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Abstract Introduction: Orotracheal intubation is a procedure that implies risks such as extubation failure and laryngeal stridor, which increase the risk of morbidity. Objective: To identify factors associated with early extubation failure (≤24 hours) and the development of post-extubation laryngeal stridor in adult patients on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Materials and methods: Case-control study conducted in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a quaternary care hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, between April 2019 and February 2020, in which information was collected prospectively. A total of 180 patients with IMV ≥24 hours and at least >1 extubation attempt were included: 30 cases defined as patients with early extubation failure (≤24 hours to extubation), and 150 controls. Differences between cases and controls regarding the variables considered were determined using the Student's t test and the Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. In addition, a multivariate analysis (unconditional logistic regression model) was performed to establish the factors associated with extubation failure and post-extubation laryngeal stridor, calculating the odds ratio (OR) and the respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A significance level of p<0.05 was considered. Results: Early extubation failure and laryngeal stridor had a prevalence of 16.66% (n=30) and 3.89% (n=7), respectively. In the multivariate analysis, having a history of intubation (OR=4.27, 95%CI: 1.44-12.66), the presence of active cancer (OR=2.92, 95%CI: 1.08-7.90), and being diagnosed with pneumonia (OR=2.84, 95%CI: 1.15-6.99) were significantly associated with extubation failure, while the duration of IMV (OR=1.53, 95%CI: 1.18-1.99) and history of intubation (OR=37.99, 95%CI: 2.22-650.8) were significantly associated with post-extubation laryngeal stridor. Conclusions: Based on the results reported here, it is suggested to consider factors such as history of intubation, comorbidity with cancer, and diagnosis of pneumonia in the stratification of critically ill patients to increase the likelihood of successful extubation.

Resumen Introducción. La intubación orotraqueal es un procedimiento que conlleva riesgos como la extubación fallida y el estridor laríngeo, los cuales aumentan el riesgo de morbilidad. Objetivo. Identificar los factores asociados a extubación fallida temprana (≤24 horas) y al desarrollo de estridor laríngeo post-extubación en pacientes adultos con ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI). Materiales y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles con recolección prospectiva de información realizado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de un hospital de IV nivel de Bogotá, Colombia, entre abril de 2019 y febrero de 2020. Se incluyeron 180 pacientes con VMI ≥24 horas y al menos 1 intento de extubación: 30 casos definidos como pacientes con extubación fallida temprana (≤24 horas a la extubación) y 150 controles. Las diferencias en las variables consideradas entre casos y controles se determinaron mediante las pruebas t de Student y Chi-cuadrado o exacta de Fisher. Además, se realizó un análisis multivariado (modelo de regresión logística no condicional) para determinar los factores asociados con extubación fallida y estridor laríngeo post-extubación, calculando los Odds ratio (OR) con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Se consideró un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados. La extubación fallida temprana y el estridor laríngeo tuvieron una prevalencia de 16.66% (n=30) y 3.89% (n=7), respectivamente. En el análisis multivariado, el antecedente de intubación (OR=4.27, IC95%: 1.44-12.66), la presencia de cáncer activo (OR=2.92, IC95%: 1.08-7.90) y ser diagnosticado con neumonía (OR=2.84, IC95%: 1.15-6.99) se asociaron significativamente con extubación fallida, mientras que la duración de la VMI (OR=1.53, IC95%: 1.18-1.99) y el antecedente de intubación (OR=37.99, IC95%: 2.22-650.8), con estridor laríngeo post-extubación. Conclusiones. Con base en los resultados aquí obtenidos, se sugiere considerar factores como antecedente de intubación, comorbilidad con cáncer y diagnóstico de neumonía en la estratificación de los pacientes críticamente enfermos para aumentar la probabilidad de una extubación exitosa.

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Abstract Introduction: Reinke's Edema (RE) is a laryngeal lesion related to excessive tobacco smoking, voice overuse, and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Although the risk of malignancy has been considered low in literature, RE is classified among precancerous lesions. Objectives: We investigated DNA Copy Number Alterations (CNAs) in specimens of RE and its potential association with malignant progression. Methods: We used array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH, Agilent 4 × 180 K platform) to study eight RE cases. All patients were heavy tobacco users for at least 30 years, and none of them progressed to cancer in the follow-up (>8 years). Two RE presented mild dysplasia, one moderate dysplasia, and no histological alterations were found in the remaining five cases. CNAs were compared with the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) and genes mapped on altered regions had their functions annotated. Results: Six of eight patients showed different rare copy number alterations on chromosomes 2q37.3, 4q13.1, 4q13.3, 7q11.22, 10p14, and 13q34. A gain of the whole chromosome 8 were detected in one case. Of interest, four of eight RE cases showed copy number imbalances involving genes previously described in several tumor types (RASA3, COL6A3, LINC00707, LINP1, SMR3A, and SMR3B). Conclusion: The genomic imbalances herein found in RE have the potential to contribute to the phenotype but with limited or no risk of cancer. A long-term follow-up in a large series of patients could clarify the mechanisms involved in the malignant progression of RE. Level of evidence: 4.

