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The work describes the carotenoid synthesis process by Rhodotorula glutinis P4M422 using an agro-industrial waste as the substrate, seeking a biorefinery platform approach for waste utilization to produce high-value molecules. A culture medium based on goat milk whey (GMW) was optimized via the Taguchi method (L9 array). Four factors (ethanol, carbon and nitrogen source, and pH) were evaluated at three levels. The carbon and nitrogen composition were the factors dominating the process performance. Optimized conditions were validated (Urea, 0.3% w/v; pH, 4.5; ethanol, 10% v/v; glucose, 6.0%), and the carotenoid production (4075 µg/L) was almost 200% higher than when using the un-optimized process (2058 µg/L). Provitamin A carotenoids torulene, ß-carotene, and γ-carotene (different proportions) were produced under all conditions. The hydrolyzed goat milk whey showed promising expectations as a low-cost source for carotenoid production by Rhodotorula glutinis P4M422. The results are important for the innovative sustainable production of carotenoid-rich matrices for different purposes (nutrition, health promotion, color) and industries (foods, nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, feeds), notably to help to combat vitamin A deficiency.

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This study aimed to produce and characterise microparticles produced from barley residue proteins (BRP) enriched with ß-carotene. The microparticles were obtained by freeze-drying five emulsion formulations with 0.5% w/w whey protein concentrate and different concentrations of maltodextrin and BRP (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0% w/w), with the dispersed phase consisting of corn oil enriched with ß-carotene. The mixtures were mechanically mixed and sonicated, the formed emulsions were freeze-drying. The microparticles obtained were tested for encapsulation efficiency, humidity, hygroscopicity, apparent density, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), accelerated stability and bioaccessibility. Microparticles produced with the emulsion containing 6% w/w BRP had lower moisture content (3.47 ± 0.05%), higher encapsulation efficiency (69.11 ± 3.36%), bioaccessibility value of 84.1% and greater ß-carotene protection against thermal degradation. SEM analysis showed that microparticles had sizes ranging from 74.4 to 244.8 µm. These results show that BRP are viable for the microencapsulation of bioactive compounds by freeze-drying.

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The association between obesity and vitamin A has been studied. Some studies point to the anti-obesity activity related to this vitamin, carotenoids with provitamin A activity, and carotenoid conversion products. This performance has been evaluated in respect of adipogenesis, metabolic activity, oxidation processes, secretory function, and oxidative stress modulation, showing a new property attributed to vitamin A in preventing and treating obesity. However, vitamin A and its precursors are highly sensitive and easily degraded when subjected to heat, the presence of light, and oxygen, in addition to losses related to the processes of digestion and absorption. In this context, encapsulation presents itself as an alternative capable of increasing vitamin A's stability in the face of unfavorable conditions in the environment, which can reduce its functionality. Considering that vitamin A's status shows a strong correlation with obesity and is an innovative theme, this article addresses the associations between vitamin A's consumption and its precursors, encapsulated or not, and its physiological effects on obesity. The present narrative review points out those recent studies that demonstrate that vitamin A and its encapsulated precursors have the most preserved functionality, which guarantees better effects on obesity therapy.

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Vitamins are organic compounds essential for normal physiological functioning and they need to be provided in adequate amounts by the diet. They are nutrients mainly associated to fruit consumption, playing an important role in the cellular function, growth and development of individuals. The present study aimed to analyze levels of vitamins B, C and carotenoids of fruits from the agrobiodiversity of Northeastern Brazil, among them cajuí (Anacardium spp), murici (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth), pequi (Caryocar coriaceum Wittm.), jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.), cajá (Spondias mombin L.), umbu-cajá (Spondias bahiensis P. Carvalho, Van den Berg & M. Machado), umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda), pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.), araçá (Psidium sobralianum Landrum & Proença). The vitamins were quantified using the analytical method High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Vitamin B complex levels varied from 0.003 ± 0.01 mg/100 g to 6.107 ± 0.06 mg/100 g. Vitamin C ranged from 0.36 ± 0.06 mg/100 g to 253.92 ± 9.02 mg/100 g. Carotenoid values ranged from 0.12 ± 0.02 µg/100 g to 395.63 ± 113.69 µg/100 g. Thus, the profile of water-soluble vitamins and carotenoids of the fruits analyzed was quantified. Therefore, these fruits can provide varied amounts of vitamins important to human health. However, it is interesting for the individual to consume fruits in a diversified manner, avoiding monotony and thus guaranteeing the daily intake of more nutrients.

