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INTRODUCTION: Subtotal Parathyroidectomy (S-PTx) and total Parathyroidectomy with immediate Autograft (PTx-AG) are well-established techniques for the treatment of refractory Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), with comparable improvements in patients' quality of life and survival. However, the long-term costs after these operations may impact the choice of surgical technique. The objective of the study is to analyze the impact of surgical treatment on medication costs and whether there is any difference between medication use after each procedure, considering impacts on the health system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective and randomized study in patients with severe SHPT undergoing S-PTx and PTx-AG. Analysis of prescribed medication costs in the month before the postoperative period at 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18 months. Costs were estimated according to government payment system values. The medications of 65 patients after PTx-AG were compared with those of 24 patients after S-PTx. A comparison of the total costs of the period between 38 men and 51 women was also made. RESULTS: There were 89 evaluable cases. Surgery reduced medication costs after 12 months. The median of total drug costs in the analyzed period was R$ 8,375.00 per patient. There was no difference in costs per patient in the S-PTx group compared to the PTx-AG group. The median total costs were R$ 11,063.0 for men and R$ 7,651.0 for women (p = 0.0078). CONCLUSIONS: The type of parathyroidectomy did not impact costs after surgery. In the first year after surgery, the use of calcium and calcitriol was more significant than the use of other medications. In the following months, the use of sevelamer is responsible for the highest costs. Men have higher costs in outpatient follow-up after surgery.

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OBJECTIVES: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) is an important contributor to bone disease and cardiovascular calcifications in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). When conservative measures are ineffective, parathyroidectomy is indicated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of subtotal parathyroidectomy (sPTX) in pediatric and adolescent patients, and to provide a rationale for considering this aggressive treatment in CKD patients with uncontrolled sHPT. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 19 pediatric CKD patients on dialysis with refractory sHPT who underwent sPTX at our institution between 2010 and 2020. All patients had clinical, radiological, and biochemical signs of renal osteodystrophy. RESULTS: One year after sPTX, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (median and interquartile range (IQR)) dropped from 2073 (1339-2484) to 164 (93-252) pg/mL (p=0.0001), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels from 1166 (764-2373) to 410 (126-421) IU/L (p=0.002), and the mean (±SDS) calcium-phosphate (Ca*P) product from 51±11 to 41±13 mg2/dL2 (p=0.07). Postoperatively, all patients presented with severe hungry bone syndrome (HBS) and required intravenous and oral calcium and calcitriol supplementation. None of them had other postoperative complication. Histological findings had a good correlation with preoperative parathyroid ultrasound imaging (n: 15) in 100 % and with technetium-99m (99mTc) sestamibi scintigraphy (n: 15) in 86.6 %. Clinical and radiological signs of bone disease improved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric sPTX is effective and safe to control sHPT and calcium-phosphate metabolism in children with CKD on dialysis and may mitigate irreversible bone deformities and progression of cardiovascular disease.

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Spontaneous rupture of the patellar (PTR) and quadriceps (QTR) tendon is infrequent. Systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, CKD, and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) are risk factors. The present cohort study aimed to evaluate risk factors associated with tendon rupture in hemodialysis (HD) patients with SHPT, as well as outcomes including surgical complications, re-ruptures, and fracture. Baseline clinical, laboratorial data, and radiographs were analyzed. Patients were followed up from March 2012 to March 2020. One-hundred thirty-one patients (≥18 yr of age, on HD ≥ 6 mo, with SHPT) were included. Incidence rates of PTR and QTR were 2.3 and 1.7/10000 HD patients/yr, respectively. The mean age of patients with tendon rupture was 44.0 ± 11.2 yr. These patients exhibited higher serum levels of phosphorus (6.3 ± 1.5 mg/dL vs 5.6 ± 1.1 mg/dL; P = .005), PTH (2025.7 ± 667.6 pg/mL vs 1728.4 ± 684.8 pg/mL; P = .035), and C-reactive-protein (35.4 ± 32.9 mg/dL vs 17 ± 24.5 mg/dL; P = .002) compared to the group without tendon rupture. The mean follow-up was 56.7 ± 27.1 mo. No patient required a new surgical approach or experienced re-rupture. Of all patients, 31% experienced hip fracture: 50% in the group with rupture (29.5 ± 17.4 mo after the tendon rupture) vs 26% without tendon rupture (P = .015). After adjustment, the hazard ratio for hip fracture was 2.87 (95% CI, 1.27-6.49; P = .012). Patients with SHPT and high levels of phosphorus, PTH, and inflammatory markers were at greater risk for tendon rupture. Surgical complication rates were low. However, results suggest that tendon rupture of knee extensor mechanism in HD patient with SHPT should be regarded as a "red flag" for future hip fracture.

