RESUMO

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a high-priority bacterial agent that causes healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs), which often leads to serious infections and poor prognosis in vulnerable patients. Its increasing resistance to antimicrobials, associated with SPM production, is a case of public health concern. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and genotyping features of P. aeruginosa strains producing SPM-1 in the Northern region of Brazil. To determine the presence of virulence and resistance genes, the PCR technique was used. For the susceptibility profile of antimicrobials, the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar. The MLST technique was used to define the ST of the isolates. The exoS+/exoU- virulotype was standard for all strains, with the aprA, lasA, toxA, exoS, exoT, and exoY genes as the most prevalent. All the isolates showed an MDR or XDR profile against the six classes of antimicrobials tested. HRC ST277 played a major role in spreading the SPM-1-producing P. aeruginosa strains.

RESUMO

In Brazil, carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) is a critical pathogen showing high carbapenem resistance rates. Currently, there is little epidemiological data on A. baumannii isolated in the Northern Brazilian region. Herein, this study aimed to characterize the resistance mechanisms of CRAB isolates recovered from hospitalized patients in the state of Rondônia in 2019. Most of CRAB were considered as extensively drug-resistant, and some of them showed high MICs for minocycline. Only polymyxins showed a satisfactory activity. All isolates carried blaOXA-23 and were included in 14 distinct clusters, with the predominance of clonal group A (29%). The IC1 was the most frequent clonal group, followed by IC5 and IC4. Here, we firstly reported the epidemiological scenario of CRAB in the state of Rondônia, located in the Brazilian Amazon region. The high frequency of CRAB presenting XDR phenotype is of great concern, due to limited therapeutical options, especially in the actual pandemic scenario, in which we observed an overcrowding of ICU beds. Such results are essential to better characterize the epidemiology of CRAB in the entire Brazilian territory.

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Abstract Two types of Epstein Barr virus (EBV1/EBV2) have been shown to infect humans. Although their genomes are similar, the regions containing the EBNA genes differ. This study aimed to characterize the EBV genotypes of infectious mononucleosis (IM) cases in the metropolitan region of Belém, Brazil, from 2005 to 2016. A total of 8295 suspected cases with symptoms/signs of IM were investigated by infectious disease physicians at Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Care Service, from January 2005 to December 2016. Out of the total, 1645 (19.8%) samples had positive results for EBV by enzyme immunoassay and 251 (15.3%) were submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, using the EBNA3C region, in order to determine the type of EBV. Biochemical testing involving aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase were also performed. EBV type was identified by PCR in 30.3% (76/251) of individuals; of those, 71.1% (54/76) were classified as EBV1, 17.1% (13/76) as EBV2, and 11.8% (9/76) as EBV1+EBV2. The main symptoms/signs observed with EBV1 infection were cervical lymphadenopathy (64.8%, 35/54), fever (63%, 34/54), headache (20.4%, 11/54), arthralgia (20.4%, 11/54), and exanthema (18.5%, 10/54). EBV2 infection was detected in all but two age groups, with an average age of 24 years. The most common signs/symptoms of EBV2 were fever (76.9%, 10/13), average duration of 18 days, and lymphadenopathy (69.2%, 9/13). In contrast, EBV1+EBV2 coinfections were more frequent in those aged five years or less (20.0%, 2/10). The symptoms of EBV1+EBV2 coinfection included fever (66.7%, 6/9), and cervical lymphadenopathy and headache (33.3%, 3/9) each. The mean values of hepatic enzymes according to type of EBV was significantly different (p<0.05) in those EBV1 infected over 14 years of age. Thus, this pioneering study, using molecular methods, identified the EBV genotypes in 30.3% of the samples, with circulation of EBV1, EBV2, and EBV1+EBV2 co-infection in cases of infectious mononucleosis in the northern region of Brazil.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Two types of Epstein Barr virus (EBV1/EBV2) have been shown to infect humans. Although their genomes are similar, the regions containing the EBNA genes differ. This study aimed to characterize the EBV genotypes of infectious mononucleosis (IM) cases in the metropolitan region of Belém, Brazil, from 2005 to 2016. A total of 8295 suspected cases with symptoms/signs of IM were investigated by infectious disease physicians at Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Care Service, from January 2005 to December 2016. Out of the total, 1645 (19.8%) samples had positive results for EBV by enzyme immunoassay and 251 (15.3%) were submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, using the EBNA3C region, in order to determine the type of EBV. Biochemical testing involving aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase were also performed. EBV type was identified by PCR in 30.3% (76/251) of individuals; of those, 71.1% (54/76) were classified as EBV1, 17.1% (13/76) as EBV2, and 11.8% (9/76) as EBV1 + EBV2. The main symptoms/signs observed with EBV1 infection were cervical lymphadenopathy (64.8%, 35/54), fever (63%, 34/54), headache (20.4%, 11/54), arthralgia (20.4%, 11/54), and exanthema (18.5%, 10/54). EBV2 infection was detected in all but two age groups, with an average age of 24 years. The most common signs/symptoms of EBV2 were fever (76.9%, 10/13), average duration of 18 days, and lymphadenopathy (69.2%, 9/13). In contrast, EBV1 + EBV2 coinfections were more frequent in those aged five years or less (20.0%, 2/10). The symptoms of EBV1 + EBV2 coinfection included fever (66.7%, 6/9), and cervical lymphadenopathy and headache (33.3%, 3/9) each. The mean values of hepatic enzymes according to type of EBV was significantly different (p < 0.05) in those EBV1 infected over 14 years of age. Thus, this pioneering study, using molecular methods, identified the EBV genotypes in 30.3% of the samples, with circulation of EBV1, EBV2, and EBV1 + EBV2 co-infection in cases of infectious mononucleosis in the northern region of Brazil.

