RESUMO

The inflorescences of the Mexican gordolobo are used as a folk medicine to treat various respiratory diseases. Currently, the botanical species that bear the name Mexican gordolobo belong to the genera Gnaphalium and Pseudognaphalium. Despite a long history of traditional use, most Mexican gordolobo species have never been fully chemically characterized, and the range of constituents in the species has not been comprehensively reported. To establish a quality control and chemical characterization method, a total of 49 samples belonging to 18 species of Pseudognaphalium and four species of Gnaphalium were studied. Nine flavones were quantified using a UPLC-PDA method. The method was validated in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.99), precision (intra- and inter-day: 0.1-3.9%), accuracy (96-103%), detection limit (10 ng/mL), limit of quantification (25 ng/mL) and robustness. 3-Methylquercetin, luteolin, quercetin, 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone, apigenin and gnaphaliin A were present at relatively high levels in most of the samples analyzed. The samples of P. oxyphyllum and P. liebmannii showed the highest content of the 9 compounds analyzed. Whereas the samples of the 5 species of Gnaphalium showed the lowest levels, including non-detectable, of the 9 compounds quantified. This marks an important difference with Pseudognaphalium species. Furthermore, using UHPLC-ESI-QToF data with targeted and non-targeted approaches, 57 compounds, were identified in Mexican gordolobo samples. Flavonoids were the main group of compounds found in Mexican gordolobo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción: El ductus arterioso persistente (DAP) es una cardiopatía congénita de especial interés. La oclusión intervencionista es el tratamiento de elección, no obstante, el dispositivo médico "oclusor para DAP", usado en este procedimiento, puede dar lugar a la aparición de eventos adversos de rara frecuencia como hemorragia, trombocitopenia, entre otros. Reporte de caso: Se presenta un caso de una paciente pediátrica con trombocitopenia severa posterior a la intervención. Durante su hospitalización, la paciente mantuvo niveles bajos de plaquetas hasta que logra su recuperación y sale de alta sin una nueva manifestación hematológica. El caso fue reportado como sospecha de incidente adverso asociada al oclusor para DAP. Conclusión: Al realizarse el análisis causa-raíz, se concluye que el tamaño del oclusor para DAP podría ser la principal causa de la trombocitopenia. El presente caso es una muestra que los dispositivos médicos pueden causar eventos adversos severos, por lo que, es necesaria la implementación de tecnovigilancia, principalmente a los dispositivos médicos de alto riesgo.

Introduction: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart condition of special interest. Interventional occlusion is the treatment of choice; however, a PDA occlude, used in this procedure, is a medical device that rarely could lead to adverse events such as hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, etc. Case report: We present a case of a pediatric patient with severe thrombocytopenia after surgery. During her hospitalization, platelet levels remained lower and, finally, she was fully recovered without any hematological manifestation. The case was reported as a suspected adverse incident related to PDA occlude. Conclusion: After performing a cause-root analysis, we concluded that the size of the PDA occlude may be the main cause of thrombocytopenia. This case demonstrates that medical devices could lead to adverse events. Thus, it is important for clinicians to implement medical device surveillance, mainly for high-risk medical devices.

RESUMO

Double right coronary artery (RCA) is an extremely uncommon anomaly that is mostly detected incidentally in patients undergoing coronary angiography. It can be a benign and isolated anomaly or associated with other congenital abnormalities, mostly other coronary anomalies. Although atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia have been frequently reported in patients with double RCA, this likely reflects that the patients were evaluated for chest pain rather than the predisposition to atherosclerosis in double RCA. Paralleling the increased awareness of this entity and the availability of non-invasive and cost-effective imaging of the coronary arteries, the diagnosis of double RCA has increased recently. Here, we present a case of double RCA diagnosed by coronary computed tomographic angiography, and provide a mini-review on the demography, anatomic variants, and clinical significance of double RCA.

RESUMO

Several Mesoamerican cultures have used Inga jinicuil as traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal, inflammatory, and infectious issues. The aims of this contribution were to elucidate the phytochemical profile of the organic extracts from the bark and leaves of I. jinicuil and to assess the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of these extracts. The preliminary chemical profile was determined by HPLC-PDA and GC-MS; the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated with a mouse ear edema model, whereas the antibacterial activity was screened against several bacteria. The phytochemical profile of both organs (bark and leaves) of I. jinicuil led to the identification of 42 compounds, such as polyphenolic, flavonoids, triterpenes, prenol-type lipids, and aliphatic and non-aliphatic esters. This molecular diversity gave moderate anti-inflammatory activity (67.3 ± 2.0%, dichloromethane bark extract) and excellent antibacterial activity against Pseudomona aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Sthaphylococcus aureus (MIC values of ˂3.12 and 50 µg/mL, respectively). These results contribute to the chemotaxonomic characterization and the rational use in traditional medicine of Inga jinicuil Schltdl & Cham. ex G. Don.