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BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery (BS) can lead to bone loss and an increased fracture risk. METHODS: To determine the morphometric vertebral fracture (MVF) prevalence, and its relationship with bone mineral density (BMD), and biomarker's turnover after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), we analyzed post-surgery X-rays of the spine in 80 patients (88% female, 51% RYGB, age 41.2 [6.8] years) from 117 participants' retrospective cohort (1-2 years, >2 and <5 years, and >5 years). We still analyzed body composition and BMD by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone parameters. RESULTS: MVF prevalence was 17.5% (14/80), with no statistical difference between groups (p = 0.210). RYGB group had a higher prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) (PTH ≥ 65 pg/ml; 18.4% vs 7.8%, respectively, p = 0.04), PTH (61.3 vs 49.5 pg/ml, p = 0.001), CTX (0.766 [0.29] ng/ml vs 0.453 [0.30] ng/ml, p = 0.037), and AP (101.3 [62.4] U/L vs 123.9 [60.9] U/L, p = 0.027) than the SG group. Up to 5 years postoperatively, RYGB had a lower total (1.200 [0.087] vs 1.236 [0.100] g/cm2, p = 0.02), femoral neck (1.034 [0.110] vs 1.267 [0.105], p = 0.005), and total femur BMD (1.256 [0.155] vs 1.323 [0.167], p = 0.002) than SG group. We found no statistically significant difference between the MFV (+) and MVF (-) groups regarding age, sex, BMI, surgery time, BMD, or bone and metabolic parameters, including leptin. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of MVF after BS with no differences between RYGB and SG.

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PURPOSE: Patients with severe obesity submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are at risk of developing long-term hypovitaminosis D and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) as well as osteometabolic disease. This study aimed to evaluate calcium-vitamin D-PTH axis and bone mineral density (BMD) changes from post-RYGB patients who were followed-up until a median of 5 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL and SHPT as PTH >68 pg/mL, in patients with normal serum creatinine and calcium. BMD was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, g/cm2). RESULTS: We included 127 post-RYGB patients (51±10.6 years, 87.4% self-declared White, 91.3% female, 52.8% postmenopausal). Vitamin D deficiency prevalence was the highest (41.5%) in the second year and the lowest (21.2%) in the third year (p<0.05). SHPT prevalence was 65.4% in the second year and increased to 83.7% in the sixth year (p<0.05). Patients with low BMD in lumbar, femoral neck, and total proximal femur were older and presented menopausal status more frequently than normal BMD group (p<0.05). Older age was a risk marker for altered BMD in femoral neck (OR=1.185; 95% CI 1.118-1.256) and in total proximal femur (OR=1.158; 95% CI 1.066-1.258), both after adjusting for follow-up and excess weight loss. CONCLUSION: After 5 years, most bariatric patients presented calcium-vitamin D-PTH axis disruption, in which SHPT was more frequent than hypovitaminosis D. Older patients and menopausal women presented higher rates of low BMD, and older age was a risk marker, especially for low BMD in femoral sites.

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ABSTRACT: Soft tissue mineralization and epithelial ulceration are common findings in dogs with uremia, being commonly reported in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and pleura. This report described a case of nasal mucosal mineralization and ulceration contributing to recurrent epistaxis in a dog with chronic renal failure and uremia. A dog with recurrent epistaxis accompanied by elevated urea and creatinine was hospitalized. Platelet count and coagulation tests were within normal limits. Chronic renal failure was diagnosed, and the dog was euthanized. On necropsy, the kidneys were small, with an irregular capsular surface. The nasal conchae were slightly reddish. Histopathology revealed chronic glomerulonephritis, with gastric mineralization and bilateral parathyroid hyperplasia. Vascular and basal lamina mineralization, epithelial ulceration and hemorrhage were seen in the nasal conchae. The observed findings indicated that nasal mineralization and ulceration were caused by uremia. The severity of histopathological findings suggested that nasal mineralization/ulceration may have caused or at least contributed to epistaxis in this dog. We hope to stimulate further investigations into possible association between uremia, nasal mucosa mineralization/ulceration and epistaxis in dogs.

RESUMO: Mineralização dos tecidos moles e ulceração epitelial são achados comuns em cães com uremia, sendo geralmente observados no trato gastrointestinal, pulmões e pleura. O objetivo desse relato é reportar um caso de mineralização e ulceração da mucosa nasal contribuindo para epistaxe recorrente em um cão com insuficiência renal crônica e uremia. Um cão com epistaxe recorrente e aumento da ureia e creatinina foi hospitalizado. A contagem plaquetária e os testes de coagulação não tinham alterações. Foi diagnosticado insuficiência renal crônica, e o cão foi submetido a eutanásia. Na necropsia, o cão tinha os rins diminuídos, com superfície irregular. As conchas nasais estavam levemente avermelhadas. Histologicamente, foi diagnosticada uma glomerulonefrite crônica com mineralização gástrica e hiperplasia das paratireoides. As conchas nasais tinham mineralização da parede de vasos e membrana basal, úlceras e hemorragia. Os achados histopatológicos indicam que a mineralização e ulceração nasal foram causadas pela uremia. A severidade das lesões histológicas sugere que a mineralização/ulceração nasal pode ter causado, ou pelo menos contribuído, para a epistaxe deste cão. Espera-se, com esse relato, estimular futuros estudos que investiguem uma possível associação entre uremia, mineralização/ulceração nasal e epistaxe em cães.

