó el 100% de los ganglios centinelas, 76% mediante la técnica snoll y 24% mediante la inyección previa del colorante Azul Patente. Conclusiones La técnica snoll demostró ser una técnica sencilla, que mejora el confort de la paciente y que presenta resultados comparables con las técnicas tradicionales. Si bien se trata de una primera experiencia, son alentadores los resultados en términos de márgenes libres, tiempo quirúrgico y volumen resecados.

Introduction Currently, about 25 to 35% of all breast tumors are diagnosed at a nonpalpable stage. The increasing ability to detect small lesions consequently demands the development of novel technology for preoperative lesion identification and intraoperative localization. In this study, we present our initial experience using Sentinel Node Occult Lesion Localization (snoll) at the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Objectives The objective of this study is to describe clinical and pathological characteristics of patients who were submitted to snoll technique and the advantages and disadvantages, complications and results in terms of tumor-free margins, subsequent surgery rate, total specimen volume and surgical time. Materials and method This is a retrospective, observational study. We included all patients with non-palpable breast cancer who were submitted to surgery and snoll technique between August 1st, 2016 and March 14th, 2017. Results A total of 25 patients were included in this study. All patients had previous diagnosis of invasive breast cancer by core needle biopsy. The breast lesion was correctly identified in 96% of patients through snoll. Surgical margins were tumor-free in all patients. No patients required subsequent surgery. All sentinel nodes were correctly identified. In 76% of cases, snoll was sufficient and in 24% additional injection of patent blue was required. Conclusions In our experience, snoll has proven to be a simple technique that improves patient comfort and shows comparable results when compared to traditional identification methods. Although these are our initial results, we believe our findings to be promising in terms of adequacy of margins, surgical time and total specimen volume.

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Introducción Desde los trabajos presentados por Giuliano et al . en 1994 y sus posteriores validaciones, la biopsia del ganglio centinela se ha convertido en el standard de la evaluación axilar en estadios tempranos del cáncer de mama. Es de vital importancia respaldar esta técnica con altas tasas de identificación y de correlación anatomopatológica intraoperatoria/diferida. Objetivos 1) Determinar nuestra tasa de identificación usando solo azul patente. 2) Determinar la correlación entre el estudio intraoperatorio y diferido. 3) Determinar la tasa de recurrencia axilar. Material y método Se reclutaron 100 pacientes con cáncer de mama T1 T2 N0 o cdis extenso de alto grado diagnosticadas por punción con aguja fina (paf) o Core Biopsy. Se utilizó solo Azul Patente al 1%, inyección subareolar, masaje circular por 10 minutos, incisión axilar. Se reconoce como Ganglio Centinela al ganglio o a los ganglios teñidos de azul o con su linfático aferente con colorante. El estudio intraoperatorio se realizó por sección en fresco e impronta citológica. El diferido por coloración con Hematoxilina y Eosina. Las pacientes fueron seguidas por el cirujano actuante y/u oncología clínica. Resultados Se evaluaron 100 pacientes. Nuestra tasa de detección fue del 98%. Los falsos negativos intraoperatorios por impronta citológica fueron del 3%. Luego de un seguimiento promedio de 63,8 meses, no se detectaron recidivas axilares. El número total de Ganglios Centinela positivos fue del 26,5%. El promedio de Ganglios hallados fue de 1,2. Conclusiones La Biopsia de Ganglio Centinela usando Azul Patente como único método es una operación confiable, de bajo costo y al alcance de todo centro con interés de desarrollar dicha técnica.