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A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é uma das principais zoonoses de ocorrência mundial, que pode levar a índices de letalidade elevados quando não instituído tratamento adequado. A doença apresenta alta prevalência em diferentes regiões brasileiras, inclusive na região norte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento dos casos de LV notificados no estado do Pará em2018. Este trabalho compreende um estudo epidemiológico descritivo realizado com base em dados secundários disponíveis no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) sobre os casos confirmados de LV no estado do Pará no ano de 2018. Um total de 562 casos de LV foi notificado no estado do Pará em 2018, ocorrendo em 54 municípios paraenses e sendo mais prevalente em Parauapebas, Marabá e Canaã dos Carajás, no sudeste do Pará. Os meses com maiores números de casos foram fevereiro, março, maio, junho, julho, agosto e setembro, todos apresentando mais de 50 casos. A ocorrência da LV variou de acordo com a faixa etária, apresentando maiores números de notificação em crianças de um a quatro anos, seguido de adultos de 20 a 39 anos. Quando avaliado o sexo, homens foram mais acometidos por LV que as mulheres. Em 2018, o estado do Pará notificou elevados números de casos de LV, especialmente em crianças de um a quatro anos, em homens e habitantes da região Sudeste do estado. Observou-se ainda que a ocorrência foi maior entre os meses de maio a julho.

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the main zoonoses worldwide, which can lead to high lethality rates when adequate treatment is not instituted. The disease has a high prevalence in different Brazilian regions, including the northern region. The objective of this work was to carry out a survey of the cases of VL notified in the state of Pará in 2018. This work comprises a descriptive epidemiological study carried out based on secondary data available in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) on the confirmed cases of VL in the state of Pará in the year 2018. A total of 562 cases of VL were reported in the state of Pará in 2018, occurring in 54 municipalities in Pará and being more prevalent in Parauapebas, Marabá and Canaã dos Carajás, in the southeast of Pará. The months with the highest number of cases were February, March, May, June, July, August and September, all presenting more than 50 cases. The occurrence of VL varied according to the age group, with higher numbers of notification in children aged one to four years, followed by adults aged 20 to 39 years. When gender was assessed, men were more affected by VL than women. In 2018, the state of Pará reported high numbers of cases of VL, especially in children aged one to four years, in men, and inhabitants of the southeastern region of the state. It was also observed that the occurrence was greater between the months of May to July.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é uma das principais zoonoses de ocorrência mundial, que pode levar a índices de letalidade elevados quando não instituído tratamento adequado. A doença apresenta alta prevalência em diferentes regiões brasileiras, inclusive na região norte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento dos casos de LV notificados no estado do Pará em2018. Este trabalho compreende um estudo epidemiológico descritivo realizado com base em dados secundários disponíveis no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) sobre os casos confirmados de LV no estado do Pará no ano de 2018. Um total de 562 casos de LV foi notificado no estado do Pará em 2018, ocorrendo em 54 municípios paraenses e sendo mais prevalente em Parauapebas, Marabá e Canaã dos Carajás, no sudeste do Pará. Os meses com maiores números de casos foram fevereiro, março, maio, junho, julho, agosto e setembro, todos apresentando mais de 50 casos. A ocorrência da LV variou de acordo com a faixa etária, apresentando maiores números de notificação em crianças de um a quatro anos, seguido de adultos de 20 a 39 anos. Quando avaliado o sexo, homens foram mais acometidos por LV que as mulheres. Em 2018, o estado do Pará notificou elevados números de casos de LV, especialmente em crianças de um a quatro anos, em homens e habitantes da região Sudeste do estado. Observou-se ainda que a ocorrência foi maior entre os meses de maio a julho.(AU)

