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Eco-friendly natural pigment demand has ever-increasing popularity due to health and environmental concerns. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility use of Saba banana peel as low-cost fermentable substrate for the production of pigments, xylanase and cellulase enzymes by Monascus purpureus. Among the strains tested, M. purpureus TISTR 3385 produced pigments better and had higher enzyme activities. Under the optimal pigment-producing conditions at the initial moisture content of 40% and initial pH of 6.0, the pigments comprising yellow, orange, and red produced by the fungi were achieved in the range of 0.40-0.93 UA/g/day. The maximum xylanase and cellulase activities of 8.92 ± 0.46 U/g and 4.72 ± 0.04 U/g were also obtained, respectively. More importantly, solid-state fermentation of non-sterile peel could be achieved without sacrificing the production of the pigments and both enzymes. These indicated the potential use of the peel as fermentable feedstock for pigment production by the fungi and an environmental-friendly approach for sustainable waste management and industrial pigment and enzyme application.

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Currently, the ability to produce several kinds of water-soluble red natural colorants makes the genus Talaromyces particularly important to the dye industry, which can be an alternative to the use of harmful synthetic colorants. In this study, colored compounds produced by Talaromyces amestolkiae were extracted, characterized chemically and the color stability of the fermented broth without any extraction procedure was further evaluated over pH variation. Five azaphilones compounds were detected by Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry system, all being complexes of the fatty acid amino-hexanedioic acid and azaphilone Monascus colorants. The color of the fermented broth was stable at a wide range of pH (3-9). Furthermore, T. amestolkiae colorants precipitated through hydrolysis of key chemical groups at extremely acidic (pH 1) and lose red color in extremely basic (pH 13) medium, showing negative halochromism. Nevertheless, these findings enhance the industrial relevance of azaphilone colorants produced by biotechnological process.

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Las dermatofitosis corresponden a un grupo de enfermedades micóticas comunes en piel y fanéreas, donde Trichophyton rubrum es el agente causante más frecuente a nivel mundial y presente en nuestros 2 casos de pacientes masculinos con estas micosis, una en uñas y la otra en piel. Sin embargo, el enfoque de esta publicación se basa principalmente en la presencia de 2 interesantes contaminantes (uno en cada caso clínico) presentes solo en los cultivos de las primeras siembras como saprófitos y por ende como propágulos de dispersión, asociados al ambiente y sin intervención clínica demostrada en ambas micosis. La descripción morfofisiológica de estos 2 contaminantes Metarhizium purpureo-genum(similis) y Monascus ruber fue más bien una curiosidad esencial que el micólogo clínico adquiere en su contínua formación y ante la posibilidad de infecciones mixtas, pudiendo conjugar sus hallazgos junto al análisis taxonómico y los factores geográficos y edáficos asociados a su distribución. (AU)

Dermatophytoses belongs to a group of common mycotic diseases in skin and pharynals, where Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequent causative agent worldwide and present in our 2 cases of male patients with these mycoses, one in nails and the other in skin. However, the focus of this publication is mainly about the presence of 2 interesting contaminants (one in each clinical case) present only in the crops of the first sowings as saprophytes and therefore as dispersal propagules, associated with the environment and without clinical intervention demonstrated in both mycoses. The morphophysiological description of these 2 contaminants, Metarhizium purpureogenum (similis) and Monascus ruber was rather an essential curiosity that the clinical mycologist acquires in his continuous training and in the face of the possibility of mixed infections, being able to combine his findings together with the taxonomic analysis and the geographic and edaphic factors associated with its distribution. (AU)

