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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial disorder and obesity occurs in 38% to 88% of these women. Although hyperandrogenism may contribute to telomere lengthening, increased body mass index (BMI) is associated with telomere erosion. We sought to compare leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in PCOS women with normal, overweight, and obese BMI. We evaluated the relationship between LTL and clinical variables of PCOS and inflammatory biomarkers independent of BMI. A total of 348 women (243 PCOS and 105 non-PCOS) were evaluated for anthropometric measures, total testosterone, androstenedione, estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index (FAI), fasting insulin and glycemia, lipid profile, homocysteine, C-reactive protein (CRP) and homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). LTL was measured by qPCR. The PCOS group presented higher weight, waist circumference, BMI, testosterone, LH, fasting insulin, FAI, and HOMA-IR, and lower E2, SHBG, and fasting glycemia measures compared with the non-PCOS. When stratified by BMI, LTL was increased in all subgroups in PCOS compared to non-PCOS. However, in the PCOS group, LTL was lower in overweight (P = 0.0187) and obese (P = 0.0018) compared to normal-weight women. The generalized linear model showed that BMI, androstenedione, homocysteine, and CRP were associated with telomere biology. Women with PCOS had longer LTL, however, overweight or obesity progressively contributes to telomere shortening and may affect reproductive outcomes of PCOS, while androstenedione may increase LTL.
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Índice de Massa Corporal , Obesidade , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico , Encurtamento do Telômero , Humanos , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/genética , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/sangue , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/metabolismo , Feminino , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/sangue , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Resistência à Insulina , Telômero/metabolismo , Leucócitos/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/sangueRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have shown alterations in the affinity of IgG anti-leptin antibodies which are possibly related to metabolic alterations. In the present exploratory study, we analyzed serum samples from adults with T2D classified by body mass index (BMI) and evaluated the relationship of IgG anti-leptin antibodies with body composition, metabolic and cardiovascular risk parameters. METHODS: Serum IgG anti-leptin antibodies (total, free and immune complexes fractions) were measured by in-house ELISA. Body composition, metabolic biomarkers (glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, insulin, leptin) and cardiometabolic risk indexes (AIP, HOMA-IR, HOMA-ß) were evaluated in one hundred T2D patients. RESULTS: Patients with T2D and obesity presented a decrease in the percentage of IgG anti-leptin immune complexes compared to patients with T2D and overweight (p < 0.0053). Negative correlations of IgG anti-leptin immune complexes with triglycerides (TG) (r=-0.412, p = 0.023) and VLDL-C (r=-0.611, p = 0.017) were found in normal weight T2D patients. Free IgG anti-leptin antibodies correlated positively with TC (r = 0.390, p = 0.032) and LDL-C (r = 0.458, p = 0.011) in overweight individuals with T2D. Finally, total IgG anti-leptin antibodies correlated positively with leptin hormone levels (r = 0.409, p = 0.024) and negatively with HOMA-IR (r =-0.459, p = 0.012) in T2D patients with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease of IgG anti-leptin immune complexes observed in patients with T2D and obesity suggests a reduction in antibody affinity to the hormone that may impact its transport and signaling, lipid, lipoprotein and insulin metabolism.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Resistência à Insulina , Adulto , Humanos , Leptina , Sobrepeso , Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Obesidade/complicações , Insulina , Triglicerídeos , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , Imunoglobulina G , Índice de Massa CorporalRESUMO
Studies have examined the possible utility of epigenetic phenomena (DNA methylation changes, covalent histone modifications, and miRNA expression patterns) in predicting individual responses to different lifestyle programs. Nonetheless, most available evidence is focused on identifying epigenetic marks eventually associated with body composition and adiposity outcomes, whereas their roles in metabolic endings remain less explored. This document comprehensively reviewed the evidence regarding the use of epigenetic signatures as putative biomarkers of metabolic outcomes (glycemic, lipid, blood pressure, and inflammatory/oxidative stress features) in response to different lifestyle interventions in humans. Although more investigation is still necessary in order to translate this knowledge in clinical practice, these scientific insights are contributing to the design of advanced strategies for the precise management of cardiometabolic risk, gaining understanding on metabolic heterogeneity, allowing for the prediction of metabolic outcomes, and facilitating the design of epigenome-based nutritional strategies for a more customized approach for metabolic alterations treatment under the scope of precision nutrition.