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the main zoonoses worldwide, which can lead to high lethality rates when adequate treatment is not instituted. The disease has a high prevalence in different Brazilian regions, including the northern region. The objective of this work was to carry out a survey of the cases of VL notified in the state of Pará in 2018. This work comprises a descriptive epidemiological study carried out based on secondary data available in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) on the confirmed cases of VL in the state of Pará in the year 2018. A total of 562 cases of VL were reported in the state of Pará in 2018, occurring in 54 municipalities in Pará and being more prevalent in Parauapebas, Marabá and Canaã dos Carajás, in the southeast of Pará. The months with the highest number of cases were February, March, May, June, July, August and September, all presenting more than 50 cases. The occurrence of VL varied according to the age group, with higher numbers of notification in children aged one to four years, followed by adults aged 20 to 39 years. When gender was assessed, men were more affected by VL than women. In 2018, the state of Pará reported high numbers of cases of VL, especially in children aged one to four years, in men, and inhabitants of the southeastern region of the state. It was also observed that the occurrence was greater between the months of May to July.(AU)

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A new species of the mayfly genus Thraulodes is described based on specimens from the state of Roraima, Brazil. The male imago of Thraulodes rodrigoi sp. nov. is described and the new species can be easily recognized by: forewing with one weakly marked cross veins basal to bullae; femora of forelegs with an apical transversal band brown heavily marked and one submedian macula; styliger plate triangular with a medial rounded projection; and penes short and wide, without lateral pouch. Thraulodes sternimaculatus Lima, Mariano Pinheiro, 2013 is also reported for the first time in Piauí State.

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O presente artigo discute a atenção à saúde na comunidade quilombola de Jurussaca, no Pará, bem como analisa as repercussões da implantação do Programa Mais Médicos nesta comunidade. Realizou-se estudo de caso qualitativo, constituído por duas etapas – exploratória e de coleta de dados – na comunidade por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupo focal. Os atores-chaves da pesquisa foram usuários quilombolas, profissionais de saúde, gestores da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e representante do Conselho Municipal de Saúde. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo 24 com usuários quilombolas adultos, e 1 grupo focal. Adotou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo, com foco nas etapas empregadas por Bardin: pré-análise, exploração do material, tratamento e interpretação dos resultados. Os resultados apontaram que tanto a comunidade quilombola quanto os gestores apoiam e avaliam positivamente a implantação do Programa Mais Médicos. Os entrevistados ressaltaram que, após o Programa, houve aumento na qualidade do atendimento e ampliação de visitas domiciliares. Em relação à atenção à saúde, foi constatada a insuficiência dos serviços de saúde para garantir um atendimento equitativo e integral à saúde dos usuários quilombolas. Verificou-se uma fragilidade dos vínculos entre a equipe da Estratégia de Saúde na Família e a comunidade e uma inversão da lógica assistencial com maior procura pela atenção hospitalar. Os quilombolas afirmaram a existência de racismo e discriminação no atendimento. Assim, percebeu-se a necessidade de os serviços de saúde compreenderem as especificidades das demandas das comunidades quilombolas e suas características socioculturais e fomentarem ações de combate ao racismo institucional.