Introduction Since Giuliano et al. publications in 1994 and forward validations, sentinel node biopsy (snp) has become the standard procedure for staging the axilla in early breast cancer. Therefore, it is of vital importance to back this technique up by a high rate of identification and high intraoperative/final pathology correlation. Objectives 1) To determine our identification rate by only using Patent Blue dye. 2) To determine the correlation between intraoperative and final pathology results. 3) To determine axillary recurrence. Materials and method A hundred patients have been recruited. Each was diagnosed with T1 T2 N0 Breast Cancer or extense high grade Ductal Carcinoma In situ (dcis) by fine needle aspiration (fna) and/or Core Biopsy. Patent Blue 1% was injected subareolary. In addition, circular massage was performed during 10 minutes and an axillary incision was made. The node or nodes dyed in blue or with coloured lymphatic afferent have been acknowledged as sentinel nodes. The node was analyzed intraoperatively by touch imprint citology. The final study was done with Hematoxilin Eosin coloration. Further follow up was in charge of the surgeon and/or clinical oncologist. Results A hundred patients were assesed. Our identification rate was 98%. The pathology intraoperative false negative rate was 3%. Afer an average of 63,8 months follow up, no axillary recurrence was detected. 26,5% of positive sentinel nodes was found. The average of sentinel nodes found was 1,2. Conclusions snb by using only patent blue dye is a low cost reliable technique, and available for every institution interested in its development.

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Introducción El desarrollo de la técnica de la Biopsia del Ganglio Centinela (bgc) descripta por Giuliano1,2 se convirtió en el procedimiento de elección para estadificar la axila en el cáncer de mama, ya que permite seleccionar un subgrupo de pacientes en las que la linfadenectomia axilar no aporta beneficio adicional alguno. Objetivos El objetivo de este trabajo fue comunicar nuestra experiencia de 11 años en la identificación del Ganglio Centinela. Material y método Desde enero de 2004 a enero de 2015, 223 pacientes con carcinoma mamario y ganglios axilares clínicamente negativos se sometieron a bgc. Resultados En 146 pacientes el gc fue negativo, 15 fueron a vaciamiento axilar por formar parte del periodo de curva de aprendizaje y en 131 pacientes no se llevó a cabo más tratamiento axilar. En 74 casos (33,18%), se hallaron uno o más gc positivos, y se realizó disección axilar total. Conclusiones Nuestra experiencia con 223 pacientes de cáncer de mama inicial a las que se les realizó bgc indica que en tumores pequeños (hasta 4 cm), con ganglios axilares clínicamente negativos, la bgc es el procedimiento de elección para determinar estadio ganglionar.

Introduction The sentinel node biopsy technique development (snb), described by Giuliano, became the procedure of choice for staging the axilla in breast cancer. This technique allows selection of a subset of patients in which axillary lymphadenectomy does not provide any additional benefit. Objectives The aim of this study is to report our 11 years experience in sentinel node identification. Materials and method From January 2004 to January 2015, we studied 223 breast carcinoma patients with clinically negative axillary nodes who underwent snb. Results We found that the centinel node was negative in 146 patients. 15 of those patients went to an axillary lymphadenectomy as part of the learning curve period. Finally, 131 patients did not carried out further axillary treatment. We found one or more positive sentinel nodes in 74 cases (33.18%) and, as a result of this, total axillary dissection was performed. Conclusions Our experience with 223 patients who had early breast cancer, in which we conducted snb, indicates that small tumors (up to 4 cm), with clinically negative axillary nodes, the sentinel node biopsy is the procedure of choice to determine nodal stage.

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STUDY OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the initial experience in Argentina using the iSpies indocyanine green (ICG) platform in sentinel lymph node mapping in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. DESIGN: Step-by-step demonstration of the technique using a video and pictures (educative video) (Canadian Task Force classification III). SETTING: Laparoscopic and robotic sentinel lymph node mapping using ICG has been shown to be safe and feasible; however, in developing countries, the opportunities to use fluorescent imaging through a minimally invasive approach are very limited, given the cost restrictions of acquiring the near-infrared technology and the fluorescent dyes. INTERVENTION: A 47-year-old woman presented with a stage IB1 squamous cervical cancer. Physical examination revealed a 1.5-cm tumor without evidence of parametrial involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging did not show any evidence of metastatic disease. The patient underwent laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with sentinel lymph node mapping. On laparoscopic exposure of the pelvic spaces, a cervical injection of ICG (1 mL superficial and deep) was administered using a spinal needle at the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions. Sentinel lymph node mapping was then performed using the ICG (Pulsion Medical Systems, Feldkirchen, Germany) and an iSpies near-infrared camera (Karl Storz Endoskope, Tuttlingen, Germany). Bilateral sentinel lymph nodes were detected on the left external iliac artery and in the right obturator space. Both were confirmed ex vivo. The total operative time was 170 minutes. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were reported, and the patient was discharged at 48 hours after surgery. Estimated blood loss was minimal. Sentinel lymph node mapping alone is not the standard of care in our institution, and thus bilateral lymphadenectomy was performed. Ultrastaging is routinely performed when a sentinel lymph node is evaluated. Final pathology revealed a tumor confined to the cervix, with tumor-free margins, and a total of 10 lymph nodes that were negative for any evidence of disease. Disadvantages of this technology compared with the Pinpoint ICG system (Novadaq Technologies; Bonita Springs, FL) is the lack of simultaneous white vision and fluorescence ICG detection, and the to manually change normal vision to infrared vision. An advantage of the Storz iSpies system is its availability in our country, considering that the technology developed by Novadaq is not yet approved in Argentina. CONCLUSION: Although ICG sentinel lymph node mapping is becoming a standard of care [1,2], a lack of ICG dye or laparoscopic near-infrared technologies could be a deterrent to its use in developing countries. A focus on expanding this technology in countries with limited resources would allow patients the opportunity to avoid the morbidity associated with full lymphadenectomy.