RESUMO

Ovidia pillopillo (Lloime) is an endemic species of the Valdivian Forest of Chile. Little is known on the chemistry and biological activity of this plant. In this study, the phenolic profile, antioxidant capacities and enzyme inhibition capacities (against tyrosinase and cholinesterase) of the plant were investigated for the first time. The phenolic profile of the plant was obtained by UHPLC-MS fingerprinting with high resolution, which showed the presence of several flavonoids and coumarins. The antioxidant potential was measured by FRAP and ORAC (45.56 ± 1.32; 25.33 ± 1.2 µmol Trolox equivalents/g dry plant, respectively) plus ABTS and DPPH methods (IC50 = 9.95 ± 0.05 and 6.65 ± 0.5 µg/mL, respectively). Moreover, the flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined (57.33 ± 0.82 and 38.42 ± 1.32, µg of Trolox and quercetin equivalents/100 g dry weight, respectively). The ethanolic extract showed cholinesterase (IC50 = 1.94 ± 0.07 and 2.73 ± 0.05 µg/mL, for AChE and BuChE, respectively) and tyrosinase (4.92 ± 0.05 µg/mL) enzyme inhibition activities. Based on these in vitro studies, in silico simulations were performed, which determined that the major compounds as ligands likely docked in the receptors of the enzymes. These results suggest that Ovidia pillopillo produce interesting special coumarins and flavonoids, which are potential candidates for the exploration and preparation of new medicines.

RESUMO

The physicochemical properties, proximate composition, minerals, total polyphenols, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of ciricote (Cordia dodecandra A. DC.) tropical fruit were investigated. Minerals were quantified by using micro-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. Lutein and ß-carotene were identified in ciricote fruit by using UPLC-PDA analysis. The highest values of the total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity were presented in ethanolic crude extracts obtaining by the ultrasonic-assisted method with freeze-dried fruit. The phenolic acids profile was identified and quantified by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS. The main phenolic acids were caffeoyl hexoside, rufescenolide, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, and rosmarinic acid. The ciricote extracts presented antibacterial activity against Staphylococus aureus (Gram+) and Salmonella typhymurium (Gram-). In conclusion, the ciricote (Cordia dodecandra A. DC.) tropical fruits could be very useful source of biological macromolecules, micro-elements, and phytochemical compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Inga edulis is traditionally used as anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal and has been investigated as potential sources of biologically active natural products. In this study, dereplication strategy using HPLC-SPE-TT, RP-HPLC-PDA and NMR spectroscopy was employed, and this resulted in the identification of sixteen compounds from the leaves extract of I. edulis, including four triterpenes (lupeol, α-amirin, olean-18-ene acid and frideline), three flavonoids, eight phenolic acids, an anthocyanin derived from delphinidin-3-glycoside and a mixture of five acylated anthocyanins. The chemical identification was performed based on NMR data, chemosystematics aspects, UV spectra and by comparison with the retention time and UV spectra of authentic standards. The metabolic profile of the species indicated the presence of phenolic compounds as major constituents justifying its strong antioxidant potential performed in ß-carotene test. The techniques used have shown effective strategies for the early detection of active natural products from plant extracts, as these approaches are still crucially absent.[Formula: see text].

Assuntos

RESUMO

A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) results from the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close within 72 hours after birth. In most neonates, a PDA can lead to significant morbidities and often warrants pharmacologic intervention for closure. Common pharmacologic interventions include indomethacin, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen. In cases of ductal-dependent congenital heart defects (CHDs), such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, it is imperative to keep the ductus arteriosus patent to maintain adequate pulmonary or systemic circulation until surgical intervention can be performed. The only proven pharmacologic agent used for this indication is prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) commonly in the form of intravenous alprostadil. This case report describes a neonate with multiple cardiac and genetic anomalies that required increased alprostadil infusion after exposure to rectal and oral acetaminophen. The patient initially presented with a large PDA on echocardiogram (ECHO); however, after an incidental finding of a small PDA on ECHO, the administration of as needed rectal acetaminophen was discontinued out of concern for its effects on patency. After a few days of increased prostaglandin therapy and 2 reassuring ECHO results, the patient was given oral acetaminophen on an as needed basis. Within 24 hours of restarting the acetaminophen, the repeated ECHO showed a reduction in PDA and flow. In patients with ductal-dependent cardiac lesions, it is important to maintain PDA patency and, therefore, introducing a medication with antiprostaglandin properties should be avoided.