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Metilação de DNA , Epigênese Genética , Humanos , Biomarcadores , Obesidade/genética , Estilo de VidaRESUMO
Brazil has the second-highest COVID-19 death rate worldwide, and Rio de Janeiro is among the states with the highest rate in the country. Although vaccine coverage has been achieved, it is anticipated that COVID-19 will transition into an endemic disease. It is concerning that the molecular mechanisms underlying clinical evolution from mild to severe disease, as well as the mechanisms leading to long COVID-19, are not yet fully understood. NMR and MS-based metabolomics were used to identify metabolites associated with COVID-19 pathophysiology and disease outcome. Severe COVID-19 cases (n = 35) were enrolled in two reference centers in Rio de Janeiro within 72 h of ICU admission, alongside 12 non-infected control subjects. COVID-19 patients were grouped into survivors (n = 18) and non-survivors (n = 17). Choline-related metabolites, serine, glycine, and betaine, were reduced in severe COVID-19, indicating dysregulation in methyl donors. Non-survivors had higher levels of creatine/creatinine, 4-hydroxyproline, gluconic acid, and N-acetylserine, indicating liver and kidney dysfunction. Several changes were greater in women; thus, patients' sex should be considered in pandemic surveillance to achieve better disease stratification and improve outcomes. These metabolic alterations may be useful to monitor organ (dys) function and to understand the pathophysiology of acute and possibly post-acute COVID-19 syndromes.
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Obese mothers' offspring develop obesity and metabolic alterations in adulthood. Poor postnatal dietary patterns also contribute to obesity and its comorbidities. We aimed to determine whether in obese mothers' offspring an adverse postnatal environment, such as high-fat diet (HFD) consumption (second hit) exacerbates body fat accumulation, metabolic alterations and adipocyte size distribution. Female Wistar rats ate chow (C-5 %-fat) or HFD (maternal obesity (MO)-25 %-fat) from weaning until the end of lactation. Male offspring were weaned on either control (C/C and MO/C, maternal diet/offspring diet) or HFD (C/HF and MO/HF) diet. At 110 postnatal days, offspring were killed. Fat depots were excised to estimate adiposity index (AI). Serum glucose, triglyceride, leptin, insulin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), corticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were determined. Adipocyte size distribution was evaluated in retroperitoneal fat. Body weight was similar in C/C and MO/C but higher in C/HF and MO/HF. AI, leptin, insulin and HOMA-IR were higher in MO/C and C/HF v. C/C but lower than MO/HF. Glucose increased in MO/HF v. MO/C. C/HF and MO/C had higher triglyceride and corticosterone than C/C, but lower corticosterone than MO/HF. DHEA and the DHEA/corticosterone ratio were lower in C/HF and MO/C v. C/C, but higher than MO/HF. Small adipocyte proportion decreased while large adipocyte proportions increased in MO/C and C/HF v. C/C and exacerbated in MO/HF v. C/HF. Postnatal consumption of a HFD by the offspring of obese mothers exacerbates body fat accumulation as well as the decrease of small and the increase of large adipocytes, which leads to larger metabolic abnormalities.
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Leptina , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Humanos , Ratos , Feminino , Animais , Masculino , Gravidez , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Mães , Corticosterona/metabolismo , Ratos Wistar , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Peso Corporal , Glucose/metabolismo , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Hipertrofia/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Desidroepiandrosterona/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to estimate the frequency of comorbidities and assess its relationship with exposure factors after long-term ART use. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with PLHIV (≥18 years-old), who initiated ART between 2001 and 2005 and attended an HIV/AIDS public referral center (Belo Horizonte/Brazil), was performed. Demographic, clinical, therapeutic, and lifestyle data were obtained through interviews, medical charts, public database, routine laboratory examinations, and bone densitometry. The outcome was the number of comorbidities: hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), and low bone mineral density (BMD). Absolute/relative frequencies were calculated. Factors associated with the outcome were assessed by quasi-Poisson regression. RESULTS: Of the 98 participants, 53% were male and 79% and over 43 years-old. Moderate physical activity was observed in 82%, overweight/obesity in 50%, and 58% used ART based on two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). After a mean of 15.6 years of ART exposure, 207 comorbidities were identified and 93% participants presented at least one comorbidity (mean = 2.1/participant). The most frequent overlapping constituted two co-occurrences: dyslipidemia + hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia + SAH, n = 36 for each co-occurrence. The quasi-Poisson regression showed an increase of 3% in the number of comorbidities per year of age (OR = 1.03; 95%CI = 1.02-1.04) and 84% among PLHIV on moderate physical activity (ref = heavy physical-activity) (OR = 1.84; 95%CI = 1.08-3.13). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the aging slightly contributed to comorbidities. However, the practice of physical-activities is crucial to prevent chronic-diseases. Treatment and preventive measures should be encouraged to diminish the burden of disease and improve quality of life among PLHIV.