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Soft tissue mineralization and epithelial ulceration are common findings in dogs with uremia, being commonly reported in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and pleura. This report described a case of nasal mucosal mineralization and ulceration contributing to recurrent epistaxis in a dog with chronic renal failure and uremia. A dog with recurrent epistaxis accompanied by elevated urea and creatinine was hospitalized. Platelet count and coagulation tests were within normal limits. Chronic renal failure was diagnosed, and the dog was euthanized. On necropsy, the kidneys were small, with an irregular capsular surface. The nasal conchae were slightly reddish. Histopathology revealed chronic glomerulonephritis, with gastric mineralization and bilateral parathyroid hyperplasia. Vascular and basal lamina mineralization, epithelial ulceration and hemorrhage were seen in the nasal conchae. The observed findings indicated that nasal mineralization and ulceration were caused by uremia. The severity of histopathological findings suggested that nasal mineralization/ulceration may have caused or at least contributed to epistaxis in this dog. We hope to stimulate further investigations into possible association between uremia, nasal mucosa mineralization/ulceration and epistaxis in dogs.

Mineralização dos tecidos moles e ulceração epitelial são achados comuns em cães com uremia, sendo geralmente observados no trato gastrointestinal, pulmões e pleura. O objetivo desse relato é reportar um caso de mineralização e ulceração da mucosa nasal contribuindo para epistaxe recorrente em um cão com insuficiência renal crônica e uremia. Um cão com epistaxe recorrente e aumento da ureia e creatinina foi hospitalizado. A contagem plaquetária e os testes de coagulação não tinham alterações. Foi diagnosticado insuficiência renal crônica, e o cão foi submetido a eutanásia. Na necropsia, o cão tinha os rins diminuídos, com superfície irregular. As conchas nasais estavam levemente avermelhadas. Histologicamente, foi diagnosticada uma glomerulonefrite crônica com mineralização gástrica e hiperplasia das paratireoides. As conchas nasais tinham mineralização da parede de vasos e membrana basal, úlceras e hemorragia. Os achados histopatológicos indicam que a mineralização e ulceração nasal foram causadas pela uremia. A severidade das lesões histológicas sugere que a mineralização/ulceração nasal pode ter causado, ou pelo menos contribuído, para a epistaxe deste cão. Espera-se, com esse relato, estimular futuros estudos que investiguem uma possível associação entre uremia, mineralização/ulceração nasal e epistaxe em cães.

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Introducción: Los tumores pardos ocasionados por hiperparatiroidismo, ya sea primario o secundario, son lesiones de tejido blando intraóseo vascularizado, que se presentan con mayor frecuencia en huesos largos; ocasionalmente, las lesiones llegan a ser periféricas y se localizan sobre procesos alveolares de maxilar y mandíbula. Objetivo: Presentar un paciente bajo tratamiento de hemodiálisis, que presenta tumores pardos en región maxilofacial, en relación con hiperparatiroidismo secundario. Caso clínico: Paciente de 39 años, con antecedentes de insuficiencia renal crónica, diagnosticada hace más de 20 años e hiperparatiroidismo secundario, para lo cual lleva tratamiento con régimen regular de diálisis. Acude por presentar deformidad facial; radiológicamente presenta lesiones osteolíticas en maxilar y mandíbula con impresión diagnóstica de tumores pardos. Conclusiones: Esta manifestación de hiperparatiroidismo secundario se observa al incrementarse la longevidad de los pacientes con fallo renal. Una completa evaluación del paciente puede ayudar a un correcto diagnóstico.

Introduction: Brown tumors caused by hyperparathyroidism, primary or secondary, are lesions of the vascular soft intraosseous tissue that more frequently develop in long bones; occasionally, the lesions tend to be peripheral located on the alveolar ridges of the maxilla and mandible. Objective: To describe a case of a patient under hemodialysis treatment with brown tumors of the maxillofacial region due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical case: We describe a 39-year-old male, he received hemodialysis for 20 years, for chronic renal failure with secondary hyperparathyroidism, and he comes by facial deformity in the image evaluation, there are osteolytic lesions in maxilla and mandible were suspected to be brown tumors. Conclusions: This manifestation of secondary hyperparathyroidism can be expected to occur with increased longevity of patients with renal failure. A complete evaluation can help to reach a correct diagnosis.

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Introducción: La osteodistrofia renal es una osteopatía metabólica difusa, relacionada con la insuficiencia renal crónica, que incluye diversas patologías en el sistema musculoesquelético. Se produce en respuesta a trastornos metabólicos generados por cambios electrolíticos, la inflamación crónica y la alteración hormonal. Estas variaciones modifican el proceso de remodelación ósea. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen alteración en el parénquima y estroma óseo, y van desde lesiones expansivas, produciendo deformidad, hasta fracturas patológicas del hueso. Objetivo: Relacionar las manifestaciones clínicas, imagenológicas e histológicas en el componente óseo cráneo facial para el diagnóstico de la osteodistrofia renal. Presentación de caso: Se presentan dos casos clínicos de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica e hiperparatiroidismo secundario de base, con múltiples masas en maxilares que causan asimetría facial y alteración funcional. Las imágenes tomográficas revelan alteración en la morfología ósea cortical y trabecular. Ambos individuos evidenciaron alteraciones en niveles de hormona paratiroidea, fosfatasa alcalina, fósforo y calcio sérico. La histopatología comprobó tejido fibroóseo con hueso neoformado y gran vascularización, con células multinucleadas tipo osteoclastos sin presencia de hemosiderina. Pacientes manejados de forma interdisciplinaria entre medicina interna, endocrinología y cirugía maxilofacial. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica avanzada presentan alteración de la estructura y del metabolismo óseo y mineral. Tal situación puede comprometer el complejo óseo craneofacial. Los casos graves de osteodistrofia renal se caracterizan por una marcada expansión de los maxilares, que genera asimetría y rasgos de leontiasis. Las imágenes tomográficas asociadas a osteodistrofia renal presentan óseos trabeculares con expansión de cortical, que evidencia el recambio óseo inmaduro presente. La histopatología no es específica y puede ser similar a los casos de displasia ósea craneofacial. Ante lo anteriormente planteado es fundamental relacionar estos hallazgos con la clínica para definir un diagnóstico adecuado(AU)