RESUMO

Methylphenidate (MPH) is an important emerging pollutant found in effluents and wastewater. Thus, we aimed to develop and validate a method for detection and quantitation of MPH residues in sewage through high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (LC-PDA). Here we describe a selective, accurate, precise, and valid method for determination of MPH in sewage with a total running time of 10 min, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.27 and 0.92 µg/mL, respectively. MPH retention peak was observed at 5 min. The method was applied to MPH analysis in a sewage sample pretreated with solid phase extraction, obtaining a result of 2.8 µg/L of MPH. Thus, the developed method can be considered feasible to be applied to MPH residual contamination analysis in sewage using a widely available apparatus.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract In the present study, the metabolite profiling of methanolic extract from aerial parts of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, as an endemic medicinal plant from Iran, was evaluated using HPLC-PDA-ESI. Then, the main compound from the extract was isolated and purified by using extensive chromatographic techniques. In addition, the structure of the isolated compounds was elucidated using 1D, 2D NMR, and MS spectrometry, upon which 22 compounds were identified. The antibacterial activity of diosmetin 7-rutinoside (6) and linarin (13) in combination with carvacrol as a major compound of the essential oil was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus through disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The results indicated that the linarin, when mixed with carvacrol as the main compounds in the essential oil of the plant, has a satisfactory activity against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 0.16 and 0.18 µg/mL, respectively. Further, the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index indicated that this compound had synergism with carvacrol.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Cocona fruits are a popular food and medicinal fruit used mainly in the Amazon and several countries of South America for the preparation of several food products such as drinks, jams and milk shakes. In this study five ecotypes of cocona native to Peru have been studied regarding their nutritional and antioxidants values plus antihyperlipidemic activities. Seventy bioactive compounds have been detected in Peruvian cocona ecotypes including several phenolic acids, aminoacids and flavonoids; of those six were spermidines, (peaks 1, 2, 25, 26, 38 and 39), thirteen were aminoacids, (peaks 3-9, 11-13, 16, 17, 22-24), eighteen flavonoids (peaks 28, 30-32 45,46, 48-53 56, 57, 61 and 64-66), twelve were phenolics (peaks 19, 21, 27, 29, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 54, and 59), two carotenoids, (peak 62 and 63), eight were lipid derivatives (peaks 37, 55, 58, 60 and 67-70), one sugar (peak 47), four terpenes (peaks 33, 40, 41 and 47), two amides, (peaks 10 and 18), one aldehyde, (peak 15), and three saturated organic acids, (peaks 4, 5 and 20). Hypercholesterolemic rats administered with pulp of the ecotypes CTR and SRN9 showed the lowest cholesterol and triglyceride levels after treatment (126.74 ± 6.63; 102.11 ± 9.47; 58.16 ± 6.64; 61.05 ± 4.00 mg/dL, for cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein respectively, for the group treated with SRN9 pulp, and 130.09 ± 8.55; 108.51 ± 10.04; 57.30 ± 5.72; and 65.41 ± 7.68 mg/dL, for cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL lipoproteins respectively for the group treated with CTR pulp). The ecotypes proved to be good sources of natural antioxidants and their consumption represent an alternative for the prevention of atherosclerosis.

RESUMO

Chronic high-fat diet consumption induces hypercholesterolemia. The effect of Tessaria absinthioides (Hook. & Arn.) DC. (Asteraceae) was studied on the levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglycerides, and on the expression of liver X receptors (LXRs) in a hypercholesterolemic model. Adult male rats received a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD; normal diet + bovine fat + cholesterol). After 14 days, rats received water (W) or a decoction of the aerial parts of T. absinthioides (Ta; 10% w/v) for 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Four and six weeks of Ta improved the levels of TC and HDL-c in HFD. After 6 weeks of Ta, the expression of LXRs in HFD was the same as that in ND in both tissues. The Ta chemical profile was studied with an ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatography Orbitrap MS analysis (UHPLC-PDA-OT-MS/MS). Fifty-one compounds were identified, of which twelve are reported for the first time. Among these compounds, caffeoylquinic acid and its derivatives could modify the lipid profile and the expression of LXRs. This is the first in vivo report of T. absinthioides, which may be a potential candidate against hypercholesterolemia.