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Three culture media were studied for red pigment production by Monascus ruber in submerged cultivation: rice flour (20 g L-1), sugarcane molasses (30 g L-1), and, finally, molasses + rice flour (10 g L-1+10 g L-1); all culture media were added of 5 g L-1 glycine as nitrogen source. Rice flour showed pigment production of 7.05 UA510nm and molasses 5.08 UA510nm, and the mixture of rice flour and molasses showed the best result of 16.38 UA510nm. Molasses culture presented good results for cell biomass production of 11.09 g L-1. With these results, it was observed that one substrate presented good pigment production (rice flour) and another attained better results for cell biomass growth (molasses), and a third medium containing 10 g L-1 of rice flour + 10 g L-1 of molasses was formulated. The results for this mixture showed satisfactory results, with global pigment productivity of 0.097 UA510nm h-1 and maximum productivity rate of 0.17 UA510nm h-1. The high production and productivity obtained for the mixture of rice flour and molasses indicated that the production of red pigment by submerged fermentation, using the mixture of these low-cost culture media, may be promising in terms of commercial production.

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Abstract Solvent extraction of red pigments from fermented solids is reported. The pigments were produced by solid-state fermentation of oil palm frond (OPF) biomass with the food-safe fungus Monascus purpureus FTC 5357. The effects of extraction solvent and other operational conditions (pH, temperature, agitation rate, contact time) on the recovery of pigments are discussed. The recovery was maximized using aqueous ethanol (60% ethanol by vol) as solvent at pH 6, 30 °C, with an extraction time of 16 h and an agitation rate of 180 rpm. A fermented solids dry mass of 1 g was used for each 160 mL of solvent during extraction. The kinetics of extraction were assessed by fitting the experimental data to different models. Peleg's model proved to be the best for describing solid-liquid extraction of the pigments under the above specified conditions. The highest extraction yield of red pigments under the above specified optimal conditions was 207(6.08 AU g(1 dry fermented solids.

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BACKGROUND: Colorant-producing microorganisms are quite common in nature. These biomolecules present many biological activities such as antitumoral, antimicrobial and antioxidant, in addition to the various nuances of color, making them of special technological importance to the industrial sectors. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to conduct a technological mapping in the patent, at European patent Office (EPO), in order to evaluate the global panorama of the use of microbial colorants. METHODS: The experimental design was acquired by the keyword-driven approach through the advanced search in the Espacenet database European Patent Office (EPO). The keywords selected were bacteria or fungi* or yeast or algae or microorganism* but not plant* and pigment* or color* or colorant* or dye* and the International Patent Classification code, C09B61, for prospecting of interest. RESULTS: There has been a linear increase in patents developed in the last 20 years, with Japan as the largest depositor in the area. The companies Dainippon Ink and Chemicals and Ajinomoto, both being Japanese, are the largest depositors with 20% of all patents. Among the microorganisms, the filamentous fungi appeared in the first place with 32% of documents and the fungi of the genus Monascus were the most frequently used. CONCLUSION: The use of microbial colorants has been growing among industries, mainly in food sectors, due to the growing demand for products of natural origin. Thus, the increase in research and technological development in the area of microbial colorants can become an economically viable and promising strategy for the various industrial sectors.

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ABSTRACT An ascomycetes fungus was isolated from brine storage of green olives of the Arauco cultivar imported from Argentina and identified as Monascus ruber. The combined effects of different concentrations of sodium chloride (3.5-5.5%), sodium benzoate (0-0.1%), potassium sorbate (0-0.05%) and temperature (30-40 °C) were investigated on the growth of M. ruber in the brine of stored table olives using a response surface methodology. A full 24 factorial design with three central points was first used in order to screen for the important factors (significant and marginally significant factors) and then a Face-Centered Central Composite Design was applied. Both preservatives prevented fungal spoilage, but potassium sorbate was the most efficient to control the fungi growth. The combined use of these preservatives did not show a synergistic effect. The results showed that the use of these salts may not be sufficient to prevent fungal spoilage and the greatest fungal growth was recorded at 30 °C.