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Infecções por HIV , Hipertensão , Adolescente , Adulto , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The ACTN3 gene is primarily expressed in fast skeletal muscle fibres. A common nonsense polymorphism in this gene is ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), which causes an absolute deficiency of α-actinin-3 protein and alterations in muscle metabolism. Considering metabolic alterations are influenced by nutrition and genetic factors, as well as lifestyle factors, we hypothesise a possible association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with metabolic alterations. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 397 adults met the inclusion criteria. Body composition was measured by electrical bioimpedance. Dietary data were analysed using Nutritionist Pro™ software. Biochemical variables were determined by dry chemistry. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes and genotyping of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was determined by allelic discrimination using TaqMan probes. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The ACTN3 577XX genotype was associated with high glucose, triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and a higher frequency of hypertriglyceridaemia and insulin resistance in women. In males, the genetic variant showed a trend towards significance for insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was associated with metabolic alterations in women and a tendency was observed in men variant carriers. Thus, this common genetic variant could be implicated in the development of chronic metabolic diseases.
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Actinina , Resistência à Insulina , Actinina/genética , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina/genética , Masculino , México , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as a condition of normal body weight, but with high body fat percentage. Clinical and immunologic implications of NWO in persons living with HIV (PLHIV) remain unknown. The aim of this study was to examine NWO prevalence and its associations with metabolic and immunologic measurements in a cohort of PLHIV on antiretroviral treatment (ART). METHODS: We enrolled 73 adult PLHIV on ART. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. NWO was defined as body mass index 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 and body fat ≥25%. We determined triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, blood glucose, blood pressure, bone mineral density, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6) and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation. RESULTS: The prevalence of NWO was 49% (36 of 73). Participants with NWO showed lower CD4+ T-cell percentage (25 versus 27%, P = 0.03), lower CD4/CD8 ratio (0.62 versus 0.82, P = 0.02), lower muscle mass (6.84 versus 7.11 kg/m2, P = 0.01) and higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (26% versus 6%, P = 0.03) than individuals with normal body composition. No differences in inflammation/activation markers were observed between groups (P > 0.05 in all cases). CONCLUSION: NWO was frequent in a cohort of Mexican PLHIV on ART and was associated with lower muscle mass, hypercholesterolemia, lower CD4+ T-cell percentage, and lower CD4/CD8 ratio. The incorporation of body fat measurements in the regular physical examination of PLHIV could contribute to early identification of the NWO condition and lead to better management of possible long-term morbidity.
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Infecções por HIV , Hipercolesterolemia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/epidemiologia , Músculos/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismoRESUMO
COVID-19 is an illness caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which presents a Clinical Picture that varies from asymptomatic infections to severe breathing problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this disease is already present in all continents, with more than 562 million diagnosed cases and 6 million deaths up to 12/07/2022. Clinical reports and studies with COVID-19 patients have demonstrated significant changes on the levels of factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, and fibrinogen and D dimmers, especially in severe cases. Metabolic alterations, such as lipid dysfunctions, as the decrease on HDL levels feature a direct correlation with changes in hemostasis and are risk factors for the increase of the sternness of the illness. Once the risk of increasing severity and lethality of the illness are related to hemostatic changes, this present study aims to statistically analyze these alterations, in face of the advance on the severity of the disease. The biochemical alterations were analyzed through plasma laboratorial exams from patients infected by the SARS-CoV- 2 – collected on the Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubate - and include metabolic markers as cholesterol/triglycerides and tests related to hemostasis. These results demonstrate several statistically significant correlations between these markers, following the evolution of the severity of COVID-19 and may contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease. In addition, these results may also contribute to other studies and in the development of new treatments for COVID-19.