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Introducción El abordaje del ganglio centinela por incisión mamaria única permite acceder al ganglio evitando la realización de incisión axilar, lo que disminuiría el linfedema, el dolor y las disestesias y mejoraría el resultado estético. Objetivos Describir el abordaje quirúrgico del ganglio centinela a través de la incisión mamaria utilizada para la tumorectomía del carcinoma mamario. Material y método Entre septiembre de 2013 y agosto de 2015, se evaluaron 83 pacientes consecutivas con axila clínicamente negativa, que fueron sometidas a cirugía conservadora más biopsia de ganglio centinela, un grupo mediante abordaje clásico (incisión axilar) y otro por la incisión mamaria. Se estudió: edad; tamaño tumoral y ubicación; tipo histológico; técnica de identificación del ganglio centinela; número de ganglios resecados; ganglios centinelas positivos; y complicaciones perioperatorias. Resultados La detección del ganglio centinela por una única incisión se logró en todas las pacientes (100% de éxito). La realización de una única incisión presentó menores complicaciones en comparación con las pacientes a las que se les realizó diferentes incisiones; además, se encontraron mejores resultados estéticos. Conclusiones El abordaje del ganglio centinela mediante la misma incisión de la cirugía mamaria conservadora presenta una excelente tasa de detección, ofreciendo menos complicaciones y mejores resultados estéticos.

Introduction The sentinel node approach through a single breast incision allows its detection avoiding axillary incision, which could reduce complications and improve aesthetic result. Objectives The aim of this work was to describe the surgical approach of sentinel node via the single incision used for conservative surgery for breast carcinoma. Materials and method Patients (n=83) with clinically negative axilla, who went through conservative surgery and axillary sentinel node biopsy using classical approach (axillary incision) and single breast incision, in early-stage breast cancer, were studied. Clinical, anatomical and pathological variables and perioperative complications were considered. Results Our results showed that the method of detection of sentinel node by a single breast incision was successful in 100 % of the cases. The performance of a single incision presented minor complications compared to patients who underwent different incisions; also better aesthetic results were also found. Conclusions The surgical approach of the sentinel node through the single incision of breast conserving surgery presents an excellent detection rate, fewer complications and better aesthetic results.