RESUMO

The cocoa bean shell (CBS) is one of the main cocoa byproducts with a prospective to be used as a functional food ingredient due to its nutritional and sensory properties. This study aims to define the chemical fingerprint of CBSs obtained from cocoa beans of diverse cultivars and collected in different geographical areas of Venezuela assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiodes array and mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS) and spectrophotometric assays combined with multivariate analysis for classification purposes. The study provides a comprehensive fingerprint and quantitative data for 39 compounds, including methylxanthines and several polyphenols, such as flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, and N-phenylpropenoyl amino acids. Several key cocoa markers, such as theobromine, epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, procyanidin_A pentoside_3, and N-coumaroyl-l-aspartate_2, were found suitable for the classification of CBS according to their cultivar and origin. Despite the screening methods required a previous purification of the sample, both methodologies appear to be suitable for the classification of CBS with a high correlation between datasets. Finally, preliminary findings on the identification of potential contributors for the radical scavenging activity of CBS were also accomplished to support the valorization of this byproduct as a bioactive ingredient in the production of functional foods.

RESUMO

Zilpaterol and Clenbuterol are ß-adrenergic agonists that have been widely used to feed cattle. Although the use of Zilpaterol has been approved, Clenbuterol is still used illegally at unknown doses. However, the research of both substances has been based mainly on the evaluation of residues. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a cellular model using Hep G2 cells treated with Zilpaterol and Clenbuterol is presented as an alternative approach to quantify both drugs at the cellular level. Thus, a complete analytical methodology has been developed for the accurate quantitation of these ß-adrenergic agonists in both cellular compartments. We propose the use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) for extracellular determinations while UPLC coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) for intracellular analysis. The methods were fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision, limits of detection and quantitation (LOD and LOQ, respectively), stability, carryover, and matrix effect. The method for intracellular content was linear ranging from 0.25 to 8 ng/mL while for extracellular content, the concentration of Zilpaterol and Clenbuterol ranged from 0.125 to 4 µg/mL, with correlation coefficients of R > 0.98 and >0.99, respectively. The combination of the two methodologies in the cellular model showed intracellular concentrations of 0.344 ± 0.06 µg/mL and 2.483 ± 0.36 µg/mL for Zilpaterol and Clenbuterol, respectively. Extracellular concentration was 0.728 ± 0.14 µg/mL and 0.822 ± 0.11 µg/mL for Zilpaterol and Clenbuterol, respectively. This work shows the potential applications of cellular modelling in the study of toxicity for the mentioned drugs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Greigia sphacelata (Ruiz and Pav.) Regel (Bromeliaceae) is a Chilean endemic plant popularly known as "quiscal" and produces an edible fruit consumed by the local Mapuche communities named as "chupón". In this study, several metabolites including phenolic acids, organic acids, sugar derivatives, catechins, proanthocyanidins, fatty acids, iridoids, coumarins, benzophenone, flavonoids, and terpenes were identified in G. sphacelata fruits using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection coupled with a Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-Orbitrap-MS) analysis for the first time. The fruits showed moderate antioxidant capacities (i.e., 487.11 ± 26.22 µmol TE/g dry weight) in the stable radical DPPH assay, 169.08 ± 9.81 TE/g dry weight in the ferric reducing power assay, 190.32 ± 6.23 TE/g dry weight in the ABTS assay, and 76.46 ± 3.18% inhibition in the superoxide anion scavenging assay. The cholinesterase inhibitory potential was evaluated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). From the findings, promising results were observed for pulp and seeds. Our findings suggest that G. sphacelata fruits are a rich source of diverse secondary metabolites with antioxidant capacities. In addition, the inhibitory effects against AChE and BChE suggest that natural products or food supplements derived from G. sphacelata fruits are of interest for their neuroprotective potential.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Coinoculation of plants with mixtures of beneficial microbes sometimes produces synergistic effects. In this study, the effect of soybean coinoculation with the N2-fixing Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109 and the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum Th5cc was analyzed. Nodulation by E109 was not hampered by Th5cc, which antagonized five out of seven soybean pathogens tested. Furthermore, Th5cc relieved nitrate-inhibition of nodulation, enabling the formation of nodules containing infected cells with bacteroids in the presence of the otherwise inhibitory 10 mM KNO3. Th5cc released micromolar amounts of auxin, and addition of 11 µM indoleacetic acid to soybean plants inoculated with E109 in the absence of Th5cc also induced nodulation in the presence of 10 mM KNO3. Thus, Th5cc may release auxins into the soybean rhizosphere, which hormones might participate in overcoming the nitrate-inhibition of nodulation. Our results suggest that soybean plants coinoculated with these microorganisms might benefit from biocontrol while contributing to soil-nitrogen preservation.