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INTRODUCTION: Reinke's Edema (RE) is a laryngeal lesion related to excessive tobacco smoking, voice overuse, and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Although the risk of malignancy has been considered low in literature, RE is classified among precancerous lesions. OBJECTIVES: We investigated DNA Copy Number Alterations (CNAs) in specimens of RE and its potential association with malignant progression. METHODS: We used array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH, Agilent 4 × 180 K platform) to study eight RE cases. All patients were heavy tobacco users for at least 30 years, and none of them progressed to cancer in the follow-up (>8 years). Two RE presented mild dysplasia, one moderate dysplasia, and no histological alterations were found in the remaining five cases. CNAs were compared with the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) and genes mapped on altered regions had their functions annotated. RESULTS: Six of eight patients showed different rare copy number alterations on chromosomes 2q37.3, 4q13.1, 4q13.3, 7q11.22, 10p14, and 13q34. A gain of the whole chromosome 8 were detected in one case. Of interest, four of eight RE cases showed copy number imbalances involving genes previously described in several tumor types (RASA3, COL6A3, LINC00707, LINP1, SMR3A, and SMR3B). CONCLUSION: The genomic imbalances herein found in RE have the potential to contribute to the phenotype but with limited or no risk of cancer. A long-term follow-up in a large series of patients could clarify the mechanisms involved in the malignant progression of RE.

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BACKGROUND: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is known for mortality when it is not treated properly. Many advances have occurred over the past decades that affected patients' lives. However, not all patient populations have access to the same diagnosis and treatment resources. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate mortality from HAE in a large cohort in a reference center in Brazil. Furthermore, the research intended to describe patients' life span, the asphyxia evolution, and factors related to the fatal outcome. METHODS: A cohort of 433 patients from 46 families was evaluated in this prospective and retrospective study. Families were organized in clusters and were given a verbal autopsy to arrange data collection for the deaths and analyze symptoms during life. Causes of death were classified as deaths from laryngeal edema (LE) or other causes. RESULTS: Of 433 patients evaluated, 254 were not given the diagnosis of HAE. A total of 75 fatal events were evaluated. Only 10 of 75 patients were given the diagnosis of HAE before death, and the HAE diagnosis was made after death in 65 of 75 patients using verbal autopsy. The final cause of death after the investigation was asphyxiation owing to LE in 39 of 75 (52%) and deaths owing to other causes in 36 of 75 (48%). Ten deaths had occurred in the past decade. Time from onset of symptoms to seeking medical assistance was a median of 4 hours, and the time to death was a median of 8 hours. Three patients received fresh-frozen plasma and none received medications specific to HAE attacks. Throat pain or discomfort was the most common symptom, experienced by 71.8% of patients. The most common mistaken diagnosis at the original death certificate was allergy or anaphylaxis. The life span of patients who died of LE was reduced by 20 years compared with those who died of other causes. CONCLUSIONS: Hereditary angioedema remains a threat to life in the studied population. The large number of patients who do not receive a diagnosis makes the situation even more severe and is responsible for most deaths. Death analyses add knowledge to an understanding of the diseases and their impact on patients' lives, improving the targeting of public health efforts.

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This study aims to review the global mortality secondary to laryngeal edema in patients diagnosed with hereditary angioedema and their relatives over the years, as well as to describe epidemiological and clinical findings associated with this outcome. An extensive search of the literature was made in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase to identify mortality rates secondary to laryngeal edema in patients with hereditary angioedema. The search was carried out in September of 2020 and in April of 2021, and keywords based on the MeSH terms were searched in three databases. The filter of language was used for finding only articles in English, and there was no limit to the year of publication. A total of twenty-three articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria for review and data extraction. The analyzed studies included 3292 patients and 411 deaths from asphyxia due to laryngeal edema. One hundred and three deaths in close relatives were described as secondary to the same cause. The main findings were summarized in tables: year and place of publication, the number of patients and deaths from laryngeal edema, patients previously diagnosed, and death age. Death rates from laryngeal edema had an average of one death for every 20 patients. Eight studies reported deaths in relatives. For every 7.4 patients in these studies, one relative died. The percentage among deaths in general associated with laryngeal edema was evaluated in three studies (32.7%, 44.4%, and 56%). The high frequency of this outcome suggests that deaths still occur, and improvement of hereditary angioedema treatment still needs to be met.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate hyaluronic acid (HA) concentrations in vocal folds among patients with Reinke's edema. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective and experimental study. SETTING: Single tertiary center. METHODS: An HA binding protein isolated from bovine nasal cartilage was used to identify and isolate the HA from samples. Plates coated with biotin-conjugated binding protein and streptavidin-europium conjugate were sequentially incubated with 18 Reinke's edema samples and 11 female vocal fold cover samples from cadavers (the superficial layer of the lamina propria; control group). After the release of europium from streptavidin in enhancement solution, final fluorescence was measured in a fluorometer. RESULTS: The mean HA concentration in Reinke's edema vocal folds was significantly higher than that in the control vocal folds (9.2 × 103 vs 0.9 × 103µg/g). CONCLUSION: Vocal fold covers affected by Reinke's edema present a higher concentration of HA than do vocal fold covers with no edema.