(AU)Introduction: Renal osteodystrophy is a diffuse metabolic osteopathy, related to chronic renal failure, which includes various pathologies in the musculoskeletal system. It occurs in response to metabolic disorders generated by electrolyte changes, chronic inflammation and hormonal alteration. These variations modify the process of bone remodeling. Clinical manifestations include alteration in the parenchyma and bone stroma, and range from expansive lesions, producing deformity, to pathological fractures of the bone. Objective: Relate the clinical, imaging and histological manifestations in the skull-facial bone component for the diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy. Case Presentation: Two clinical cases of patients with chronic kidney disease and secondary underlying hyperparathyroidism are presented, with multiple masses in the jaws that cause facial asymmetry and functional alteration. Tomographic images reveal alteration in cortical and trabecular bone morphology. Both individuals showed alterations in levels of parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus and serum calcium. Histopathology verified fibro-bone tissue with neoformed bone and great vascularization, with multinucleated osteoclast-like cells without the presence of hemosiderin. Patients were attended in an interdisciplinary way between internal medicine, endocrinology and maxillofacial surgery. Conclusions: Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease present alteration of the structure and bone and mineral metabolism. Such a situation can compromise the craniofacial bone complex. Severe cases of renal osteodystrophy are characterized by a marked expansion of the jaws, which generates asymmetry and traits of leonthiasis. The tomographic images associated with renal osteodystrophy present trabecular bones with cortical expansion, which evidences the immature bone turnover present. Histopathology is not specific and may be similar to cases of craniofacial bone dysplasia. Given the above, it is essential to relate these findings to the clinic to define an adequate diagnosis(AU)

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Introducción: las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo-mineral, son una causa importante de morbilidad en los pacientes con trasplante renal, por lo que el manejo de las complicaciones del paciente trasplantado, a largo plazo, deben de ser seguidas. El estudio intenta demostrar cambios en el metabolismo óseo y mineral en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a trasplante renal en el Hospital General Plaza de la Salud durante el período comprendido entre enero 2010 ­ agosto 2018, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de 131 trasplantes realizados en el Hospital General Plaza de la Salud, evaluando cambios de calcio (Ca), fósforo (P) y hormona paratiroidea (PTH) antes y tres meses post-trasplante. Resultados: la edad media de los pacientes incluidos fue 43.1 ±13.1 años, 72.51 % pertenecía al sexo masculino, con un tiempo medio en hemodiálisis en meses de 27.0 ± 33.6, 60 % de los trasplantes realizados fueron de donante vivo y un 63 % de los pacientes tenía HTA como comorbilidad. El nivel medio de PTH disminuyó en los primeros 3 meses posteriores al trasplante comparado con el pre-trasplante (779.6 ± 1004.0 vs. 167.9 ± 138.2 pg/ml). El fosfato disminuyó significativamente (4.9 ± 1.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.8) y el calcio aumentó (9.0 ± 1.2 mg/dl vs. a 9.7± 0.8 mg/dl). Discusión: los cambios generales en los niveles séricos de Ca, P, PTH, BUN y creatinina desde el momento del TR a los 3 meses post TR, fueron todos significativos

Introduction: Alterations of bone-mineral metabolism are an important cause of morbidity in patients with kidney transplantation, so the management of long-term transplant patient complications should be followed. The study tries to demonstrate changes in bone and mineral metabolism in patients with chronic renal disease undergoing kidney transplant in the Hospital General Plaza de la Salud during the period January 2010 to August 2018, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Method: Observational, Descriptive, Retrospective and Cross-sectional Study of 131 transplants performed at Hospital General Plaza de la Salud, evaluating changes of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) before and 3 months post-transplant. Results: The mean age of the patients included was 43.1 ± 13.1 years, 72.51% belonged to the male sex, with a mean time on hemodialysis in months of 27.0 ± 33.6, 60% of the transplants performed were from live donors and 63% from the patients had hypertension as comorbidity. The mean PTH level decreased in the first 3 months after transplantation compared to the pre-transplant (779.6 ± 1004.0 vs 167.9 ± 138.2 pg/ml). Phosphate decreased significantly (4.9 ± 1.6 vs 3.5 ± 0.8) and calcium increased (9.0 ± 1.2 mg / dl vs. 9.7 ± 0.8 mg / dl). Discussion: The general changes in serum levels of Ca, P, PTH, BUN and Creatinine from the time of TR to 3 months post TR were all significant