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An ascomycetes fungus was isolated from brine storage of green olives of the Arauco cultivar imported from Argentina and identified as Monascus ruber. The combined effects of different concentrations of sodium chloride (3.5-5.5%), sodium benzoate (0-0.1%), potassium sorbate (0-0.05%) and temperature (30-40 °C) were investigated on the growth of M. ruber in the brine of stored table olives using a response surface methodology. A full 24 factorial design with three central points was first used in order to screen for the important factors (significant and marginally significant factors) and then a Face-Centered Central Composite Design was applied. Both preservatives prevented fungal spoilage, but potassium sorbate was the most efficient to control the fungi growth. The combined use of these preservatives did not show a synergistic effect. The results showed that the use of these salts may not be sufficient to prevent fungal spoilage and the greatest fungal growth was recorded at 30 °C.(AU)

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An ascomycetes fungus was isolated from brine storage of green olives of the Arauco cultivar imported from Argentina and identified as Monascus ruber. The combined effects of different concentrations of sodium chloride (3.5-5.5%), sodium benzoate (0-0.1%), potassium sorbate (0-0.05%) and temperature (30-40°C) were investigated on the growth of M. ruber in the brine of stored table olives using a response surface methodology. A full 24 factorial design with three central points was first used in order to screen for the important factors (significant and marginally significant factors) and then a Face-Centered Central Composite Design was applied. Both preservatives prevented fungal spoilage, but potassium sorbate was the most efficient to control the fungi growth. The combined use of these preservatives did not show a synergistic effect. The results showed that the use of these salts may not be sufficient to prevent fungal spoilage and the greatest fungal growth was recorded at 30°C.

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Pigments produced by species of Monascus have been used to coloring rice, meat, sauces, wines and beers in East Asian countries. Monascus can produce orange (precursor), yellow and red pigments. Orange pigments have low solubility in culture media and when react with amino groups they become red and largely soluble. The orange pigments are an alternative to industrial pigment production because the low solubility facilitates the downstream operations. The aim of this work was to study the kinetic on the production of orange pigments by Monascus ruber CCT 3802. The shaking frequency of 300 rpm was favorable to production, whereas higher shaking frequencies showed negative effect. Pigment production was partially associated with cell growth, the critical dissolved oxygen concentration was between 0.894 and 1.388 mgO2 L-1 at 30 °C, and limiting conditions of dissolved oxygen decreased the production of orange pigments. The maintenance coefficient (mo) and the conversion factor of oxygen in biomass (Yo) were 18.603 mgO2 g x-1  h-1 and 3.133 gx gO 2-1 and the consideration of these parameters in the oxygen balance to estimate the biomass concentration provided good fits to the experimental data.

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The aim of the present work was to study the production and characterization of β-glucosidase from Monascus sanguineus. Agro-waste residues were screened to obtain the maximum yield of enzyme. Jack fruit seed was the best substrate for enzyme production. Studies on the optimization of pH and temperature showed acidic pH favorable for enzymatic activity, whereas the optimum temperature was 60°C. Enzyme kinetics studies with different concentration of pNPG showed the calculated value of Km approximately 0.89 mM with the non-linear regression and 0.98 mM with the linear regression techniques. The enzyme was predominantly inhibited by KCl (69.8%) and moderately inhibited by CaCl2 (14.8%). Studies on the sensitivity for glucose showed that after 100 mM concentration of glucose, inhibition in pNPG hydrolysis took place. The molecular weight of the protein was estimated as 116 and 66 kDa with SDS- PAGE and zymography was carried out to verify the specific activity.