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ABSTRACT Angioedema attacks are common causes of emergency care, and due to the potential for severity, it is important that professionals who work in these services know their causes and management. The mechanisms involved in angioedema without urticaria may be histamine- or bradykinin-mediated. The most common causes of histamine-mediated angioedema are foods, medications, insect sting and idiopathic. When the mediator is bradykinin, the triggers are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and factors related to acquired angioedema with deficiency of C1-inhibitor or hereditary angioedema, which are less common, but very important because of the possibility of fatal outcome. Hereditary angioedema is a rare disease characterized by attacks of edema that affect the subcutaneous tissue and mucous membranes of various organs, manifesting mainly by angioedema and abdominal pain. This type of angioedema does not respond to the usual treatment with epinephrine, antihistamines and corticosteroids. Thus, if not identified and treated appropriately, these patients have an estimated risk of mortality from laryngeal edema of 25% to 40%. Hereditary angioedema treatment has changed dramatically in recent years with the development of new and efficient drugs for attack management: plasma-derived C1 inhibitor, recombinant human C1-inhibitor, bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist (icatibant), and the kallikrein inhibitor (ecallantide). In Brazil, plasma-derived C1 inhibitor and icatibant have already been approved for use. Proper management of these patients in the emergency department avoids unnecessary surgery and, especially, fatal outcomes.

RESUMO As crises de angioedema são causas comuns de atendimentos nas emergências, e devido ao potencial de gravidade, é importante que os profissionais que atuam nesses serviços conheçam suas causas e abordagem. Os mecanismos envolvidos no angioedema sem urticas podem ser histaminérgicos ou mediados por bradicinina. As causas mais comuns de angioedema mediado por histamina são alimentos, medicamentos, ferroada de insetos e idiopática. Quando o mediador é a bradicinina, os desencadeantes são os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e fatores relacionados ao angioedema adquirido com deficiência do inibidor de C1 ou angioedema hereditário que são menos comuns, mas muito importantes pela possibilidade de desfecho fatal. O angioedema hereditário é uma doença rara, caracterizada por crises de edema que acometem o tecido subcutâneo e mucosas de vários órgãos, manifestando-se principalmente por crises de angioedema e dor abdominal. Esse tipo de angioedema não responde ao tratamento usual com adrenalina, anti-histamínicos e corticosteroides. Assim, se não identificados e tratados adequadamente, esses pacientes têm risco de morte por edema de laringe estimado em 25% a 40%. O tratamento do angioedema hereditário mudou drasticamente nos últimos anos, com o desenvolvimento de novos e eficientes fármacos para as crises: inibidor de C1 derivado de plasma, inibidor de C1 recombinante humano, antagonista do receptor B2 da bradicinina (icatibanto) e o inibidor da calicreína (ecalantide). No Brasil, até o momento, estão liberados para uso o inibidor de C1 derivado de plasma e o icatibanto. O manejo correto desses pacientes na emergência evita cirurgias desnecessárias e, principalmente, desfechos fatais.

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Abstract Laryngotracheal trauma is rare but potentially life-threatening as it implies a high risk of compromising airway patency. A consensus on damage control management for laryngotracheal trauma is presented in this article. Tracheal injuries require a primary repair. In the setting of massive destruction, the airway patency must be assured, local hemostasis and control measures should be performed, and definitive management must be deferred. On the other hand, management of laryngeal trauma should be conservative, primary repair should be chosen only if minimal disruption, otherwise, management should be delayed. Definitive management must be carried out, if possible, in the first 24 hours by a multidisciplinary team conformed by trauma and emergency surgery, head and neck surgery, otorhinolaryngology, and chest surgery. Conservative management is proposed as the damage control strategy in laryngotracheal trauma.

Resumen El trauma laringotraqueal es poco frecuente, pero con alto riesgo de comprometer la permeabilidad la vía aérea. El presente artículo presenta el consenso de manejo de control de daños del trauma laringotraqueal. En el manejo de las lesiones de tráquea se debe realizar un reparo primario; y en los casos con una destrucción masiva se debe asegurar la vía aérea, realizar hemostasia local, medidas de control y diferir el manejo definitivo. El manejo del trauma laríngeo debe ser conservador y diferir su manejo, a menos que la lesión sea mínima y se puede optar por un reparo primario. El manejo definitivo se debe realizar durante las primeras 24 hora por un equipo multidisciplinario de los servicios de cirugía de trauma y emergencias, cirugía de cabeza y cuello, otorrinolaringología, y cirugía de tórax. Se propone optar por la estrategia de control de daños en el trauma laringotraqueal.