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Most sweet potato genotypes marketed in Brazil have white, yellow or cream pulp color with negligible carotenoid contents. The use of beta-carotene rich sweet potato materials may contribute to improve people welfare, especially those at critical nutritional conditions. The yield-related traits and marketable tuber quality of 10 beta-carotene biofortified (or not) sweet potato genotypes were assessed in a Brazilian Cerrado area. Differences for all traits were found, with some materials prevailing. However, four of them (CNPH 1190, CNPH 1206, CNPH 1210 and CNPH 1310) showed good adaptability. CNPH 1210 had the highest yield (52.21 ton ha-1), 4.28 times higher than the Brazilian sweet potato average yield. CNPH 1210 and CNPH 1310 had the highest tuber numbers and the most preferred mass class for consumers, and therefore, they furnished the best marketable genotypes. Nevertheless, the materials CNPH 1210 and CNPH 1310 (both orange-fleshed sweet potatoes) stood out for tuber market quality. Our results may stimulate organized civil society efforts to improve the production and consumption of beta-carotene-rich sweet potato materials in municipalities in the Brazilian Cerrado.

A maioria dos genótipos de batata-doce comercializados no Brasil tem cor de polpa branca, amarela ou creme, com conteúdo desprezível de carotenóides. O uso de materiais de batata-doce ricos em beta-caroteno pode contribuir para melhorar o bem-estar das pessoas, especialmente aquelas em condições nutricionais críticas. Características relacionadas ao rendimento e a qualidade comercial dos tubérculos de 10 genótipos de batata-doce biofortificada (ou não) com beta-caroteno foram avaliadas em uma área do Cerrado brasileiro. Diferenças para todas as características foram encontradas, com alguns materiais predominantes. No entanto, quatro deles (CNPH 1190, CNPH 1206, CNPH 1210 e CNPH 1310) mostraram boa adaptabilidade. O CNPH 1210 teve o maior rendimento (52,21 ton ha-1), 4,28 vezes maior que o rendimento nacional médio da batata-doce brasileira. CNPH 1210 e CNPH 1310 tiveram o maior número de tubérculos e a classe de massamais preferida para os consumidores e, portanto, forneceram os melhores genótipos comercializáveis. Noentanto, os materiais CNPH 1210 e CNPH 1310 (ambos batata-doce de polpa alaranjada) destacaram-se pelaqualidade dos tubérculos comerciais. Nossos resultados podem estimular esforços da sociedade civil organizada para melhorar a produção e consumo de materiais de batata-doce ricos em beta-caroteno em municípios contidos no Cerrado brasileiro.

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The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of provitamin A biofortified maize (PABM) diet, sex and age of birds on the haematological and serum biochemistry parameters of indigenous chickens. A total of ninety-six 13 week old male and female Ovambo chickens were reared and fed on either white maize (WM) a low vitamin A diet or a PABM based diet for eight weeks. Each diet was replicated four times. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte concentration (RBC), leucocytes concentration (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured. Albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), total proteins (TP), triglycerides (TRI), cholesterol (CHOLES), uric acid (UA) and creatinine (CREAT) concentrations were assessed. The activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) alkaline phosphate (ALP) and aspartate transaminanse (AST) were also assayed. The PABM diet increased (p 0.05) PCV and WBC of female birds. All mean values for the haematological parameters regardless of the age, sex and diets were within the normal range. Age had an effect (p 0.05) on ALT, TP, GLOB, TRI and UA. Sex of the birds significantly influenced the TP, GLOB, ALB, CREAT and TRI levels. There was significant interaction of diet and age of bird on ALP, ALT, and GLOB concentrations. The cholesterol level in 18 weeks old male birds fed on the WM diet was above the normal range. In conclusion, feeding PABM diet to female and male indigenous chickens will not negatively impact on the health status of indigenous chickens.(AU)