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FUNDAMENTO: A aterosclerose é uma doença inflamatória crônica de origem multifatorial que ocorre em resposta à agressão endotelial. O fungo Monascus ruber apresenta atividade hipocolesterolêmica e polifenóis presentes no resíduo de café apresentam atividade antioxidante, podendo auxiliar na prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares. O resíduo de café possui quantidade significativa de açúcares fermentescíveis, constituindo-se em substrato apropriado para o cultivo de fungos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito dos resíduos de café seco e fermentado por Monascus ruber no metabolismo lipídico de camundongos knockout Apo E. MÉTODOS: O ensaio biológico foi realizado com 30 camundongos knockout para o gene Apo E, divididos em cinco grupos e submetidos a diferentes tratamentos. Foi realizada a prospecção fitoquímica e quantificação de compostos fenólicos dos resíduos fermentado e sem fermentar. O soro dos animais foi analisado utilizando kits enzimáticos e o tecido aórtico incluso em parafina e corado com H/E para realização da análise histopatológica. RESULTADOS: O resíduo de café sem fermentar 2%, em relação ao grupo controle, diminuiu em 42% o nível sérico de triacilgliceróis e em aproximadamente 41% a fração VLDL-c. Os grupos dos animais alimentados com 10% de resíduo não fermentado e 2% de resíduo fermentado diminuíram a área de lesão 10,5% e 15,4%, respectivamente, quando comparados ao controle. O resíduo fermentado apresentou um teor de compostos fenólicos superior ao resíduo não fermentado. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostra que a fermentação do resíduo de café apresenta potencial efeito benéfico sobre as doenças cardiovasculares, especialmente a aterosclerose.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial origin, which occurs in response to endothelial injury. The fungus Monascus ruber has hypocholesterolemic activity, and the polyphenols present in coffee residue have an antioxidant activity and can help prevent cardiovascular diseases. Coffee residue has a significant amount of fermentable sugars, being an adequate substrate for growing fungi. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dry coffee residue fermented with Monascus ruber on the lipid metabolism of ApoE knockout mice. METHODS: The biological assay was performed with 30 ApoE knockout mice, divided into five groups and undergoing different treatments. The phytochemical prospection and quantification of phenolic compounds of the fermented and non-fermented coffee residues were performed. The sera of the animals were analyzed by using enzyme kits, and the aortic tissue was embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to undergo histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Comparing with the control group, the group receiving 2% non-fermented coffee residue showed a reduction of 42% in the serum levels of triacylglycerols and of approximately 41% in VLDL-c. The groups receiving 10% non-fermented coffee residue and 2% fermented coffee residue showed reductions in the lesion areas of 10.5% and 15.4%, respectively, as compared with the control group. The fermented coffee residue showed a higher content of phenolic compounds as compared with the non-fermented coffee residue. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that coffee residue fermentation has a potentially beneficial effect on cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis.

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In China, Monascus spp., a traditional fungus used in fermentation, is used as a natural food additive. Monascus spp. can produce a secondary metabolite, monacolin K namely, which is proven to be a cholesterol-lowering and hypotensive agent. Hence, recently, many researchers have begun focusing on how to increase the production of monacolin K by Monascus purpureus. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the fungal elicitor and the mutagenesis of UV & LiCl on the amount of monacolin K produced by Monascus purpureus. The fugal elicitor, Sporobolomyces huaxiensis, was isolated from tea leaves and its filtrate was added into the culture filtrate of Monascus purpureus during growth to induct the production of monacolin K. The results showed that the highest amount of monacolin K produced by the liquid fermentation was 446.92 mg/mL, which was produced after the fungal elicitor was added to the culture filtrate of Monascus purpureus on the day 4; this amount was approximately 6 times greater than that of the control culture filtrate, whereas the highest amount of monacolin K produced by the mutated strain was 3 times greater than the control culture after the irradiation of UV light in the presence of 1.0 % LiCl in the medium.

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Angkak (red mold rice, red yeast rice, Chinese red rice) is a traditional Chinese medicine produced by solid-state fermentation of cooked non-glutinous rice with Monascus species. The secondary metabolite of Monascus species, monacolin K /lovastatin, has been proven to lower blood lipid levels. In this study, a co-culture of Monascus purpureus MTCC 369 and Monascus ruber MTCC 1880 was used for angkak production. Four medium parameters screened by Plackett-Burman design were optimized by response surface methodology for highest lovastatin production in angkak during solid-state fermentation by the co-culture. Maximum lovastatin production of 2.84 mg g-1 was predicted in solid medium containing 20 g rice and 40 ml liquid nutrients medium (malt extract 9.68 g l-1, dextrose 38.90 g l-1, MnSO4.H2O 1.96 g l-1, and MgSO4.7H2O 0.730 g l-1) by point prediction tool of Design Expert 7.1 software (Statease Inc. USA).