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Laryngotracheal trauma is rare but potentially life-threatening as it implies a high risk of compromising airway patency. A consensus on damage control management for laryngotracheal trauma is presented in this article. Tracheal injuries require a primary repair. In the setting of massive destruction, the airway patency must be assured, local hemostasis and control measures should be performed, and definitive management must be deferred. On the other hand, management of laryngeal trauma should be conservative, primary repair should be chosen only if minimal disruption, otherwise, management should be delayed. Definitive management must be carried out, if possible, in the first 24 hours by a multidisciplinary team conformed by trauma and emergency surgery, head and neck surgery, otorhinolaryngology, and chest surgery. Conservative management is proposed as the damage control strategy in laryngotracheal trauma.

El trauma laringotraqueal es poco frecuente, pero con alto riesgo de comprometer la permeabilidad la vía aérea. El presente artículo presenta el consenso de manejo de control de daños del trauma laringotraqueal. En el manejo de las lesiones de tráquea se debe realizar un reparo primario; y en los casos con una destrucción masiva se debe asegurar la vía aérea, realizar hemostasia local, medidas de control y diferir el manejo definitivo. El manejo del trauma laríngeo debe ser conservador y diferir su manejo, a menos que la lesión sea mínima y se puede optar por un reparo primario. El manejo definitivo se debe realizar durante las primeras 24 hora por un equipo multidisciplinario de los servicios de cirugía de trauma y emergencias, cirugía de cabeza y cuello, otorrinolaringología, y cirugía de tórax. Se propone optar por la estrategia de control de daños en el trauma laringotraqueal.

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Resumen: El fracaso en la extubación es una complicación de alto riesgo para los pacientes en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. El edema laríngeo y el estridor laríngeo han sido estudiados como causas que propician el fracaso en la extubación. Parte de las estrategias para la prevención del fracaso en la extubación y el manejo del estridor o edema laríngeo es el uso de esteroides. La discrepancia entre el tiempo, la dosis, el paciente candidato y el tipo de esteroide obligan a crear una propuesta que estandarice su utilización. La presente revisión se enfoca en identificar a aquellos pacientes que se benefician del uso de esteroides, el tipo de esteroide que se debe utilizar, el momento y la dosis correcta.

Abstract: Post-extubation failure is a high risk complication for patients in intensive care unit. Laryngeal edema and laryngeal stridor have been studied as causes of post-extubation failure. Part of the strategies for the prevention of post-extubation failure and management of stridor or laryngeal edema is the use of steroids. The discrepancy between the time, the dos, the patient and the type of steroid forces to create a strategy that standardizes its use. This review focuses on identify patients who benefit from the use of steroids, type of steroid that should be uses, timing and correct dose.

Resumo: O fracasso na extubação é uma complicação de alto risco para pacientes em unidades de terapias intensivas. O edema e o estridor laríngeo foram estudados como causas que propician a falha na extubação. Parte das estratégias para prevenção da falha na extubação e manejo do estridor ou edema laríngeo é o uso de esteróides. A discrepância entre o tempo, a dose, o paciente candidato e o tipo de esteróide nos obriga a criar uma proposta padrão de utilização. A presente revisão se concentra em identificar os pacientes que são beneficiados com o uso de esteróides, o tipo de esteróide que deve ser usado, o momento e a dose correta.

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Introdução: O Edema de Reinke caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório crônico que acomete a camada superficial da lâmina própria da prega vocal. Atualmente, sua etiologia é atribuída ao tabagismo associado ao abuso vocal. Objetivo: Relacionar os dados das avaliações vocal, acústica e de qualidade de vida em voz com o grau do Edema de Reinke em mulheres. Método: Estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e prospectivo. Participaram 22 mulheres, com idades entre 45 e 78 anos (média 58,3), que foram submetidas à avaliação laringológica para observação das variáveis referentes ao grau do edema e a associação com outras lesões e/ou alterações laríngeas; avaliação perceptivo-auditiva da voz; análise acústica da voz; e auto avaliação vocal por meio do protocolo Qualidade de Vida em Voz (QVV). Os exames laringoscópicos e as amostras vocais foram analisados por juízes especialistas. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Os sujeitos foram agrupados em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1) (edema grau 1) e Grupo 2 (G2) (edemas graus 2 e 3). Resultados: O G2 apresentou piores resultados do que o G1 quanto ao maior número de sintomas vocais; maior grau de desvio vocal na avaliação perceptivo-auditiva; resultados mais alterados nas medidas acústicas jitter, shimmer e proporção GNE; valores mais baixos em todos os domínios do QVV, indicando pior qualidade de vida. Conclusões: As características laringológicas referentes à progressão do Edema de Reinke estão diretamente relacionadas à piora dos parâmetros perceptivo-auditivos e acústicos da voz e a um maior impacto negativo da disfonia na qualidade de vida.