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The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of provitamin A biofortified maize (PABM) diet, sex and age of birds on the haematological and serum biochemistry parameters of indigenous chickens. A total of ninety-six 13 week old male and female Ovambo chickens were reared and fed on either white maize (WM) a low vitamin A diet or a PABM based diet for eight weeks. Each diet was replicated four times. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte concentration (RBC), leucocytes concentration (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured. Albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), total proteins (TP), triglycerides (TRI), cholesterol (CHOLES), uric acid (UA) and creatinine (CREAT) concentrations were assessed. The activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) alkaline phosphate (ALP) and aspartate transaminanse (AST) were also assayed. The PABM diet increased (p 0.05) PCV and WBC of female birds. All mean values for the haematological parameters regardless of the age, sex and diets were within the normal range. Age had an effect (p 0.05) on ALT, TP, GLOB, TRI and UA. Sex of the birds significantly influenced the TP, GLOB, ALB, CREAT and TRI levels. There was significant interaction of diet and age of bird on ALP, ALT, and GLOB concentrations. The cholesterol level in 18 weeks old male birds fed on the WM diet was above the normal range. In conclusion, feeding PABM diet to female and male indigenous chickens will not negatively impact on the health status of indigenous chickens.

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This research aimed to evaluate differences in the stability of physicochemical and color parameters, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids and antioxidant capacity in fresh and pasteurized juice of orange passion fruit, respectively cold stored (8 °C) during 0-4 or during 0-15 days. The results showed that in the physicochemical analysis, no significant differences were observed comparing pasteurized and fresh juice during storage. The pasteurized juice showed higher concentrations of color parameters, phenolic compounds (15% more of retention for days 0 and 4), epigallocatechin gallate (40% in day 0 and 27% in day 4), lycopene (142% for day 0 and 39% for day 4), total carotenoids (114% in day 0 and 8% in day 4) and antioxidant capacity (12% in day 0 and 7% in day 4).; already fresh juice retained more values of quercetin (79% in day 0 and 245% in day 4), α-carotene (57% in day 4), ß-carotene and provitamin A (80% of retention in day 4). Therefore, the pasteurization processing was positive in orange passion fruit juice and improved the accessibility of most bioactive compounds.

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ABSTRACT The current study was conducted to investigate the influence of provitamin A biofortified maize (PABM) diet, sex and age of birds on the haematological and serum biochemistry parameters of indigenous chickens. A total of ninety-six 13 week old male and female Ovambo chickens were reared and fed on either white maize (WM) a low vitamin A diet or a PABM based diet for eight weeks. Each diet was replicated four times. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte concentration (RBC), leucocytes concentration (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured. Albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB), total proteins (TP), triglycerides (TRI), cholesterol (CHOLES), uric acid (UA) and creatinine (CREAT) concentrations were assessed. The activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) alkaline phosphate (ALP) and aspartate transaminanse (AST) were also assayed. The PABM diet increased (p 0.05) PCV and WBC of female birds. All mean values for the haematological parameters regardless of the age, sex and diets were within the normal range. Age had an effect (p 0.05) on ALT, TP, GLOB, TRI and UA. Sex of the birds significantly influenced the TP, GLOB, ALB, CREAT and TRI levels. There was significant interaction of diet and age of bird on ALP, ALT, and GLOB concentrations. The cholesterol level in 18 weeks old male birds fed on the WM diet was above the normal range. In conclusion, feeding PABM diet to female and male indigenous chickens will not negatively impact on the health status of indigenous chickens.