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Angkak (red mold rice, red yeast rice, Chinese red rice) is a traditional Chinese medicine produced by solid-state fermentation of cooked non-glutinous rice with Monascus species. The secondary metabolite of Monascus species, monacolin K /lovastatin, has been proven to lower blood lipid levels. In this study, a co-culture of Monascus purpureus MTCC 369 and Monascus ruber MTCC 1880 was used for angkak production. Four medium parameters screened by Plackett-Burman design were optimized by response surface methodology for highest lovastatin production in angkak during solid-state fermentation by the co-culture. Maximum lovastatin production of 2.84 mg g-1 was predicted in solid medium containing 20 g rice and 40 ml liquid nutrients medium (malt extract 9.68 g l-1, dextrose 38.90 g l-1, MnSO4.H2O 1.96 g l-1, and MgSO4.7H2O 0.730 g l-1) by point prediction tool of Design Expert 7.1 software (Statease Inc. USA).

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Angkak (red mold rice, red yeast rice, Chinese red rice) is a traditional Chinese medicine produced by solid-state fermentation of cooked non-glutinous rice with Monascus species. The secondary metabolite of Monascus species, monacolin K /lovastatin, has been proven to lower blood lipid levels. In this study, a co-culture of Monascus purpureus MTCC 369 and Monascus ruber MTCC 1880 was used for angkak production. Four medium parameters screened by Plackett-Burman design were optimized by response surface methodology for highest lovastatin production in angkak during solid-state fermentation by the co-culture. Maximum lovastatin production of 2.84 mg g(-1) was predicted in solid medium containing 20 g rice and 40 ml liquid nutrients medium (malt extract 9.68 g l(-1), dextrose 38.90 g l(-1), MnSO4.H2O 1.96 g l(-1), and MgSO4.7H2O 0.730 g l(-1)) by point prediction tool of Design Expert 7.1 software (Statease Inc. USA).

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Angkak (red mold rice, red yeast rice, Chinese red rice) is a traditional Chinese medicine produced by solid-state fermentation of cooked non-glutinous rice with Monascus species. The secondary metabolite of Monascus species, monacolin K /lovastatin, has been proven to lower blood lipid levels. In this study, a co-culture of Monascus purpureus MTCC 369 and Monascus ruber MTCC 1880 was used for angkak production. Four medium parameters screened by Plackett-Burman design were optimized by response surface methodology for highest lovastatin production in angkak during solid-state fermentation by the co-culture. Maximum lovastatin production of 2.84 mg g-1 was predicted in solid medium containing 20 g rice and 40 ml liquid nutrients medium (malt extract 9.68 g l-1, dextrose 38.90 g l-1, MnSO4.H2O 1.96 g l-1, and MgSO4.7H2O 0.730 g l-1) by point prediction tool of Design Expert 7.1 software (Statease Inc. USA).