Introduction: Reinke's edema is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process that affects the superficial layer of the lamina propria of the vocal fold. Currently, its etiology is attributed to smoking associated with vocal abuse. Objective: To relate data of vocal, acoustic and quality of life evaluation in women with the different grade of Reinke's edema. Method: It is an observational, analytical and crosssectional study. Participants were 22 women, aged between 45 and 78 years old (mean 58.3 years), who passed by laryngology evaluation to observe the variables regarding of edema´s degree and the association with other laryngeal disorders; auditory-perceptual evaluation of voice; acoustic voice data analysis; and vocal self-assessment by Voice-Related Quality of Life protocol (VRQOL). Laryngological data and vocal samples were analyzed by expert judges. Data were statistically analyzed. The subjects were grouped into two groups: Group 1 (G1) (grade 1 of edema) and Group 2 (G2) (grades 2 and 3 of edema). Results: G2 had worse results than G1 in all associations: more vocal symptoms; higher degree of vocal deviation in auditoryperceptual evaluation; more abnormal results in acoustic measurements (jitter, shimmer and glottal to noise excitation ratio; lower values in all domains of VRQOL, indicating worse quality of life. Conclusions: The laryngeal data related to the progression of Reinke's edema are directly related to worsening of auditoryperceptual and acoustic data of voice and a greater negative impact of dysphonia in quality of life.

Introducción: El Edema de Reinke se caracteriza por un proceso inflamatorio crónico que acomete la capa superficial de la lámina propia del pliegue vocal. Actualmente, su etiología se atribuye al tabaquismo asociado al abuso vocal. Objetivo: Relacionar los datos de las evaluaciones vocal, acústica y de calidad de vida en voz con el grado del Edema de Reinke en mujeres. Método: Estudio observacional, analítico, transversal y prospectivo. En la mayoría de los casos, se observó un aumento de la mortalidad por rotavirus en el momento de la vacunación. evaluación perceptiva-auditiva de la voz; análisis acústico de la voz; y autoevaluación vocal a través del protocolo Calidad de Vida en Voz (QVV). Los exámenes laringoscópicos y las muestras vocales fueron analizados por jueces especialistas. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados estadísticamente por la prueba de Mann-Whitney. Los sujetos fueron agrupados en dos grupos: Grupo 1 (G1) (edema grado 1) y Grupo 2 (G2) (edemas grados 2 y 3). Resultados: El G2 presentó peores resultados que el G1 en cuanto al mayor número de síntomas vocales; mayor grado de desvío vocal en la evaluación perceptivo-auditiva; resultados más alterados en las medidas acústicas jitter, shimmer y proporción GNE; valores más bajos en todos los ámbitos del QVV, indicando peor calidad de vida. Conclusión: Las características laringológicas referentes a la progresión del Edema de Reinke están directamente relacionadas con el empeoramiento de los parámetros perceptivo-auditivos y acústicos de la voz y un mayor impacto negativo de la disfonía en la calidad de vida.

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El angioedema hereditario es una rara enfermedad genética autosómica dominante que constituye una Inmunodeficiencia primaria por déficit del sistema del complemento. Se caracteriza por edemas recurrentes de la piel, mucosas y tejidos submucosos, que puede afectar cualquier parte del cuerpo; vía respiratoria y aparato digestivo. La complicación más temida es el edema de las vías respiratorias altas, que puede provocar la muerte por asfixia. El dolor abdominal puede simular un abdomen agudo. Los ataques pueden ser desencadenados por traumatismos, estrés, fármacos o infecciones. El diagnóstico se basa en el reconocimiento de las características clínicas y las alteraciones de laboratorio: presencia de C4 disminuido en suero y la ausencia o gran reducción del nivel o la función de C1 inhibidor. La enfermedad es más dura en las mujeres debido a que varía mucho con las hormonas, la menstruación y el embarazo; y es importante que los profesionales médicos sepan qué hacer cuando una paciente con esta enfermedad desea usar contraceptivos o está embarazada. El embarazo es una situación especial donde es vital el conocimiento del ginecobstetra sobre la enfermedad, su manejo profiláctico y terapéutico, pues no responde al tratamiento habitual del edema alérgico. Existen drogas contraindicadas durante la gestación. Su tratamiento de elección es la infusión de factor inhibidor de C1 del complemento. El plasma fresco congelado es una opción a considerar en caso de profilaxis a corto plazo o ataque agudo(AU)