This article discusses health care in the Maroon (quilombola) community of Jurussaca, in Pará state, and analyses the repercussions of the More Doctors Programme in this community. A two-stage qualitative case study was carried out in the community, exploratory and data collection, by means of semi-structured interviews and focal group. The key actors of the research were Maroon health clientele, health professionals, municipal health department managers and representatives of the municipal health council. Thirty semistructured interviews were carried out, 24 with Maroon adults, and one focal group. The technique of content analysis was adopted, focusing on the steps employed by Bardin: pre-analysis, text exploration, treatment and interpretation of the results. The results showed that both the Maroon community and the managers evaluated the program positively and supported its implementation. The interviewees pointed out that after the programme there was an increase in the quality of care and in home-visits. Regarding health care, the results showed the inadequacy of healthcare services in guaranteeing an equitable and integrated service to the health of the Maroon clientele. Weaknesses were identified in the links between the Family Health Strat egy team and the community and a reversal of the care logic, with greater demand for hospital care. The Maroons confirmed the existence of racism and discrimination in the healthcare services. Thus, healthcare services need to understand the specificities of the demands of the Maroon communities and their sociocultural characteristics and to encourage actions to counter institutional racism.

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RESUMO

The aim of this study is to characterize the Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 and 4 Hydrographic Unit, emphasizing its physical attributes and processes of use and occupation, responsible for the structure of the current landscape and the state of its water resources. The recognition of the landscape’s spatial structure in the hydrographic unit and its drainage basins was obtained by integrated analysis of the main elements that compose it: geology, landforms (hypsometric and slope), soils, climate and land use. Analysis revealed that within each drainage basin several variations in the spatial structure of the landscape occur which produce an internal compartmentalization. Each compartment is defined by its own geo-ecological structure, physiognomic standards and dynamics, reflected in its potentialities and vulnerabilities and in the conditions of water resources in the wake of occupation and use over time.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a Unidade Hidrográfica do Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 e 4, ressaltando os seus atributos físicos e os processos de uso e ocupação, responsáveis pela estrutura da paisagem atual e pelo estado dos seus recursos hídricos. O reconhecimento da estrutura espacial da paisagem na unidade hidrográfica e nas suas bacias foi obtido por meio da análise integrada dos principais elementos que a compõe: geologia, relevo, solos, clima e uso da terra. A análise mostrou que no interior de cada bacia hidrográfica ocorrem variações na estrutura espacial da paisagem que produzem uma compartimentação interna. Cada compartimento se define por uma estrutura geoecológica, padrões fisionômicos e dinâmicos próprios o que se reflete nas suas potencialidades e vulnerabilidades e nas condições dos seus recursos hídricos, em face das formas de ocupação e uso ao longo do tempo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study is to characterize the Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 and 4 Hydrographic Unit, emphasizing its physical attributes and processes of use and occupation, responsible for the structure of the current landscape and the state of its water resources. The recognition of the landscapes spatial structure in the hydrographic unit and its drainage basins was obtained by integrated analysis of the main elements that compose it: geology, landforms (hypsometric and slope), soils, climate and land use. Analysis revealed that within each drainage basin several variations in the spatial structure of the landscape occur which produce an internal compartmentalization. Each compartment is defined by its own geo-ecological structure, physiognomic standards and dynamics, reflected in its potentialities and vulnerabilities and in the conditions of water resources in the wake of occupation and use over time.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a Unidade Hidrográfica do Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 e 4, ressaltando os seus atributos físicos e os processos de uso e ocupação, responsáveis pela estrutura da paisagem atual e pelo estado dos seus recursos hídricos. O reconhecimento da estrutura espacial da paisagem na unidade hidrográfica e nas suas bacias foi obtido por meio da análise integrada dos principais elementos que a compõe: geologia, relevo, solos, clima e uso da terra. A análise mostrou que no interior de cada bacia hidrográfica ocorrem variações na estrutura espacial da paisagem que produzem uma compartimentação interna. Cada compartimento se define por uma estrutura geoecológica, padrões fisionômicos e dinâmicos próprios o que se reflete nas suas potencialidades e vulnerabilidades e nas condições dos seus recursos hídricos, em face das formas de ocupação e uso ao longo do tempo.