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Polygalacturonases production by newly isolated Monascus sp N8 and Aspergillus sp N12 strains was carried out in solid-state fermentation using mixtures of wheat bran, sugar cane bagasse and orange bagasse as carbon sources. The maximal activity values of exo-polygalacturonases (exo-Pg) from Monascus sp and Aspergillus sp were obtained using wheat bran/sugar cane bagasse/orange bagasse mixture (6.6 U/mL) and wheat bran/orange bagasse mixture (10 U/mL), respectively. Enzyme production by both strains was higher at 45ºC after 72 h and 1.6 U/mL at 50ºC after 120 h. Endo-polygalacturonase (endo-Pg) production was higher in wheat bran/orange bagasse mixture and was not affected by temperature of incubation for both fungi. Endo-Pg production by Monascus was 1.8 U/mL at 45ºC and 50ºC, after 72. Similar values were obtained in Aspergillus sp culture, 1.9 U/mL at 45ºC and 1.8 U/mL at 50ºC. Exo-Pg from both strains showed optimum activity at pH 5.5. Maximal activity was determined at 60ºC for enzyme from Monascus sp and 50ºC for that produced by Aspergillus sp. Exo-Pg from Monascus sp was stable at pH range 4.5-6.0 whereas that from Aspergillus sp enzyme was stable at pH 4.0. Both enzymes showed stability when incubated at 50ºC for 1 h, in absence of substrate.

A produção de poligalacturonases pelas linhagens fúngicas recentemente isoladas, Monascus sp N8 e Aspergillus sp N12, foi estudada através de fermentação em estado sólido usando como substratos misturas de farelo de trigo, bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de laranja. A atividade máxima de exo-Pg produzida por Monascus sp (6,6 U/mL) foi obtida quando o meio de cultivo utilizado continha mistura de farelo de trigo, bagaço da cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de laranja (1:1:1), enquanto que Aspergillus sp produziu maior quantidade da enzima (10 U/mL) em meio de farelo de trigo e bagaço de laranja. A maior produção de exo-Pg foi obtida através de incubação das culturas a 45ºC quando comparadas àquelas incubadas a 50ºC. A produção de endo-poligalacturonase (endo-Pg) pelas duas linhagens não foi afetada pela temperatura de incubação. A atividade de endo-Pg em meio de cultura Monascus sp foi 1.8 U/mL a 45ºC em 72 hs de fermentação e 1,6 U/mL a 50ºC em 120 hs de fermentação nas mesmas condições. Valores semelhantes foram obtidos pelo cultivo de Aspergillus sp com 1.9 U/mL a 45ºC a 1.8 U/mL at 50ºC. As exo-poligalacturonases produzidas por ambas as linhagens mostraram maiores atividades em pH 5,5. Enzimas de Monascus sp foi mais ativa a 60ºC e a de Aspergillus sp, a 50ºC. A exo-Pg produzida por Monascus sp foi estável em valores de pH entre 4,5-6,0, enquanto a de Aspergillus sp foi estável somente em pH 4,0. Ambas as enzimas mostraram-se estáveis por 1 hora a 50ºC, quando incubadas em ausência de substrato.

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O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes dosagens de monascus sobre os constituintes sanguíneos, em coelhos da raça Nova Zelãndia, com 55 dias de vida para verificar o seu efeito hipolipidêmico e sua inocuidade nos parâmetros sanguíneos. Os resultados evidenciaram uma redução nos níveis de colesterol total nas fêmeas e um aumento nos triacilgliceróis, na dose de 100 mg da substãncia. Os níveis de albumina e creatinina, mostraram alterações estatisticamente significativas em todos os grupos e tempos considerados, mas nenhuma alteração foi observada nos valores médios de uréia e glicose, proteína sérica, cálcio e HDL-colesterol. Os resultados encontrados para bilirrubina total não indicaram efeito toxicológico das substãncias testadas. Os níveis de Gama-GT aumentou para a dose de 100 mg de monascus nas fêmeas e permaneceram inalterados nos machos. O aumento dos níveis de cloro podem ser considerados irrelevantes. As fêmeas que receberam 40 mg de monascus apresetnaram níveis aumentados de TGP, sendo que níveis séricos de fósforo não apresentaram flutuações.

The aim of this study was to test the effect of different doses of monascus, in rabbits, in order to verify hipolipydaemic effects in the blood serum parameters. The results showed a reduction of total cholesterol in the femaled and an increase of the triacilgliceróis, in the dose of 100 mg of monascus. The albumin and creatinin levels, showed statiscally signficant alterations in all the groups and times...

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