Hereditary angioedema is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease that constitutes a primary immunodeficiency due to deficiency of the complement system. It is characterized by recurrent edema of the skin, mucous membranes and submucosal tissues, which can affect any part of the body, respiratory tract and digestive system. The most feared complication is edema of the upper respiratory tract, which can cause death by asphyxia. Abdominal pain can simulate acute abdomen. Trauma, stress, drugs or infections can trigger seizures. The diagnosis is based on the recognition of the clinical characteristics and the laboratory alterations as the presence of decreased C4 in serum and the absence or great reduction of the level or inhibitor function of C1. This disease is more severe in women because it varies with hormones, menstruation and pregnancy; and it is important for medical professionals to know what to do when a patient with this disease wishes to use contraceptives or is pregnant. Pregnancy is a special moment when the obstetrician's knowledge of this disease, its prophylactic and therapeutic management are vital because this entity does not respond to the usual treatment of allergic edema, considering there are contraindicated drugs during pregnancy. Its treatment of choice is the infusion of complement C1 Inhibitor factor. Fresh frozen plasma is an option to consider in case of short-term prophylaxis or acute attack(AU)

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RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a percepção auditiva de juízes leigos quanto ao gênero de mulheres com edema de Reinke, relacionada com o grau do edema e a frequência fundamental da voz. Método Estudo observacional, analítico e transversal. Participaram 46 juízes leigos que analisaram 48 vozes disfônicas - 24 vozes de mulheres com Edema de Reinke (Grupo Edema de Reinke - GER) e 24 vozes de mulheres e homens com outros tipos de disfonias (Grupo Controle - GC). Os juízes analisaram a contagem de números de 1 a 10 e julgaram as vozes como pertencentes a homem ou mulher, além de descreverem também se tinham certeza ou dúvida quanto à resposta. Os resultados do GER foram associados ao Grau do Edema (1, 2 ou 3) e à frequência fundamental média (F0), analisada por meio da vogal /Ɛ/. Resultados Observou-se que a porcentagem de erros em relação ao gênero foi maior no GER quando comparada à do GC, o percentual de certezas quanto ao gênero foi maior no GC. No GER, edemas de grau 1 ocasionaram menos erros quando comparados aos graus 2 e 3. A média da F0 das mulheres cujas vozes foram julgadas como masculinas (141 Hz) foi menor do que as identificadas corretamente (149 Hz). Conclusão Por meio da avaliação de juízes leigos, as vozes das mulheres com edema de Reinke são identificadas como vozes masculinas. O aumento do grau do edema e a redução da F0 estão relacionados à maior quantidade de erros e/ou dúvidas em relação à identificação do gênero de mulheres com edema de Reinke .

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the auditory perception of lay judges of the voice gender identification of women with Reinke's edema and to associate it with its severity and fundamental frequency (F0). Methods This is an observational, analytical and cross-sectional study. A total of 46 lay judges analyzed 48 samples (counting numbers 1 to 10) of 24 women with Reinke's edema - the Reinke's Edema Group (REG) and 24 individuals, men and women, with other types of voice disorders - Control Group (CG). The judges had to classify the voices as being of a man or a woman. Additionally, they needed to indicate their certainty or not about their choice. Results were associated with the severity of the Reinke's edema (Type 1, 2 or 3) and the F0 (extracted from the vowel /Ɛ/). Results Misidentification of gender was higher in the REG and certainty about the choice was higher in the CG. Type 1 cases caused fewer misidentifications compared to type 2 and 3. The women's voices that were identified as male voices had a lower F0 (141Hz) when compared to voices that were correctly identified (149Hz). Conclusion Women with Reinke's edema are frequently identified as men. Lower F0 was related with more misidentification and less certainty when assessing the speaker's gender.

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El fracaso de la extubación es la incapacidad de tolerar el retiro del tubo endotraqueal con necesidad de reintubación. Puede ser causada por la obstrucción de la vía aérea superior y por la aspiración o la incapacidad de manejar las secreciones, factores que se evidencian al retirar el tubo. La reintubación por fracaso respiratorio post-extubación debe ser evitada en lo posible, ya que aumenta el riesgo de neumonía asociada al respirador, la estancia hospitalaria y en terapia intensiva, y la morbimortalidad. Describimos el manejo del fracaso de la extubación de causa laríngea en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de un hospital pediátrico.

Extubation failure is the inability to tolerate removal of the endotracheal tube with subsequent reintubation. It can be caused by obstruction of the upper airway and aspiration or inadequate clearance of airway secretion, factors that become evident when removing the tube. Reintubation due to postextubation respiratory failure should be avoided if possible because it increases the risk of ventilator associated pneumonia, hospital and intensive care unit stay, and morbidity and mortality. We describe the management of failed extubation due to laryngeal cause in the Intensive Care Unit of a pediatric hospital.

Falha de extubação é a incapacidade de tolerar a remoção do tubo endotraqueal na necessidade de reintubação. Ela pode ser causada por obstrução das vias aéreas superiores e aspiração ou incapacidade para lidar com secreções, factores que são evidentes para remover o tubo. Reintubação devido a insuficiência respiratória pós-extubação deve ser evitada, se possível, porque aumenta o risco de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica, permanência hospitalar e terapia, morbidade e mortalidade. Nós descrevemos a gestão de extubação falhou devido à causa da laringe na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital pediátrico.