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PURPOSE: Bariatric surgery may lead to metabolic bone disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we compared the prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), impact on bone mass and turnover markers, and serum leptin after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in 117 patients (91% female, 51% RYGB, age 41.8 ± 6.7 years, time of surgery 4.3 ± 3.4 years) at different times (1-2 years, > 2 and < 5 years and ≥ 5 years). Body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and bone parameters (PTH, serum calcium, 25OHD, alkaline phosphatase (AP), C-telopeptide (CTX)) were analyzed. RESULTS: Prevalence of SHPT (PTH ≥ 65 pg/ml) was 26%, RYGB > SG (18.4% vs. 7.8%, p = 0.039), despite similar 25OHD and calcium levels. Mean PTH, CTX, and AP were higher in RYGB vs. SG (61.3 ± 29.5 vs 49.5 ± 32.3 pg/ml, p = 0.001; 0.596 ± 0.24 vs. 0.463 ± 0.23 ng/ml; 123.9 ± 60.8 vs. 100.7 ± 62.0 U/l). There were 13.5% decreases in femoral neck BMD in all patients, over the study period. In the last group, the RYGB group showed greater bone loss in total body BMD (1.016 vs. 1.151 g/cm2, - 8.1%, p = 0.003) and total femur BMD (1.164 vs. 1.267 g/cm2, - 11.7%, p = 0.007). Mean leptin was lower in the RYGB vs. SG group, with no correlation with BMD in any site. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a more deleterious role of RYGB on bone remodeling up to 5 years postoperatively in comparison with SG.

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Introduction: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a multisystemic syndrome that affects calcium and bone homeostasis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite medical treatment, 1-2% of patients require parathyroidectomy annually. The use of an intraoperative parathormone protocol (IOPTH) to predict cure is still in debate, due to the lack of standardized protocols, the use of different assays, and uneven PTH clearance. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of an IOPTH in patients with SHPT for predicting successful surgery after parathyroidectomy. Methods: About 30 patients were enrolled. A prospective observational study (cohort) was performed in patients who were submitted to parathyroidectomy by an endocrine surgeon for SHPT. All were submitted to a bilateral neck exploration with a subtotal parathyroidectomy. Three IOPTH determinations were withdrawn: at anesthetic induction (PTH0), 15 min (PTH15), and 30 min (PTH30) after completion of gland resection. Another sample was taken 24 h after the procedure (PTH24), values <150 pg/mL defined a successful surgery, and patients were assigned to the success or failure group. IOPTH drop was analyzed to predict successful surgery with drops of 70 and 90% at 15 and 30 min, respectively. Results: A total of 26 patients were included, 19 patients were in the successful group. IOPTH showed a significant difference between groups in their absolute PTH15 and PTH30 values. A significant difference was also found in their PTH drop at 30 min (81 vs. 91%, p = 0.08). For predicting a successful surgery, having a PTH drop >90% at 30 min was the most significant factor [Odds Ratio (OR) 3.0 (1.5-4) IC 95%]. Conclusions: This study points toward a stricter and staggered IOPTH protocol to predict a successful surgery. Our results suggest taking a PTH15 expecting a PTH drop of >90%. If this is not achieved, reexploration and a PTH30 sample are suggested to accurately predict success.

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We present the case of a 65-year-old man with brown tumors due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis showed multiple lesions with expansive bone appearance. Additionally, prostate cancer was diagnosed during this time. For this reason, differential diagnosis was performed through biopsy of the right iliac bone lesion. Brown tumors are caused by osteoclastic activity and fibroblast proliferation; the differential diagnosis of these bone lesions includes giant tumors, metastases, Paget's disease, and paraneoplastic syndrome with high levels of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). This case report describes the coexistence of two pathologies that could explain these images. In this report, we present a case of a 65-year-old man with brown tumors due to secondary hyperparathyroidism and prostate cancer. In this setting, histologic confirmation is recommended.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D supplementation under uremic conditions, both in vivo and in vitro, and its effects on the parameters of mineral metabolism. METHODS: Thirty-two hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo (N=14) or cholecalciferol (N=18) for six months. Serum levels of calcium, phosphate, total alkaline phosphatase, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and vitamin D were measured at baseline and after three and six months. The levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were also measured at baseline and at six months. Human monocytes were used for in vitro experiments and treated with cholecalciferol (150 nM) and uremic serum. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cathelicidin (CAMP) expression were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay, and real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: Both patient groups were clinically and biochemically similar at baseline. After six months, the levels of vitamin D and iPTH were higher and lower, respectively, in the cholecalciferol group than in the placebo group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the parameters of mineral metabolism, such as IL-1β and hs-CRP levels, in both groups. Treatment with uremic serum lowered the monocyte viability (p<0.0001) and increased ROS production (p<0.01) and CAMP expression (p<0.05); these effects were counterbalanced by cholecalciferol treatment (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Thus, cholecalciferol supplementation is an efficient strategy to ameliorate hypovitaminosis D in hemodialysis patients, but its beneficial effects on the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism are relatively unclear. Even though cholecalciferol exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, its short-term supplementation was not effective in improving the inflammatory profile of patients on hemodialysis, as indicated by the IL-1β and hs-CRP levels.