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Provitamin A (proVA) enhanced maize was developed to help alleviate vitamin A deficiency in maize-consuming populations. Nixtamalization (lime-cooking process) is the most commonly used maize-preparation method in Mexico and Central America. In this study, the effect of traditional nixtamalization (TN) and nixtamalized extrusion (NE) on proVA retention was evaluated. Kernel conversion to TN dough led to high proVA apparent retention (>100%), while kernel conversion to NE flour led to lower retention (85%). However, TN tortilla proVA carotenoid concentration was similar to the kernels' original concentration and slightly higher in NE tortillas. Genotypic variation has a strong effect on proVA retention in TN dough and NE flour, but no such variation in proVA retention was observed in tortillas. Tortillas prepared with proVA-enhanced maize, using either TN or NE, are a good source of proVA carotenoids. Also, dough made using TN and proVA-enhanced maize is a high proVA-content ingredient for other food products.

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BACKGROUND: Vitamin A (VA) deficiency (VAD) is still a concern in many parts of the world, and multiple intervention strategies are being implemented to reduce the prevalence of VAD and associated morbidity and mortality. Because some individuals within a population may be exposed to multiple VA interventions, concerns have been raised about the possible risk of hypervitaminosis A. OBJECTIVES: A consultative meeting was held in Vienna, Austria, in March 2014 to (1) review current knowledge concerning the safety and effectiveness of large-scale programs to control VAD, (2) develop a related research agenda, and (3) review current available methods to assess VA status and risk of hypervitaminosis A. METHODS: Multiple countries were represented and shared their experiences using a variety of assessment methods, including retinol isotope dilution (RID) techniques. Discussion included next steps to refine assessment methodology, investigate RID limitations under different conditions, and review programmatic approaches to ensure VA adequacy and avoid excessive intakes. RESULTS: Fortification programs have resulted in adequate VA status in Guatemala, Zambia, and parts of Cameroon. Dietary patterns in several countries revealed that some people may consume excessive preformed VA from fortified foods. CONCLUSION: Additional studies are needed to compare biomarkers of tissue damage to RID methods during hypervitaminosis A and to determine what other biomarkers can be used to assess excessive preformed VA intake.

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This study investigated the α- and β-carotene content and provitamin A value of four leafy vegetables sold at local and street markets in Viçosa, MG, Brazil, in the spring and winter of 2002. Carotenoids were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. α-Carotene was detected in all samples sold during spring, but was only present in a few samples of smooth and curly lettuce and kale in winter. β-Carotene was found in marked quantities in all leafy vegetables analyzed. Duncan's test (α = 5 percent) showed significantly higher α-carotene content in curly lettuce and vitamin A value in large-leaved watercress in the spring. Mean β-carotene content and vitamin A value were 7544, 8751, 2584, 2792, 8193, and 5338 μg/100 g and 666, 760, 227, 238, 698, and 460 μg RAE/100 g in large-leaved and hydroponic watercress, smooth and curly lettuce, kale and spinach, respectively. All leafy vegetables analyzed represent important sources of provitamin A and supply an important part of the daily requirements of children and adults.

Investigou-se o conteúdo de α e β-caroteno e avaliou-se o valor pro-vitamínico A de quatro hortaliças folhosas comercializadas em mercados locais e feira- livre de Viçosa, MG durante a primavera e o inverno de 2002. Os carotenóides foram analisados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). O α-caroteno foi detectado em todas as amostras analisadas na primavera, porém no inverno, somente algumas amostras de alface crespa e lisa, e couve apresentaram tal carotenóide. O β-caroteno foi encontrado, em quantidades apreciáveis, em todas as hortaliças folhosas analisadas. O teste de Duncan (α=5 por cento) detectou que o conteúdo de α-caroteno em alface crespa e o valor de vitamina A em agrião de folha larga foram estatisticamente superiores na primavera. Os teores médios de β-caroteno e de valor de vitamina A para agrião de folha larga e hidropônico, alface crespa e lisa, couve e espinafre foram: 7544; 8751; 2584; 2792; 8193; 5338 μg/100g e 666; 760; 227; 238; 698; 460 μg RAE/100g, respectivamente. Todas as hortaliças folhosas analisadas constituem importantes fontes de provitamina A e suprem grande parte das recomendações diárias de crianças e adultos.