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study is to characterize the Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 and 4 Hydrographic Unit, emphasizing its physical attributes and processes of use and occupation, responsible for the structure of the current landscape and the state of its water resources. The recognition of the landscapes spatial structure in the hydrographic unit and its drainage basins was obtained by integrated analysis of the main elements that compose it: geology, landforms (hypsometric and slope), soils, climate and land use. Analysis revealed that within each drainage basin several variations in the spatial structure of the landscape occur which produce an internal compartmentalization. Each compartment is defined by its own geo-ecological structure, physiognomic standards and dynamics, reflected in its potentialities and vulnerabilities and in the conditions of water resources in the wake of occupation and use over time.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a Unidade Hidrográfica do Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 e 4, ressaltando os seus atributos físicos e os processos de uso e ocupação, responsáveis pela estrutura da paisagem atual e pelo estado dos seus recursos hídricos. O reconhecimento da estrutura espacial da paisagem na unidade hidrográfica e nas suas bacias foi obtido por meio da análise integrada dos principais elementos que a compõe: geologia, relevo, solos, clima e uso da terra. A análise mostrou que no interior de cada bacia hidrográfica ocorrem variações na estrutura espacial da paisagem que produzem uma compartimentação interna. Cada compartimento se define por uma estrutura geoecológica, padrões fisionômicos e dinâmicos próprios o que se reflete nas suas potencialidades e vulnerabilidades e nas condições dos seus recursos hídricos, em face das formas de ocupação e uso ao longo do tempo.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of antibodies against Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in beef cattle of the northern and central-western regions of Brazil. A total of 1703 blood samples were collected from cattle from 100 farms distributed among 37 municipalities in the states of Mato Grosso, Pará and Tocantins. The search for antibodies was conducted using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and antibodies were observed for B. bovis, B. bigemina and A. marginale in cattle from Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Pará at rates of 99%, 90% and 41%; 99%, 70% and 52%; and 97%, 97% and 75%, respectively. The results show that the analyzed regions exhibit enzootic stability for infection with B. bovis and B. bigemina, whereas the same result was not observed with A. marginale.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina em bovinos de corte das regiões Norte e Centro Oeste do Brasil. Foram selecionadas randomicamente 1703 amostras de sangue de bovinos em 100 propriedades rurais distribuídos em 37 municípios dos estados do Mato Grosso, Pará e Tocantins. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada por meio do Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimático (ELISA) Indireto. A ocorrência de anticorpos observada para B. bovis, B. bigemina e A. marginale em bovinos dos estados do Mato Grosso, Tocantins e Pará foi 99%, 90% e 41%; 99%, 70% e 52% e 97%, 97% e 75%, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que as regiões analisadas apresentam estabilidade enzoótica para a infecção por B. bovis e B. bigemina, não sendo observado o mesmo para Anaplasma marginale.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of antibodies against Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in beef cattle of the northern and central-western regions of Brazil. A total of 1703 blood samples were collected from cattle from 100 farms distributed among 37 municipalities in the states of Mato Grosso, Pará and Tocantins. The search for antibodies was conducted using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and antibodies were observed for B. bovis, B. bigemina and A. marginale in cattle from Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Pará at rates of 99%, 90% and 41%; 99%, 70% and 52%; and 97%, 97% and 75%, respectively. The results show that the analyzed regions exhibit enzootic stability for infection with B. bovis and B. bigemina, whereas the same result was not observed with A. marginale.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis e Babesia bigemina em bovinos de corte das regiões Norte e Centro Oeste do Brasil. Foram selecionadas randomicamente 1703 amostras de sangue de bovinos em 100 propriedades rurais distribuídos em 37 municípios dos estados do Mato Grosso, Pará e Tocantins. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada por meio do Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimático (ELISA) Indireto. A ocorrência de anticorpos observada para B. bovis, B. bigemina e A. marginale em bovinos dos estados do Mato Grosso, Tocantins e Pará foi 99%, 90% e 41%; 99%, 70% e 52% e 97%, 97% e 75%, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que as regiões analisadas apresentam estabilidade enzoótica para a infecção por B. bovis e B. bigemina, não sendo observado o mesmo para Anaplasma marginale.