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La paratiroidectomía (PTX) es la terapia de elección en el hiperparatiroidismo secundario a enfermedad renal crónica (HPT-ERC) resistente al tratamiento médico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el resultado de la PTX a largo plazo y sus factores predictores. Métodos: estudio unicéntrico retrospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron 92 pacientes con HPT-ERC en diálisis, en quienes se realizó la primera PTX en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires entre 2006 y 2015 con seguimiento ≥ 6 meses. Se consideró persistencia del HPTERC con PTH > 300 pg/ml en el semestre posoperatorio, y recidiva con PTH > 500 pg/ml luego. Resultados: edad: 43,6±12,8 años, 50% mujeres, mediana 4,6 años de diálisis, PTH preoperatoria mediana 1639 pg/ml. A 39 se les realizó PTX subtotal (PTXS) y a 53 total con autoimplante (PTXT+AI). Se observó persistencia en 16 pacientes (17,4%). Presentaron recidiva 30 de 76 pacientes con adecuada respuesta inicial (39,5%; IC 95 28,5-50,5). La mediana de tiempo hasta la recidiva fue de 4,7 años (RIC 2,3-7,5). Los pacientes con recidiva presentaron mayor calcemia preoperatoria (mediana 9,9 vs. 9,3 mg/dl, p=0,035; OR ajustado 2,79) y menor elevación de fosfatasa alcalina en el posoperatorio (333 vs. 436 UI/l, p=0,031; OR ajustado 0,99). La recidiva se presentó más frecuentemente luego de la PTXT+AI (48,9%; OR ajustado 4,66), que en la PTXS (25,8%). Conclusiones: el tiempo en diálisis con inadecuado control metabólico constituye el principal factor para la recurrencia del HPT. Se postula que la mayor calcemia preoperatoria está relacionada con un HPT más severo y se asocia a recurrencia. Llamativamente, hallamos menores elevaciones de la fosfatasa alcalina durante el posoperatorio en pacientes con recurrencia. Hipotetizamos que esto pueda asociarse con menor mineralización en el posoperatorio e hiperfosfatemia sostenida, con consecuente estímulo paratiroideo. La menor recurrencia del HPT luego de la PTXS se vincula al sesgo generado en la selección del tipo de cirugía. (AU)

Parathyroidectomy is an effective therapy for refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT). Continued dialysis represents risk for recurrent sHPT. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of recurrence and determine its predictors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 92 adults in chronic dialysis, who underwent their first parathyroidectomy in this center between 2006 and 2015. We considered persistence of sHPT if PTH was > 300 pg/ml during the first postoperative semester, and recurrence if it was > 500 pg/ml afterwards. Results: Age 43.6+-12 y/o, 50% female, 4.6 years on dialysis, median preoperative PTH 1636 pg/ml (IQR 1226-2098). Subtotal parathyroidectomy (sPTX) was performed in 39, Total with autotransplantation (TA-PTX) in 53 patients. Persistence of sHPT occurred in 16 patients; relapse in 30 out of 76 with adequate initially response (39.5%; 95CI 28,5-50,5). Median time to recurrence: 4.7 y. Recurring patients had higher preoperative calcemia (9.9 vs 9.3 mg/dl; adj OR 2.79) and lower postoperative elevation of ALP (333 vs 436 UI/ml; adj OR 0.99). Recurrence presented more frequently in TA-PTX (48.9%; adj OR 4.66) than sPTX (25.8%). Conclusions: Time on dialysis with inadequate metabolic control remains the most important risk factor for sHPT recurrence. Higher preoperative levels of calcemia, related to sHPT severity, are associated with recurrence. Lower elevations of ALP during postoperative period in recurring patients are an interesting finding. We hypothesize that patients with less significant postoperative mineralization may have chronically higher levels of phosphatemia, stimulating parathyroid glands. Fewer recurrence in sPTX is associated to a bias in the procedure selection. (AU)

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has an important role in the maintenance of serum calcium levels. It activates renal 1α-hydroxylase and increases the synthesis of the active form of vitamin D (1,25[OH]2D3). PTH promotes calcium release from the bone and enhances tubular calcium resorption through direct action on these sites. Hallmarks of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) include increase in serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), reduction in renal 1,25[OH]2D3 production with a decline in its serum levels, decrease in intestinal calcium absorption, and, at later stages, hyperphosphatemia and high levels of PTH. In this paper, we aim to critically discuss severe CKD-related hyperparathyroidism, in which PTH, through calcium-dependent and -independent mechanisms, leads to harmful effects and manifestations of the uremic syndrome, such as bone loss, skin and soft tissue calcification, cardiomyopathy, immunodeficiency, impairment of erythropoiesis, increase of energy expenditure, and muscle weakness.