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Competition experiments were carried out between different cultivars of manioc (Manihot esculentaCrantz) in the terra firme ecosystem (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil), with the productivity and pro-vitamin A carotene content. Roots from sevem cultivars of yellow manioc were selected for the identification and quantification of carotenes with vitamin A activity, according to the method described by Rodriguez. Pro-vitamin A loss due to processing and storage of the flour was also determined. The presence of three b - carotene isomers was noted (13 - cis - - carotene, all trans - carotene and 9 - cis - - carotene). The amount of vitamin A present in the roots varied from 4.4 to 18.8 retinol equivalents. The loss of vitamin A due to processing was high, ranging from 25.3 to 40.0 %. The storage of the roots for six months in transparent plastic bags at room temperature and exposure to the sun, resulted in a total degradation of the carotenoids. The results allow one to conclude that three cultivars (IM 232; IM 104 and BGM 021) containt the highest pro-vitamin A content.

Foram conduzidos experimentos de competição entre cultivares de mandioca (Manihot esculentaCrantz) em ecossistema de terra firme (Manaus - Amazonas), com objetivo de obter melhores cultivares de mandioca com relação a produtividade e teor de caroteno pró-vitamínico A. Raízes de sete cultivares de mandioca amarela foram selecionadas para identificação e quantificação de carotenos com atividade de vitamina A, mediante o método descrito por Rodriguez. Observou-se, também, as perdas de pró-vitamina A pelo processamento e armazenamento de farinha. Constatou-se a presença de três isômeros do - caroteno (o 13 - eis - - caroteno, o - caroteno todo trans e o 9 - eis - - caroteno U). Quanto aos teores de vitamina A, expressos em equivalente de retinol, nas raízes variaram de 4,4 a 18,8. Com relação a perda de atividade da vitamina A pelo processamento variou de 25,0 a 40,0 %, enquanto que o armazenamento por 6 meses em sacos plásticos transparentes, à temperatura ambiente e à exposição de luz, resultou em degradação total de seus carotenóides. Os resultados permitem concluir que três cultivares (IM 232; IM 104 e BGM 021) apresentaram os maiores teores de pró-vitamina A.

RESUMO

Competition experiments were carried out between different cultivars of manioc (Manihot esculentaCrantz) in the terra firme ecosystem (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil), with the productivity and pro-vitamin A carotene content. Roots from sevem cultivars of yellow manioc were selected for the identification and quantification of carotenes with vitamin A activity, according to the method described by Rodriguez. Pro-vitamin A loss due to processing and storage of the flour was also determined. The presence of three b - carotene isomers was noted (13 - cis - - carotene, all trans - carotene and 9 - cis - - carotene). The amount of vitamin A present in the roots varied from 4.4 to 18.8 retinol equivalents. The loss of vitamin A due to processing was high, ranging from 25.3 to 40.0 %. The storage of the roots for six months in transparent plastic bags at room temperature and exposure to the sun, resulted in a total degradation of the carotenoids. The results allow one to conclude that three cultivars (IM 232; IM 104 and BGM 021) containt the highest pro-vitamin A content.