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RESUMO

A raiva é uma doença fatal, que acomete os mamíferos, inclusive o homem, gerando sérios problemas econômicos e de saúde pública. No ano de 2000, dos 6.300 casos que ocorreram no Brasil, 2.641 (41,29%) ocorreram somente no Tocantins, assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a frequência da Raiva no Estado do Tocantins nos anos posteriores ao surto de 2000, através da verificação dos dados oficiais publicados no período de 1999a2010. Os dados revelaram que a participação do Tocantins no total de casos da região Norte do Brasil diminuiu de 80,33% em 1999 e 98,66% em 2000 para 34,89% em 2001, porém continuou com participação efetiva com variação de 21,76% em (2003) a 52,25% (2009), bem como se observou que o ciclo da raiva no Tocantins ocorreu a cada 3 a 4 anos, logo após o surto de 2000, sendo em 2002, 2005 e 2009, com frequência superior a 45% dos casos para a região Norte.(AU)

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease, causing serious economic and public health problems. In Brazil, the economic losses caused by this disease are around 15 million dollars a year. In 2000, of the 6,300 cases that occurred in Brazil, 2,641(41.29%) only in Tocantins, so the aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of rabies in Tocantins over the 2000, by official data published from 1999 to 2010. The data revealed that 80.33% in 1999 and 98.66% in 2000, the frequency of rabies cases in relation to occurring in the northern region of Brazil, decreased to 34.89% in 2001, but continued with the effective participation the frequency of cases occurring in the northern region, with a variation of 21.76% in (2003) to 52.25% (2009), and observed that the cycle of rabies in Tocantins occurred 3 to 4 years, shortly after the outbreak of 2000, in 2002, 2005 and 2009, often more than 45% of cases to the North. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A raiva é uma doença fatal, que acomete os mamíferos, inclusive o homem, gerando sérios problemas econômicos e de saúde pública. No ano de 2000, dos 6.300 casos que ocorreram no Brasil, 2.641 (41,29%) ocorreram somente no Tocantins, assim o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a frequência da Raiva no Estado do Tocantins nos anos posteriores ao surto de 2000, através da verificação dos dados oficiais publicados no período de 1999a2010. Os dados revelaram que a participação do Tocantins no total de casos da região Norte do Brasil diminuiu de 80,33% em 1999 e 98,66% em 2000 para 34,89% em 2001, porém continuou com participação efetiva com variação de 21,76% em (2003) a 52,25% (2009), bem como se observou que o ciclo da raiva no Tocantins ocorreu a cada 3 a 4 anos, logo após o surto de 2000, sendo em 2002, 2005 e 2009, com frequência superior a 45% dos casos para a região Norte.

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease, causing serious economic and public health problems. In Brazil, the economic losses caused by this disease are around 15 million dollars a year. In 2000, of the 6,300 cases that occurred in Brazil, 2,641(41.29%) only in Tocantins, so the aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of rabies in Tocantins over the 2000, by official data published from 1999 to 2010. The data revealed that 80.33% in 1999 and 98.66% in 2000, the frequency of rabies cases in relation to occurring in the northern region of Brazil, decreased to 34.89% in 2001, but continued with the effective participation the frequency of cases occurring in the northern region, with a variation of 21.76% in (2003) to 52.25% (2009), and observed that the cycle of rabies in Tocantins occurred 3 to 4 years, shortly after the outbreak of 2000, in 2002, 2005 and 2009, often more than 45% of cases to the North.

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RESUMO

Fruit flies were obtained from 13 species of naturally infested fruits in the central region of Tocantins State, from January to October 2005. A total of 1,753 female flies were collected that belong to 11 species: Anastrepha coronilli Carrejo & González, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. mucronota Stone, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. turpiniae Stone, A. zenildae Zucchi, Anastrepha sp., Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and Neosilba sp. Also six species of parasitoids were associated to Anastrepha larvae: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon sp., Opius bellus Gahan, Opius sp. and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck).

Moscas-das-frutas foram obtidas de larvas criadas em frutos de 13 espécies de frutíferas, naturalmente infestadas, de janeiro a outubro de 2005. Coletaram-se 1.753 fêmeas de 11 espécies: Anastrepha coronilli Carrejo & González, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. mucronota Stone, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. turpiniae Stone, A. zenildae Zucchi, Anastrepha sp., Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) e Neosilba sp. Foram coletadas também seis espécies de parasitóides associados às larvas de Anastrepha: Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon sp., Opius bellus Gahan, Opius sp. e Utetes anastrephae (Viereck).

Assuntos