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Introducción: El hiperparatiroidismo secundario (HPTS) es una complicación de la enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT). A pesar de nuevas terapias médicas como calcimiméticos, en HPTS refractarios la paratiroidectomía (PTX) continúa siendo necesaria. Una complicación frecuente en estos pacientes posterior a la PTX es el síndrome de hueso hambriento (SHH), caracterizado por una profunda y prolongada hipocalcemia asociada a hipofosfatemia, secundaria a un excesivo aumento de su captación ósea. Una complicación menos descrita, pero con consecuencias graves e incluso fatales, es la hiperkalemia. El propósito de este trabajo consiste en enfatizar el riesgo de hiperkalemia por SHH a partir de un caso clínico, señalar los mecanismos fisiopatológicos, factores de riesgo y consideraciones terapéuticas. Caso clínico: Mujer de 35 años, con ERCT de causa desconocida, HPTS refractario con PTX total e implante de glándulas en antebrazo hace 9 años. Ingresa por recurrencia de HPTS. Cintigrama MIBI SPECT/CT® evidenció implante hiperfuncionante, indicándose PTX del injerto. Exámenes preoperatorios: calcemia 8.6 mg/dL, fosfatasas alcalinas 1115 UI/L (VN <100), PTH intacta (PTHi) 3509 pg/ml y kalemia 4.8 mEq/L. Biopsia: hiperplasia paratiroidea nodular. En postoperatorio inmediato presentó hiperkalemia de 7.1 mEq/L con cambios electrocardiográficos, requiriendo hemodiálisis de urgencia. Posteriormente desarrolló hipocalcemia, hipofosfatemia e hipomagnesemia, de difícil control. Discusión: El SHH post HPTS puede coexistir con hiperkalemia postoperatoria inmediata grave, incluso fatal si no se identifica y corrige a tiempo. El mecanismo fisiopatológico aún no está bien dilucidado. Varios factores pudieran intervenir, incluyendo aumento del metabolismo celular, traumatismo tisular, fármacos anestésicos, fluidos perioperatorios y flujo de iones transmembrana. El nivel de potasio previo a la cirugía, menor edad, género masculino, tiempo entre la última hemodiálisis y la cirugía, y duración de la PTX, son factores de riesgo para hiperkalemia postoperatoria. El conocimiento de esta grave complicación permitirá estar preparado para monitorizar y eventualmente tratar.

Introduction: Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a complication of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Although new medical therapies (i.e.calcimimetics,) parathyroidectomy (PTX) continues to be necessary in refractory cases. A well-known complication after PTX is an entity called Hungry Bone Syndrome (HBS), characterized by deep and prolonged hypocalcemia associated with hypophosphatemia, secondary to an excessive increase in bone formation. A less reported complication, but with severe or even fatal consequences, is hyperkalemia. The purpose of this work consists of emphasizing the risk of hyperkalemia in HBS, reporting a clinical case that points out the physiopathological mechanisms, risk factors, and therapeutic considerations. Clinical case: 35-year-old woman with ESRD of unknown cause with refractory SHPT with total PTX and forearm gland grafts nine years ago. She presented SHPT recurrency. MIBI SPECT/CT® scan showed a hyperfunctioning implant, indicating graft PTX. Preoperative tests: calcemia 8.6 mg/dL, phosphatemia 7.3 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatases 1115 UI/L (VN<100), intact PTH (iPTH) 3509 pg/ml and kalemia 4.8 mEq/L. Biopsy: parathyroid nodular hyperplasia. In the immediate postoperative period, she presented hyperkalemia at 7.1 mEq/L with electrocardiographic changes, requiring emergency hemodialysis. Later she developed hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypomagnesemia of difficult control. Discussion: HBS post PTX can coexist with severe immediate postoperative hyperkalemia, which can be even fatal if not detected and corrected. The physiopathological mechanism is still not entirely elucidated. Various factors could interfere, including an increase in cell metabolism, tissue traumatism, anesthetic drugs, intraoperative fluids, and transmembrane ion flow. Preoperative potassium levels, younger age, male gender, the time elapsed between last hemodialysis and surgery, and duration of PTX are risk factors for post-surgical hyperkalemia. Knowing this severe complication will allow the medical team to be prepared for monitoring and eventually treating it.

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ABSTRACT There is no recommendation to investigate celiac disease (CD) in patients with elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) and normal blood calcium if they are asymptomatic, especially if they do not have hypovitaminosis D. CD was diagnosed in a 30-year-old asymptomatic man without vitamin D deficiency, who had total calcium 9.2 mg/dl, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 36 ng/dl, PTH 112 pg/ml, total IgA 42 mg/dl, anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA 22 U/ml. Duodenal biopsy by endoscopy confirmed CD. The patient started a gluten-free diet that was maintained. After six months, the patient had total calcium 9.5 mg/dl, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 42 ng/dl, and PTH 48 pg/ml. In most patients with elevated PTH and normal blood calcium, clinical history, assessment of renal function, vitamin D and phosphorus measurement, and calciuria define the cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, in the few cases in which this initial investigation is negative, even asymptomatic individuals should be tested for CD antibodies before the diagnosis of normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism is made.