A COVID-19 é uma doença causada pelo novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2, que apresenta um quadro clínico que varia de infecções assintomáticas a quadros respiratórios graves. De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), essa doença já atingiu todos os continentes, com mais de 562 milhões de casos diagnosticados e mais de 6 milhões mortes, dados atualizados em 12/07/2022 segundo https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Relatos clínicos e estudos coorte com pacientes com COVID-19 demonstraram alterações significativas nos níveis de fator VIII, fator de von Willebrand, fibrinogênio e D-dímeros, principalmente em pacientes graves. Alterações metabólicas, como disfunções lipídicas, como a diminuição nos níveis do HDL apresentam correlação direta com alterações da hemostasia e são fatores de risco para o aumento da severidade da doença. Visto que o risco de aumento da gravidade e letalidade da COVID-19 está diretamente relacionado com alterações metabólicas, as quais têm estreita relação com alterações hemostáticas, o presente estudo objetivou estudar estatisticamente essas alterações, face ao avanço da gravidade desta doença. As alterações bioquímicas foram analisadas por exames laboratoriais de plasma de pacientes infectados pelo SARS- CoV-2, coletados no Hospital Municipal Universitário de Taubaté, e abrangem marcadores metabólicos, como colesterol/triglicerídeos e exames relacionados à hemostasia. Esses resultados demonstram diversas correlações estatisticamente significantes entres estes marcadores, acompanhando a evolução da severidade da COVID-19 e podem contribuir para uma melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia desta doença. Além disso, esses resultados podem colaborar em outros estudos e no desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos para a COVID-19.
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Abstract In HIV-patients, the imbalance in immunological, hematological and biochemical factors can contribute to the progression to AIDS and non-AIDS comorbidities, even during combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to analyze some of these parameters in 138 different asymptomatic HIV-infected patients, doing multiple comparisons between the groups, which are dichotomized in the presence / absence of cART and type of immune response (immunological responders [iR,>500cells/mL] or non-responders [iNR,<500cells/ mL]). Were analyzed cytokines and other routine laboratory parameters. Our results showed high creatine phosphokinase and low IL-10 levels in cART-patients. They also presented metabolic alterations, including elevations in total cholesterol and triglycerides, particularly in those iNR. In ART-iR an increased alanine aminotransferase was observed. Those NAÏVE-iNR presented high LDL-cholesterol, C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase values. The long-term non-progressors (LTNP) showed the best laboratory results. In conclusion, many blood parameters were changed in HIV-patients, especially in those under cART. To identify LTNP individuals could be important to discussions their early therapeutic onset.
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Carbohydrates and lipids are two components of the diet that provide the necessary energy to carry out various physiological processes to help maintain homeostasis in the body. However, when the metabolism of both biomolecules is altered, development of various liver diseases takes place; such as metabolic-associated fatty liver diseases (MAFLD), hepatitis B and C virus infections, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and in more severe cases, hepatocelular carcinoma (HCC). On the other hand, PPARs are a family of ligand-dependent transcription factors with an important role in the regulation of metabolic processes to hepatic level as well as in other organs. After interaction with specific ligands, PPARs are translocated to the nucleus, undergoing structural changes to regulate gene transcription involved in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammation and metabolic homeostasis. This review aims to provide updated data about PPARs' critical role in liver metabolic regulation, and their involvement triggering the genesis of several liver diseases. Information is provided about their molecular characteristics, cell signal pathways, and the main pharmacological therapies that modulate their function, currently engaged in the clinic scenario, or in pharmacological development.