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Introducción La biopsia del ganglio centinela (bgc) permite estadificar la axila en pacientes con cáncer de mama (cm) y axila clínicamente negativa. Mediante este procedimiento, se evita la linfadenectomía axilar en una proporción de pacientes. Sin embargo, frente a la positividad del ganglio centinela, una vez completada la linfadenectomía, un subgrupo de pacientes no tienen enfermedad residual en el resto de los ganglios axilares, definidos como ganglios no centinela. Objetivo Analizar los factores de predicción histológicos e inmunohistoquímicos de compromiso en ganglios no centinelas (gnc) en aquellas pacientes con bgc positiva seguida de linfadenectomía axilar, operadas por el Servicio de Patología Mamaria del Hospital Fernández en el período que transcurre entre enero de 1998 y marzo de 2016. Material y método Se realizaron 712 bgc entre los meses de enero de 1998 y marzo de 2016, en el Servicio de Patología Mamaria del Hospital Fernández. Del total, 140 resultaron positivas. Se analizó retrospectivamente la vinculación entre diversas características y la existencia de enfermedad axilar en gnc en 119 casos. Resultados Cuando la bgc resultó positiva, se encontró enfermedad en gnc en el 53,8% de los casos. El análisis univariable demostró correlación estadísticamente significativa entre presencia de metástasis en gnc y la presencia de 2 o más gc positivos, el tamaño tumoral mayor a 2 cm, el compromiso por macrometástasis del gc, la presencia del receptor her2 en el tumor y el alto grado mitótico y el compromiso de la cápsula ganglionar. Conclusiones Los factores independientes de compromiso de gnc son los siguientes: el alto grado mitótico, la presencia del receptor her2, la existencia de 2 o más gc positivos, el compromiso de la cápsula ganglionar.

Introduction The sentinel node biopsy can stage breast cancer patients with negative axillary lymph node examination. Using this procedure it is possible to avoid axillary lymph node dissection in some patients. However, when sentinel node biopsy results positive, once achieved the axillary node dissection, some patients do not have residual disease in the non sentinel nodes. Objective To study histological and histochemical predicting factors of increased risk of metastatic compromise of non sentinel nodes, in patients with positive sentinel node biopsy and subsequent axillary lymph node dissection, treated in the Breast Disease Division of Hospital Fernandez between January 1998 and March 2016. Materials and method Between January 1998 and March 2016, 712 patients underwent to node sentinel biopsy in the Breast Disease Division of Hospital Fernández. This study assessed, in a retrospective way, the association between the histological and histochemical predicting factors and non sentinel node disease in 119 cases. Results When sentinel node biopsy was positive, there was non sentinel lymph node metastasis in 53,8% of cases. The following variables were found to be potentially associated with non-sentinel node metastases in the univariated analysis: number of positive sentinel lymph node, size of the tumor, size of the metastasis in the sentinel lymph node, presence of her2 receptor in the tumor, high mitotic rate and extracapsular perinodal spread. Conclusions Independent factors for involvement of non sentinel nodes are: the high mitotic rate, the presence of her2 receptor in the tumor, the number of positive sentinel lymph nodes and the extracapsular perinodal spread.

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Resumen:El carcinoma de mama representó el tumor en mujeres más frecuente en Costa Rica para el año 2013. La disección axilar en el cáncer de mama es una de las causas de mayor comorbilidad en las pacientes. La realización de un ganglio centinela para determinar si es necesario la disección axilar, ha resultado de gran ayuda, reduciendo las comorbilidades en las pacientes con cáncer de mama. La experiencia del cirujano en la realización de procedimiento y del patólogo, han reducido los falsos negativos en los ganglios centinelas por congelación hasta en un 4.5%.En este estudio se analizaron los ganglios centinelas por congelación que contaban con biopsia definitiva y se determinó que los falsos negativos para nuestro hospital eran del 1.2%, además en estos casos, se determinó la media de tipo histológico, el grado histológico y el tamaño del cáncer de mama. En conclusión, se determinó que una de las casusas principales asociadas a los falsos negativos es la presencia de tejido adiposo en el ganglio centinela.

AbstractBreast carcinoma represented de most frequent tumor in Costa Rica during 2013. The axillary dissection in pacients with breast cancer is one of the causes of the most frecuent comorbidity. Studying sentinel ganglion to decide if it is necesary to make an axillary dissection has become very useful in reducing comorbidity in pacients with breast cancer. The surgeon´s and de pathologist´s work experience with this procedure has reduced false positive results in the sentinel ganglion´s biopsies by frezzing method in 4,5%. During the current report the sentinel ganglions by freezing method that had a definite biopsy were studied and we arrived to the conclusion that for our hospital falsepositives were less than 1,2%. As well in this cases it was determined the histologic type, the histologic grade and the size of the breast cancer. In conclusion it was determined that one of the most frecuent causes associated with false positives is the presence of adipose tissue in the sentinel ganglion.

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