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Edema de Reinke é doença crônica da laringe na qual a camada superficial da lâmina própria é expandida por muco espesso conferindo-lhe aspecto gelatinoso. Relaciona-se ao tabagismo e acomete, preferencialmente mulheres, as quais apresentam a voz mais grave. Suas características histológicas nem sempre conseguem diferenciá-lo das demais lesões benignas da laringe, havendo necessidade de técnicas histológicas adicionais. Objetivos: Estudar a imunoexpressão da fibronectina, do colágeno IV e da laminina no edema de Reinke por meio de técnicas imunoistoquímicas. Estudo prospectivo. Material e métodos: Blocos histológicos de 60 casos cirúrgicos de edema de Reinke foram resgatados, submetidos a novos cortes e às reações imunoistoquímicas para fibronectina, laminina e colágeno IV pelo método da Avidina Biotina Peroxidase. Todos os pacientes eram fumantes e adultos, sendo 50 mulheres e 10 homens. Resultados: As análises da imunoexpressão da fibronectina, do colágeno IV e da laminina foram mais expressivas no endotélio dos vasos (68,33 por cento, 76,66 por cento, 73,33 por cento, respectivamente), e menos relevantes na membrana basal (25,0 por cento, 5,0 por cento e 3,3 por cento, respectivamente). Conclusões: No edema de Reinke, a imunoexpressão da fibronectina, da laminina e do colágeno IV na membrana basal não apresentam relevância, havendo predomínio desses anticorpos no endotélio do vasos.