RESUMEN No hay recomendaciones para investigar enfermedad celíaca (EC) en pacientes con niveles elevados de hormona paratiroidea y calcio sérico normal si ellos son asintomáticos, principalmente si no tienen hipovitaminosis D. Reportamos un caso de EC diagnosticada en un hombre de 30 años, asintomático, sin deficiencia de vitamina D. Sus niveles séricos: calcio total 9,2 mg/dl, 25-hidroxivitamina D 36 ng/dl, hormona paratiroidea 112 pg/ml, inmunoglobulina A (IgA) total 42 mg/dl y anticuerpos anti-transglutaminasa tisular (tTG) IgA 22 U/ml. Biopsia duodenal por endoscopia confermó el diagnóstico de EC. El paciente empezó una dieta libre de gluten. Después de seis meses, el paciente presentó calcio total 9,5 ml/dl, 25-hidroxivitamina D 42 ng/dl y hormona paratiroidea 48 pg/ml. En la mayor parte de los pacientes con hormona paratiroidea elevada y calcio sérico normal, el historial clínico, la evaluación de la función renal y las mediciones de vitamina D, fósforo y calciuria definen la causa del hiperparatiroidismo secundario. No obstante, en los pocos casos en los cuales esa investigación inicial es negativa, incluso los individuos asintomáticos deben ser examinados para anticuerpos para EC antes que el diagnóstico de hiperparatiroidismo primario normocalcémico sea establecido.

RESUMO Não há recomendação para investigar doença celíaca (DC) em pacientes com paratormônio (PTH) elevado e cálcio sérico normal se eles são assintomáticos, principalmente se não têm hipovitaminose D. Relatamos um caso de DC diagnosticada em um homem de 30 anos, assintomático, sem deficiência de vitamina D. Os exames apresentaram cálcio total 9,2 mg/dl, 25-hidroxivitamina D 36 ng/dl, PTH 112 pg/ml, imunoglobulina da classe A (IgA) total 42 mg/dl e antienzima transglutaminase tecidual (tTG) IgA 22 U/ml. Biópsia duodenal por endoscopia confirmou o diagnóstico de DC. O paciente iniciou dieta sem glúten. Após seis meses, apresentou cálcio total 9,5 mg/dl, 25-hidroxivitamina D 42 ng/dl e PTH 48 pg/ml. Na maioria dos pacientes com PTH elevado e cálcio sérico normal, a história clínica, a avaliação da função renal e as dosagens de vitamina D, fósforo e calciúria definem a causa do hiperparatireoidismo secundário. Porém, nos poucos casos em que essa investigação inicial é negativa, até os indivíduos assintomáticos deveriam ser testados para anticorpos para DC antes de o diagnóstico de hiperparatireoidismo primário normocalcêmico ser firmado.

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Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil clínico e bioquímico de pacientes com e sem HPTS. Metodologia:Estudo transversal e analítico realizado com 93 pacientes com DRC em HD. Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos: sem HPTS (Paratormônio: < 300pg/mL) e com HPTS (Paratormônio: ≥ 300pg/mL). Foram verificados os dados socioeconômicos por meio de questioná-rio semiestruturado. Os dados bioquímicos e antropométricos foram obtidos por meio do prontuário de cada paciente. Tam-bém foram coletadas informações quanto ao tempo de HD, tabagismo, diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, cardiopatias, atividade física e a razão triglicerídeo/HDL-Coles-terol. Resultados:O gênero feminino apresentou-se prevalente no grupo com HPTS (59,09%, p=0,017). Nos pacientes que não apresentavam HPTS foi detectado maior presença de diabetes mellitus (77,27%, p=0,021). Os pacientes com HPTS diferiram dos pacientes sem HPTS para o hematócrito (p=0,0457), crea-tinina (p=0,0303) e a fosfatase alcalina (p=0,0011). Conclusão:Encontramos diferença ao comparar os grupos quanto aos níveis de hematócrito, creatinina, fósforo e fosfatase alcalina, resultados que podem implicar no estado clínico de indivíduos com HPTS. Essas análises poderão direcionar condutas e estratégias específicas para o acompanhamento da doença e proposta adequada de tratamento, buscando a melhora do quadro clínico e qualidade de vida. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and biochemical profile of patients with and without secondary hyperparathyroidism. Methodology: Cross-sectional and analytical study conducted with 93 patients with CKD in HD. The patients were allocated into two groups: without HPTS (Parathyroid hormone: <300pg / mL) and with HPTS (Parathyroid hormone: ≥ 300pg / mL). Socioeconomic data were verified through a semi-structured questionnaire. Biochemical and anthropometric data were obtained from each patient's medical record. Information was also collected regarding HD time, smoking, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, heart disease, physical activity and the triglyceride / HDL-cholesterol ratio. Results: The female gender was prevalent in the group with HPTS (59.09%, p = 0.017). In patients without HPTS, a higher presence of diabetes mellitus was detected (77.27%, p = 0.021). Patients with HPTS differed from patients without HPTS for hematocrit (p = 0.0457), creatinine (p = 0.0303) and alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.0011). Conclusion: We found a difference when comparing the groups regarding hematocrit, creatinine, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels. Results that may imply the clinical status of individuals with HPTS. These analysis may direct specific conducts and strategies for the follow-up of the disease and appropriate treatment proposal, seeking to improve the clinical condition and quality of life. (AU)

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