Foram conduzidos experimentos de competição entre cultivares de mandioca (Manihot esculentaCrantz) em ecossistema de terra firme (Manaus - Amazonas), com objetivo de obter melhores cultivares de mandioca com relação a produtividade e teor de caroteno pró-vitamínico A. Raízes de sete cultivares de mandioca amarela foram selecionadas para identificação e quantificação de carotenos com atividade de vitamina A, mediante o método descrito por Rodriguez. Observou-se, também, as perdas de pró-vitamina A pelo processamento e armazenamento de farinha. Constatou-se a presença de três isômeros do - caroteno (o 13 - eis - - caroteno, o - caroteno todo trans e o 9 - eis - - caroteno U). Quanto aos teores de vitamina A, expressos em equivalente de retinol, nas raízes variaram de 4,4 a 18,8. Com relação a perda de atividade da vitamina A pelo processamento variou de 25,0 a 40,0 %, enquanto que o armazenamento por 6 meses em sacos plásticos transparentes, à temperatura ambiente e à exposição de luz, resultou em degradação total de seus carotenóides. Os resultados permitem concluir que três cultivares (IM 232; IM 104 e BGM 021) apresentaram os maiores teores de pró-vitamina A.

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In order to determine the provitamin A value and composition of "manteiga" and "macarrão" green beans, samples of raw and cooked green beans were analyzed. The techniques used for carotenoid analysis included open column chromatography and spectrophotometry. Two carotenes were identified: alpha and beta-carotene, and there was no statistically significant loss due to 30 minutes cooking in boiling water. The provitamin A values were 19 Retinol Equivalents (RE)/100g for raw "manteiga" green beans and 13 for raw "macarrão" green beans. For cooked samples the values obtained were 20 RE/IOOg for "manteiga" green beans and 16 for "macarrão" green beans. It was also analyzed the centesimal composition for raw and cooked samples consisting in: water content, ash, lipids, protein, fiber and total carbohydrate.

Com o objetivo de determinar o valor pró-vitamínico A e composição centesimal da vagem macarrão e manteiga, foram analisadas amostras cruas e cozidas. As técnicas utilizadas para as análises dos carotenóides empregam cromatografia em coluna abena e espectrofotometria. Dois carotenos foram identificados: alfa e beta-caroteno sendo que não houve perdas estatisticamente significativas pelo cozimento durante 30 minutos em água fervente. Os valores pró-vitamínicos A foram 19 Equivalentes de Retino! (ER)/100g para a vagem manteiga crua e 13 para a vagem macarrão crua. Para as amostras cozidas obtivemos os valores de 20 ER/WOg para a vagem manteiga e 16 ER/100g para a vagem macarrão. Foi também analisada a composição centesimal das amostras cruas e cozidas: umidade, cinzas, lipídeos, proteínas, fibras e carboidratos totais.

RESUMO

In order to determine the provitamin A value and composition of "manteiga" and "macarrão" green beans, samples of raw and cooked green beans were analyzed. The techniques used for carotenoid analysis included open column chromatography and spectrophotometry. Two carotenes were identified: alpha and beta-carotene, and there was no statistically significant loss due to 30 minutes cooking in boiling water. The provitamin A values were 19 Retinol Equivalents (RE)/100g for raw "manteiga" green beans and 13 for raw "macarrão" green beans. For cooked samples the values obtained were 20 RE/IOOg for "manteiga" green beans and 16 for "macarrão" green beans. It was also analyzed the centesimal composition for raw and cooked samples consisting in: water content, ash, lipids, protein, fiber and total carbohydrate.  

Com o objetivo de determinar o valor pró-vitamínico A e composição centesimal da vagem macarrão e manteiga, foram analisadas amostras cruas e cozidas. As técnicas utilizadas para as análises dos carotenóides empregam cromatografia em coluna abena e espectrofotometria. Dois carotenos foram identificados: alfa e beta-caroteno sendo que não houve perdas estatisticamente significativas pelo cozimento durante 30 minutos em água fervente. Os valores pró-vitamínicos A foram 19 Equivalentes de Retino! (ER)/100g para a vagem manteiga crua e 13 para a vagem macarrão crua. Para as amostras cozidas obtivemos os valores de 20 ER/WOg para a vagem manteiga e 16 ER/100g para a vagem macarrão. Foi também analisada a composição centesimal das amostras cruas e cozidas: umidade, cinzas, lipídeos, proteínas, fibras e carboidratos totais.