Reinke's edema is chronic laryngeal disease in which the superficial layer of the lamina propria is expanded by thick mucus, giving it a gelatin aspect. The disease is directly related to smoking and more frequent in women, who end up having a lower tone of voice. Its histological characteristics cannot always distinguish it from other benign lesions of the larynx for which additional histological techniques are necessary. AIM: to study the immunoexpression of fibronectin, collagen IV and laminin in Reinke's edema by immunohistochemical technique. Prospective study. Materials and methods: histological blocks of 60 cases of surgical Reinke's edema were saved, submitted to new cross-sections and to immunohistochemical reactions for fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV by the Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase method. Fragments of five normal vocal folds were used as control, removed during autopsy. All patients were chronic smokers and adults- 50 women and 10 men. Results: the immunoexpression of fibronectin, collagen IV and laminin was more important in the endothelium of blood vessels (68.33 percent, 76.66 percent, 73.33 percent, respectively) and less relevant in the basement membrane (25.0 percent, 5.0 percent and 3.3 percent, respectively). Conclusions: the immunoexpression of fibronectin, laminin and of collagen IV in the basal membrane of Reinke's edema was not relevant, with a predominance of these antibodies in the endothelium of blood vessels.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O desmame da ventilação mecânica é um desafio na prática da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e está relacionado a diversas complicações. Uma dessas complicações relaciona-se ao laringoespasmo pós-extubação, evento que muitas vezes pode ser previsto através do teste de escape do balonete (TEB). O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar que o TEB é um método simples, confiável e de baixo custo para avaliar o grau de obstrução de via aérea superior em pacientes no processo de desmame da ventilação mecânica. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura através das bases de dados MedLine, SciElo e LILACS com publicações entre 1995 e 2007. Os artigos incluídos abordaram o uso do teste do balonete como índice preditivo para laringoespasmo e falha na extubação traqueal. Não fizeram parte estudos com animais e revisões bibliográficas. Procurou-se relacionar o TEB com tempo de ventilação mecânica, idade e grupos específicos de pacientes que se beneficiaram com a técnica. CONCUSÕES: O TEB pode ser considerado bom índice preditivo para identificar a presença de laringoespasmo pós-extubação, quando levadas em consideração as características da população estudada.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Weaning patients from mechanical ventilation is a challenge in the intensive care unit (ICU) practice and is related to some complications. One of these is the pos-extubation laryngospasm, an event that can be anticipated for the cuff leak test (CLT). The objective was demonstrate that the CLT is a simple, reliable and low costs method to available the presence of obstruction in high airway in patients under weaning ventilator. CONTENTS: It was made a systematic review in databases MedLine, SciElo and LILACS with articles from 1995 to 2007. The selected studies focused the use of the CLT to predict laryngospasm and extubation failure. It was excluded studies with animals and others literature reviews. It was looked correlates the CLT with mechanical ventilation's days, age and specific groups that could beneficiates with the application of this technique. CONCLUSIONS: The CLT can be considerate a good index to predict laryngospasm pos-extubation, when considerate the studied population characteristics.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O teste de permeabilidade avalia obstrução de via aérea superior e é classicamente realizado em modo assistido-controlado de ventilação mecânica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar este teste em ventilação espontânea, através de três diferentes métodos e compará-los. MÉTODO: Vinte pacientes intubados foram submetidos a três diferentes formas do teste de permeabilidade, todos em ventilação espontânea: com o ventilômetro e o paciente conectado ao ventilador (teste 1); através do display do ventilador mecânico (teste 2); e com o ventilômetro e o paciente desconectado do ventilador (teste 3). O vazamento ao redor do tubo traqueal (TT) foi definido como a porcentagem decorrente da diferença entre o volume-corrente inspirado (balonete insuflado) e expirado (balonete desinsuflado). Foram avaliadas as diferenças entre os três testes, bem como correlacionado a porcentagem de vazamento entre os testes com três variáveis: pressão do balonete, diâmetro do TT e tempo de intubação. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa (p < 0,05) de vazamento entre os testes 1 e 2 em relação ao teste 3 no geral e relacionado à intubação, com período inferior a 48h e pressão de balonete abaixo de 20 cmH2O. Em relação ao diâmetro do tubo, houve diferença apenas entre os testes 2 e 3 para tubos de 8,5 mm. CONCLUSÕES: O teste de permeabilidade em ventilação espontânea parece ser mais fidedigno quando realizado com o paciente conectado ao ventilador mecânico, mas novos estudos devem ser realizados para a determinação da real contribuição do teste em ventilação espontânea para a predição de edema de laringe.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The cuff leak test aims to evaluate the presence of airway obstruction and normally is carried through in the controlled mode of mechanical ventilation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cuff leak in patients breathing spontaneously, across three different methods, and to compare them. METHODS: Twenty intubated patients had been submitted to three different forms of cuff leak test, all of them in spontaneous respiration: measuring air leak buy using a ventilometer and with the patient connected to the mechanical ventilator (test 1); through the display of the mechanical ventilator (test 2); and with ventilometer and the patient detached from the mechanical ventilator (test 3). The air leak around the tracheal tube (TT) was defined as the percentage difference between the inspired tidal volume (insufflated cuff) and exhaled (deflated cuff). The air leak differences between the three tests were evaluated, as well as their correlations to three variables: cuff pressure, TT diameter and intubation time. RESULTS: Statistically significant (p < 0.05) air leak difference was observed between the tests 1 and 2 in relation to the test 3 in the general and regarding time intubation below 48h and cuff pressure below 20 cmH2O. Regarding the tube diameter, it had been difference only between tests 2 and 3 for 8.5 mm tubes. CONCLUSIONS: The cuff leak test in spontaneous ventilation seems to be more accurate when the patient is connected to the mechanical ventilator, and that additional studies are needed to determine the real contribution of the test in this ventilation mode to predict laryngeal edema.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apresentação de um caso único não encontrado na literatura nacional. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar um caso de grave intoxicação por nitrogênio líquido (NO), com edema agudo de pulmão e encefalopatia isquêmica, em que se obteve bom desfecho, provavelmente, pela rapidez no atendimento e na administração adequada da terapêutica. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 26 anos, encontrado desacordado havia aproximadamente uma hora, em sala fechada onde havia uma máquina utilizada para manutenção do gelo de pista de patinação. Constatou-se aspiração de conteúdo gástrico e edema das vias respiratórias altas. A intubação na emergência foi difícil pelo intenso edema de laringe. O paciente desenvolveu edema agudo de pulmão e sinais de edema encefálico por encefalopatia anóxica. Evoluiu com melhora pulmonar lenta com ventilação protetora para síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda (volume corrente de 5 mL/kg, PEEP de 15 cmH2O) e corticoterapia com hidrocortisona (200 mg) a cada seis horas para tratamento de broncoespasmo. CONCLUSÕES: Trata-se do primeiro caso publicado em nosso meio de intoxicação por nitrogênio. Na literatura internacional encontram-se várias citações de situações semelhantes ao deste caso pelo fato de existir varias pistas de gelo para prática de esportes como por exemplo o hockey. Há relatos de exacerbações de quadros de broncoespasmo nas pessoas que assistem ao jogo, apresentando-se de forma tardia, por vezes até sete a dez horas após a exposição aos vapores que exalam destas pistas que são ricas em nitrogênio.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To present the first case reported in the Brazilian literature of liquid nitrogen intoxication. The objective of this report was to present a case of severe intoxication by liquid nitrogen, with acute lung edema and ischemic encephalopathy, which a good outcome, due to a fast diligence and a proper therapy administration. CASE REPORT: Male patient, 26 years, unconscious for one hour, in a close room with a machine to keep frozen the ice-roller ring. There was evidence of gastric aspiration and laryngeal edema. The intubation was difficult. The patient developed acute lung edema and brain edema due to hypoxia. There was a slow lung resolution with a protective ventilatory strategy for ARDS (VT 5 mL/kg, PEEP de 15 cmH2O) and corticotherapy with hydrocortisone (200 mg) every 6 h to treat bronchospasm. CONCLUSIONS: This the first case published in Brazil of nitrogen intoxication. In the international literature there are several reports of similar cases occurred in gymnasiums for hockey game. There are reports of bronchospasm exacerbations in people after the matches, even up to 10h after exposal to the gases riches in nitrogen.

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