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Hepatopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatopatias/patologia , Receptores Ativados por Proliferador de Peroxissomo/metabolismo , Preparações Farmacêuticas/administração & dosagem , Animais , Humanos , Hepatopatias/metabolismo , Terapia de Alvo MolecularRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Thousands of publications in recent years have addressed the induction of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rodents. However, the criteria and the reference values for diagnosing this disease have not been defined. OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to carry out a systematic review to gather evidence about the criteria for biochemical and anthropometric parameters in which scientific studies have relied on to report that rats developed MetS from a previous dietary manipulation. METHODS: We compiled characteristics and findings of diet-induced MetS with high-fat, high-carbohydrate, high-fat/high-carbohydrates, and cafeteria diet from PubMed and Science Direct databases published in the last 5 years. RESULTS: The results on the principal determinants for the syndrome, published in the reviewed articles, were chosen to propose reference values in the rat models of food induction. CONCLUSION: The values obtained will serve as reference cut-of points in the development of the disease; in addition, the compilation of data will be useful in planning and executing research protocols in animal models.
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Síndrome Metabólica , Animais , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Ratos , RoedoresRESUMO
Neck circumference (NC) and wrist circumference (WrC) have been proposed as practical and inexpensive tools with the capacity to indicate metabolic alterations to some extent. Nevertheless, their application in the pediatric population is relatively recent. Thus, the aim of this scoping review was to review and analyze the reported evidence regarding the correlation of NC and WrC with metabolic alterations in the pediatric stage. The literature search was performed in January 2021 in seven indexes and databases. A total of 26 articles published between 2011 and 2020 were included. Most significant results were grouped into three categories: serum lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, and blood pressure. The parameter that showed the most significant results regardless of the anthropometric indicator analyzed for association was blood pressure. In contrast, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed non-significant associations along with conflicting results. We conclude that the use of NC and WrC, in addition to other well-established indicators, could facilitate the identification of metabolic alterations, specifically in plasma insulin and blood pressure. In fact, further studies are required to address the potential use of NC and WrC as predictors of early metabolic alterations, especially in countries with a fast-growing prevalence in obesity.
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The elongation of very long chain fatty acids (ELOVL) is a family of seven enzymes that have specific functions in the synthesis of fatty acids. Some have been shown to be related to insulin secretion (ELOVL2), and in the lipid profile (ELOVL6) and patients with various pathologies. The present work focused on the study of ELOVL polymorphs with clinical markers of non-communicable chronic diseases in the Mexican population. A sample of 1075 participants was obtained, who underwent clinical, biochemical, and nutritional evaluation, and a genetic evaluation of 91 genetic variants of ELOVL was considered (2-7). The results indicate a 33.16% prevalence of obesity by body mass index, 13.84% prevalence of insulin resistance by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index, 7.85% prevalence of high cholesterol, and 20.37% prevalence of hypercholesterolemia. The deprived alleles showed that there is no association between them and clinical disease risk markers, and the notable finding of the association studies is that the ELOVL2 variants are exclusive in men and ELVOL7 in women. There is also a strong association of ELOVL6 with various markers. The present study shows, for the first time, the association between the different ELOVLs and clinical markers of chronic non-communicable diseases.
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Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Elongases de Ácidos Graxos/genética , Metabolismo/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , Feminino , Frequência do Gene/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , México , Estado Nutricional , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) reduces insulin resistance and hepatic manifestations through the regulation of metabolism in the liver. Obese mice present insulin resistance and lipid accumulation in intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). LD-associated proteins perilipin (Plin) have an essential role in both adipogenesis and lipolysis; Plin5 regulates lipolysis and thus contributes to fat oxidation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of deodorized refined salmon oil (DSO) and its polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrate (CPUFA) containing EPA and DHA, obtained by complexing with urea, on obesity-induced metabolic alteration. CPUFA maximum content was determined using the Box-Behnken experimental design based on Surface Response Methodology. The optimized CPUFA was administered to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice (200 mg/kg/day of EPA + DHA) for 8 weeks. No significant differences (p > 0.05) in cholesterol, glycemia, LDs or transaminase content were found. Fasting insulin and hepatic Plin5 protein level increased in the group supplemented with the EPA + DHA optimized product (38.35 g/100 g total fatty acids) compared to obese mice without fish oil supplementation. The results suggest that processing salmon oil by urea concentration can generate an EPA+DHA dose useful to prevent the increase of fasting insulin and the decrease of Plin5 in the liver of insulin-resistant mice.
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Dieta Hiperlipídica , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/farmacologia , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Hiperinsulinismo/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Perilipina-5/metabolismo , Ureia/química , Análise de Variância , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Peixe/farmacologia , Gotículas Lipídicas/química , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Micronutrient deficiencies are common among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). The clinical and immunologic consequences of micronutrient deficiencies have been poorly explored in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of zinc and selenium deficiency (dietary intake and serum concentrations) and analyze their associations with absolute CD4+ T-cell counts, inflammation markers, and metabolic disorders in a cohort of antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected individuals. METHODS: The zinc and selenium intakes of 124 HIV-infected men were estimated using 3-d food records. In a subcohort of 45 individuals, serum zinc and selenium concentrations and proinflammatory cytokines were determined. Body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), CD4+ T-cell counts, lipid profile, glucose, and blood pressure were determined and were associated with zinc and selenium dietary intake and serum concentrations. RESULTS: Of the PLWHIV studied, 58% had suboptimal intake of zinc and 8% demonstrated suboptimal intake of selenium. Serum deficiencies for zinc and selenium were 23.9% and 65.9%, respectively. Zinc and selenium intake were correlated with increased muscle mass. Selenium intake was associated with increased BMD of the lumbar region. An inverse correlation between serum selenium concentration and several proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1ß, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) was found. CONCLUSION: Suboptimal zinc and selenium intake and serum concentration deficiencies are highly prevalent in treated HIV-positive individuals and are associated with body composition, BMD, and inflammation. Clinical trials should be designed to explore the effect of zinc and selenium supplementation on metabolic, inflammatory, and immunologic parameters on the HIV-positive population.
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Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/complicações , HIV , Selênio/deficiência , Zinco/deficiência , Adulto , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Citocinas/sangue , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Micronutrientes/análise , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Prevalência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Selênio/análise , Zinco/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic illnesses like obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases, are worldwide major causes of morbidity and mortality. These pathological conditions involve interactions between environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Recent advances in nutriepigenomics are contributing to clarify the role of some nutritional factors, including dietary fatty acids in gene expression regulation. This systematic review assesses currently available information concerning the role of the different fatty acids on epigenetic mechanisms that affect the development of chronic diseases or induce protective effects on metabolic alterations. METHODS: A targeted search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline databases using the keywords "fatty acids and epigenetic". The data were analyzed according to the PRISMA-P guidelines. RESULTS: Consumption fatty acids like n-3 PUFA: EPA and DHA, and MUFA: oleic and palmitoleic acid was associated with an improvement of metabolic alterations. On the other hand, fatty acids that have been associated with the presence or development of obesity, T2D, pro-inflammatory profile, atherosclerosis and IR were n-6 PUFA, saturated fatty acids (stearic and palmitic), and trans fatty acids (elaidic), have been also linked with epigenetic changes. CONCLUSIONS: Fatty acids can regulate gene expression by modifying epigenetic mechanisms and consequently result in positive or negative impacts on metabolic outcomes.
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Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Epigênese Genética , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Obesidade/genética , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Doença Crônica , Metilação de DNA , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevenção & controle , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ácidos Graxos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/administração & dosagem , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Humanos , Resistência à Insulina , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/patologia , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos trans/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Graxos trans/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic diseases arise as a consequence of an unhealthy lifestyle primarily characterized by physical inactivity and unbalanced diets. Regular physical activity can improve health, and there is consistent evidence that these improvements may be the result of epigenetic modifications. OBJECTIVE: To identify epigenetic modificationsas outcomes of exercise interventions related to specific metabolic alterations. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) methodology for manuscript research and preparation was followed using PubMed and EBSCO databases for literature review. Out of 2,638 articles identified, only 34 articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The sections of the review were organized by metabolic alterations in which studies were grouped according to healthy, diseased, and trained individuals. Resistance exercise in humans induced epigenetic changes in pathways associated with energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity, contributing to healthy skeletal muscle. Endurance exercise also caused modifications in biomarkers associated to metabolic alterations through changes in DNA methylation and the expression of specific miRNAs. However, both resistance and endurance exercise are necessary to obtain a better physiological adaptation and a combination of both seems to be needed to properly tackle the increasing prevalence of non-communicable pathologies. CONCLUSION: Given the heterogeneity and complexity of the existing literature, it is currently not possible to propose a specific recommendation about the type, intensity, or duration of exercise that could be beneficial for different subsets of the population (healthy, diseased, and/or trained). Nevertheless, this review highlights the importance of exercise for health and shows the need to perform more research in this emerging area to identify epigenetic biomarkers that could serve as indicators of exercise adaptations.
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Biomarcadores , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Epigênese Genética/fisiologia , Terapia por Exercício , Doenças Metabólicas/diagnóstico , Doenças Metabólicas/terapia , Biomarcadores/análise , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/terapia , Metilação de DNA/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Doenças Metabólicas/genética , Prognóstico , Comportamento Sedentário , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic alterations. The mechanisms underlying these alterations remain unclear. Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal hormone with potent effects on food intake, body weight, metabolism, and immune response. Recent studies reported the presence of anti-ghrelin autoantibodies in healthy subjects and the levels and affinity of these autoantibodies were altered in anorectic and obese individuals. In this cross-sectional study we analyzed anti-ghrelin autoantibodies in RA patients and evaluated its relationship with clinical, body-composition and metabolic parameters. Clinical measurements of RA patients included the disease activity score-28 (DAS-28), inflammatory biomarkers, autoantibodies (RF and anti-CCP), body composition, glucose and lipid profile. Serum ghrelin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Free and total anti-ghrelin autoantibodies quantification (IgG and IgA isotypes) was performed by in-house ELISA. RA patients had lower IgG anti-ghrelin autoantibodies levels and higher immune complexes percentage (IgG+ghrelin) compared to the control group, while the IgA anti-ghrelin autoantibodies showed no significant differences. In the bivariate analysis, the percentage of IgG anti-ghrelin immune complexes positively correlated with BMI and ghrelin whereas in the multivariate regression model, the variables associated were DAS-28, body weight, visceral fat, LDL-C and TG (R 2 = 0.72). The percentage of IgA anti-ghrelin immune complexes positively correlated with RF and anti-CCP and the multivariate regression model showed an association with RF and body fat percentage (R 2 = 0.22). Our study shows an increased percentage of IgG anti-ghrelin immune complexes in RA patients despite ghrelin levels were similar in both groups, suggesting an increase in the affinity of these autoantibodies toward ghrelin. The associations found in the multiple regression analysis for anti-ghrelin immune complexes support the previously reported functions of these natural autoantibodies as carriers and modulators of the stability and physiological effect of the hormone. However, in RA both the disease activity and the RF appear to influence the formation of these anti-ghrelin immune complexes.
RESUMO
AIM: Studies conducted in the United States have highlighted a higher prevalence of metabolic alterations (MA) in Latino population and Latino psychotic patients. Metabolic risk in psychosis is known to be present from initial stages of the disease. To better characterize this population, we explored the prevalence of MA and metabolic syndrome (MS) in early psychosis patients in a Latin American country. METHODS: Transversal, observational study comparing the prevalence of MA and MS in patients with early psychosis from an outpatient program in Chile (n = 148) with a community representative sample from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey (n = 568). ANOVA and regression analysis were performed obtaining odds ratio for MA and MS. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 44.7% in patients compared to 11.4% in the community sample (odds ratio [OR] 5.28, confidence interval [CI] 95% 3.07-9.08; P-value <0.001). There was no effect of gender. Subgroup analyses showed no significant association of MS with clozapine/olanzapine use, treatment duration or tobacco use. There was an association between treatment duration and hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.024; OR 1.02, CI 95% 1.00-1.04) and obesity (P = 0.007; OR 5.93, CI 95% 1.82-20.22). Clozapine/olanzapine use was associated with hyperglycaemia (P = 0.007; OR 6.04, CI 95% 1.63-22.38) and high low density lipoprotein (P = 0.033 ANOVA; OR 5.28, CI 95% 1.14-24.37). CONCLUSION: Latino psychotic patients have a high risk of MA and MS at initial stages of the disease which is not entirely explained by the higher risk in the whole Latino population, is irrespective of gender, and does not seem to be entirely a response to atypical antipsychotic use.