RESUMO

We conducted a retrospective study of 166 ventilator-dependent neonates born extremely preterm in whom patent ductus arteriosus was surgically ligated and evaluated the association of preoperative characteristics and time-to-successful postoperative extubation. Larger patent ductus arteriosus diameter ([>2.5 mm], adjusted hazard ratio 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.72) and left-ventricular dilatation (z score ≥2, adjusted hazard ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.42-0.87) were associated with earlier extubation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT The hepatoprotective activities of two traditionally used plants, Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile, Cleomaceae, and Artemisia annua L., Asteraceae, were recently reported. However, the biologically active metabolites responsible for this activity were not identified. The aqueous extract of C. droserifolia aerial parts, and the polar fraction of A. annua leaves were screened for their antioxidant activities using the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay. The in vitro viability of HepG-2 cells treated with CCl4 and the extracts were assessed by MTT assay. The effects of the extracts on the liver enzymes and the total soluble protein in CCl4-intoxicated HepG-2 cells were investigated. An HPLC/PDA/ESI/MS-MS based analysis was carried out for extract of C. droserifolia and polar fraction of A. annua. Both exhibited pronounced free radical scavenging activities (86 and 83%, respectively). Both showed a significant increase in cell viability: 86.43% for the extract of C. droserifolia and 79.32% for polar fraction of A. annua. Only the extract of C. droserifolia (39.6 ± 5.41 and 20.4 ± 6.91 IU/dl, respectively) and polar fraction of A. annua (40.8 ± 2.14 and 24.5 ± 3.11 IU/dl, respectively) restored the levels of liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase, respectively) compared to the CCl4 intoxicated group (87.5 ± 4.34 and 34.1 ± 8.12 IU/dl, respectively) and other herbal extracts. More than fifty phenolic secondary metabolites were identified in the extracts under investigation. The significant hepatoprotective activities of both extracts seemed to be strongly connected to their content of hydroxycinnamoyl quinic acids and flavonoids.

RESUMO

Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments used by pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and feed industry as antioxidants and colorants. Although traditional sources of carotenoids are fruits, vegetables and chemical synthesis, prospecting for alternative sinks of common and/or unusual carotenoids is important for the development of natural carotenoid industry. In this work, 30 pigmented bacterial strains from Fildes Peninsula in King George Island, Antarctica, were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and classified in three phyla, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. After cells extraction, ten different carotenoids were identified based on the chromatographic and spectroscopic characteristic obtained by HPLC-PDA and HPLC-PDA-APCI-MS analyses. Strains assigned to Bacteroidetes affiliated to Flavobacterium, Chryseobacterium and Zobellia genera, presented a pigment profile composed of zeaxanthin, ß-cryptoxanthin and ß-carotene. Firmicutes strains of Planococcus genus produced a C50 carotenoid, identified as C.p. 450 glucoside. Actinobacteria isolates were mainly assigned to Arthrobacter genus, and few to Salinibacterium and Cryobacterium genera. Arthrobacter strains produced C50 carotenoids such as decaprenoxanthin and its glucosylated derivatives, as well as some C40 carotenoids such as lycopene which is used as synthesis precursors of the C50 carotenoids. Salinibacterium and Cryobacterium genera produced C.p. 450 free form and its glucosylated derivatives. Although most isolates produce carotenoids similar in diversity and quantity than those already reported in the literature, novel sources for C50 carotenoids results from this work. According to their carotenoid content, all isolates could be promising candidates for carotenoids production.

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate different pre-treatments and solvent ratios on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Citrus aurantium (sour orange) peel extracted by ultrasound. A two-factor (2 × 3) factorial design was implemented, with fresh and dry peels as pre-treatment conditions, and water (100%), 50% aqueous ethanol (v/v) and 96% aqueous ethanol (v/v) as the solvents. The phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array and electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry, respectively. The compounds were partially purified by advanced automated flash purification. The results indicated that the maximal phenolic content (40.95 ± 3.44 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight) was obtained when fresh sour orange peels were extracted with 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol while the maximal antioxidant activity (730.04 ± 28.60 µmol Trolox equivalents/g dry weight) was achieved from aqueous extraction of dry sour orange peels. Nine phenolic compounds were identified and quantified. Naringin and neohesperidin predominated in sour peel extracts, whereas, caffeic and chlorogenic acids were the least abundant. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity in the fractions suggested that this activity might be attributed to the synergistic effect of the nine phenolic compounds present in the crude extract. Accordingly, sour orange peel is a potential source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity.