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Intuitive eating is defined as being connected to internal hunger, satiety, and appetitive cues and flexibly using these cues to determine when, what, and how much to eat. The Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) is a widely used measure of facets of intuitive eating. However, the scale has shown unstable factor structure in several validation studies and there is a lack of studies investigating the measurement invariance of the IES-2 beyond sex. We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the IES-2, testing several factor structures among Brazilian and U.S. samples of men and women; to test measurement invariance across country of origin, ethnicity, sex, and sexual orientation; and to evaluate its internal consistency. Three models of the latent structure of the IES-2 were tested using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in a total of 1072 young adults (452 Brazilians and 620 Americans), aged 18-35 years. Results demonstrated that only a 3-factor solution with 11 items of the IES-2 showed adequate fit to the data for both countries. This model demonstrated scalar invariance across sex and sexual orientation, but only configural invariance was found across country of origin and ethnicity. Good internal consistencies were found for both the Brazilian and American samples. The present study provides support for a 3-factor solution with 11 items of the IES-2, to Brazilian and American samples. The study also offers evidence of internal consistency, and invariance between sex (i.e., male and female) and sexual orientation (i.e., heterosexual participants and sexual minority participants).

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Introduction: University students have been particularly affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, and several sociodemographic and behavioral factors may be associated with the risk of overweight in this population. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the pandemic on the eating behavior and nutritional status of university students, and the factors associated with these changes, especially the role of intuitive eating in this process. Methods: This is a repeated measures observational study with data collected in the first and third year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, from students over the age of 18 in the undergraduate programs of a federal university in southeastern Brazil. The survey was conducted using an online form. Eating behavior was assessed using the "Intuitive Eating Scale-2". Results: 251 university students took part, most of them female with a median age of 22. There was an increase in body mass index (BMI) and intuitive eating score between the two periods. In the first year of the pandemic, being female and using tobacco reduced the chances of students being overweight. Living in a marital relationship, worrying about weight gain and body dissatisfaction increased the chances of this outcome. In the third year of the pandemic, it was observed that practicing restrictive diets, having inadequate body perception, worrying about weight gain and living in a marital relationship increased the chances of students being overweight. Being female and eating more intuitively, in line with bodily needs, reduced these odds, demonstrating a protective role in this scenario. Conclusion: There was an increase in BMI and intuitive eating score during the pandemic. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and behavioral variables had both a positive and negative influence on nutritional status. Intuitive eating was shown to be a protective factor during this period, reducing the chances of being overweight in this population. Thus, more intuitive eating may favor greater weight stability, and may, therefore, have helped to reduce the impact of the pandemic on weight gain. In this way, people who ate more intuitively partially resisted the context that favored weight gain (stress, changes in diet and physical inactivity).

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between intuitive eating and health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes in a cross-sectional study. METHODS: Consecutively, outpatients attending at university hospital underwent clinical, laboratory, lifestyle, and eating behavior evaluations. Intuitive eating was assessed using the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2), and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-21 was adopted as a confirmatory tool for disordered eating behavior. Optimized health outcomes were considered according to the American Diabetes Association criteria for BMI, HbA1c, lipid profile, and blood pressure values, and the International Diabetes Federation criteria for waist circumference. Considering the answers of the IES-2 items, patients were grouped by latent class analysis, and their characteristics were compared by appropriate tests. RESULTS: In total, 267 patients were evaluated: 62.2% women, with 60 (53-65) years, BMI 31.9 ± 5.4 kg/m², diabetes duration of 16 ± 9 years, HbA1c 8.5 ± 1.5%, and an IES-2 total score of 58 (50-67)%. Three intuitive eating groups were identified: higher intuitive eating, nonemotional-oriented coping, and lower intuitive eating. Patients with higher intuitive eating have higher chances of having optimized BMI and serum triglycerides values compared to patients with lower intuitive eating. Also, the 10-point increase on IES-2 was associated with a 0.62 kg/m² reduction on BMI values (95%CI -1.18;-0.06), 1.90 cm on waist circumference (95%CI -3.26;-0.54), and 23 mg/dL in serum triglycerides values (95%CI -38.27;-7.40) after adjustment for age, sex, psychotropic drug use, medication effect score, smoking, and BMI. CONCLUSION: Intuitive eating seems to be associated with optimized health outcomes and may contribute to better personalized interventions in nutritional treatment that promote adaptive behaviors in diabetes management, but should be tested.

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ABSTRACT Objective The study aimed to determine the relationship between mindful eating, intuitive eating, eating attitudes, and orthorexia nervosa in university students. Methods In the current cross-sectional study, 320 students (59.4% female) were enrolled. An online questionnaire including demographic characteristics, Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11, Eating Attitudes Test-40, Intuitive Eating Scale-2nd edition, and Mindful Eating Questionnaire was performed. Additionally, some anthropometric measurements (body weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences) were taken with the participants' declaration. Data were analyzed using IBM®SPSSNo-Break®No-Break 24.0. Results In participants with orthorexia nervosa , the scores of "eating discipline" and "interference" scores, which are Mindful Eating Questionnaire sub-factors, were higher than those who do not have orthorexia nervosa (p<0.05). There was a negative correlation between Mindful Eating Questionnaire and Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 scores (r = -0.137; p:0.014). Additionally, the one-point increase in the Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 scores of participants led to a 0.101 increase in Eating Attitudes Test-40 scores (B: 0.101, SE: 0.024, p<0.001), and a 1.667 decrease in Mindful Eating Questionnaire scores (B: -1.667, SE: 0.667, p:0.014). The body mass index, Eating Attitudes Test-40, and Mindful Eating Questionnaire scores affected Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 scores by 6.3% (R2: 0.063). Conclusions Our study demonstrated a negative correlation between the Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 and Mindful Eating Questionnaire total scores, whereas no correlation was found between Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 and Intuitive Eating Scale-2nd edition scores. However, further research is needed to classify orthorexia nervosa as a separate eating disorder and to establish criteria for diagnosis and treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a relação entre o mindful eating, o comer intuitivo, as atitudes alimentares e a ortorexia nervosa em estudantes universitários. Métodos No presente estudo transversal, foram inscritos 320 estudantes (59,4% do sexo feminino). Foi realizado um questionário online que incluía características demográficas, Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11, Eating Attitudes Test-40, Intuitive Eating Scale-2nd edition e Mindful Eating Questionnaire. Adicionalmente, foram tomadas algumas medidas antropométricas (peso corporal, altura, circunferências da cintura e da anca) com a declaração dos participantes. Os dados foram analisados através do IBM®SPSS® 24.0. Resultados Nos participantes com ortorexia nervosa, as pontuações de "disciplina alimentar" e "interferência", que são subfactores do Mindful Eating Questionnaire, foram mais elevadas do que naqueles que não possuíam ortorexia nervosa (p<0,05). Houve uma correlação negativa entre os escores do Mindful Eating Questionnaire e do Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 (r = -0,137; p:0,014). Além disso, o aumento de um ponto nas pontuações do Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 dos participantes levou a um aumento de 0,101 nas pontuações do Eating Attitudes Test-40 (B: 0,101, SE: 0,024, p<0,001) e a uma diminuição de 1,667 nas pontuações do Mindful Eating Questionnaire (B: -1,667, SE: 0,667, p:0,014). As pontuações do índice de massa corporal, do Eating Attitudes Test-40 e do Mindful Eating Questionnaire afetaram as pontuações do Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 em 6,3% (R2: 0,063). Conclusão O estudo demonstrou uma correlação negativa entre as pontuações totais do Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 e do Mindful Eating Questionnaire, enquanto que não foi encontrada qualquer correlação entre as pontuações do Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire-11 e do Intuitive Eating Scale-2nd. No entanto, é necessário maior investigação para classificar a ortorexia nervosa como uma perturbação alimentar distinta e para estabelecer critérios de diagnóstico e tratamento.

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A weight-inclusive approach to health involves the promotion of intuitive eating, i.e., the individual's ability to be aware of their physiological hunger and satiety cues to determine when and how much to eat, while paying attention to how certain foods affect their body. The second version of the Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2) evaluates four interrelated traits of intuitive eating: Unconditional Permission to Eat (UPE), Eating for Physical rather than emotional Reasons (EPR), Reliance on internal Hunger/Satiety Cues (RHSC), and Body-Food Choice Congruence (BFCC). In this study, our aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Mexican Spanish adaptation of the IES-2 for pregnant women and examine the relationship between intuitive eating traits and maternal sociodemographic characteristics. A sample of 514 pregnant women answered our IES-2 adaptation and a sociodemographic questionnaire. We determined the quality, validity, and reliability of our adaptation through descriptive measures, frequency distributions, intra-class correlations, and extreme answer group comparison for each item, eliminating those with weak technical properties. We then performed an exploratory principal component analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis. Last, we analyzed the association between intuitive eating and maternal sociodemographic and reproductive variables through correlation tests and multivariable linear regressions. Psychometric tests confirmed the validity and reliability of our IES-2 adaptation, which comprised 18 out of the 23 original items. Notably, both the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded not four but five factors, due to the EPR subscale splitting in two (the "emotional" and "physical" components of EPR). We attribute this novel finding to the emotional manifestations that naturally accompany pregnancy, which may incline pregnant women to base their eating behaviors more on the emotional than the physical component that would otherwise dominate their EPR trait. Further research is also needed about the UPE subscale during pregnancy, due to item removal and subtle changes in meaning. Finally, the influence of sociodemographic variables on the IES-2 score was extremely low, suggesting that other variables, possibly of a psychological nature, may have greater influence on a pregnant woman's intuitive eating.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a nutritional behavioral intervention on intuitive eating (IE) scores of overweight non-dialysis-dependent women with chronic kidney disease and to investigate the relationship of IE scores with demographic, nutritional, and quality of life parameters in this group. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a prospective noncontrolled clinical trial of a behavioral multisession group intervention for dietary management. Each group comprised five to eight participants in 14 weekly or biweekly sessions lasting about 90 minutes each. The IE principles were discussed during the meetings. The IE scale 2, translated and adapted to the study population, with a four-factor model was applied to assess IE attitudes. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey questionnaire was applied to assess health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Of the 33 patients who began participation in the study, 23 patients (median [interquartile range]: age = 62.0 years [58.0-68.0]; 52.2% with diabetes; body mass index = 32.6 kg/m2 [30.2-39.3]; estimated glomerular filtration rate = 28.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 [22.0-31.0]) completed the intervention. Except for the IE subscale Body-Food Choice Congruence, the IE total score and all its subscales (Unconditional Permission to Eat, Eating for Physical Rather than Emotional Reasons, Reliance on Hunger and Satiety Cues, and Body-Food Choice Congruence) improved after the intervention. In a cross-sectional analysis, more intuitive eaters were older and had better scores for health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional behavioral intervention embracing IE principles was effective to improve IE attitudes for this group of chronic kidney disease patients. These results are promising and may contribute to a paradigm change in the strategies to enhance motivation and adherence to dietary recommendations in this population.

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ABSTRACT Objective Intuitive eating is an adaptive eating style that makes a strong connection with internal physiological manifestations of hunger and satiety. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of intuitive eating on body appreciation, body mass index, and nutritional behaviors in adults. Methods Sample consisted of 497 individuals. Data were collected online. The questionnaire form included a general information and physical activity evaluation form, anthropometric measurements, Intuitive Eating Scale-2, Body Appreciation Scale-2, and food frequency questionnaire. Results A statistically significant relationship was found between body mass index and eating for physical rather than emotional reasons, reliance on internal hunger and satiety cues, body-food choice congruence subscale scores, and total scale score. There was a correlation between body appreciation and unconditional permission to eat, reliance on internal hunger and satiety cues, body-food choice congruence subscale scores, and total scale score. The number of physically active intuitive eaters was significantly higher than non-intuitive eaters. A significant correlation was found between intuitive eating scores and frequency of consumption of fish, cake, biscuit, chocolate, granulated sugar, honey, jam, molasses, pastries and dairy-based desserts, sunflower oil, margarine, and sugary, carbonated drinks. Conclusion Intuitive eating can be an effective tool in sustaining and controlling weight loss, and with more studies, it may be possible to further spread this practice

RESUMO Objetivo A alimentação intuitiva é um estilo alimentar adaptativo que faz uma forte conexão com as manifestações fisiológicas internas de fome e saciedade. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da alimentação intuitiva na apreciação corporal, índice de massa corporal e comportamentos nutricionais em adultos. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 497 indivíduos. Os dados foram coletados online. O formulário do questionário incluiu um formulário de informações gerais e avaliação de atividade física, medidas antropométricas, Intuitive Eating Scale-2, Body Appreciation Scale-2 e questionário de frequência alimentar. Resultados Uma relação estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre o índice de massa corporal e a alimentação com base em razões fisiológicas em vez de razões emocionais, dependência de sinais de saciedade, pontuação da subescala de adequação da escolha do alimento corporal e pontuação total da escala. Houve uma correlação entre a apreciação do corpo e o consentimento incondicional para comer, confiança nos sinais de saciedade, pontuação da subescala de adequação da escolha do alimento corporal e pontuação total da escala. A quantidade de comedores intuitivos fisicamente ativos foi significativamente maior do que a dos comedores não intuitivos. Foi encontrada correlação significativa entre o escore de alimentação intuitiva e a frequência de consumo de peixe, bolo, biscoito, chocolate, açúcar granulado, mel, geleia, melado, doces e sobremesas lácteas, óleo de girassol, margarina e refrigerantes açucarados. Conclusão A alimentação intuitiva pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz na sustentação e controle da perda de peso e, com mais estudos, pode ser possível disseminar mais essa prática.

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RESUMEN El comportamiento alimentario está intrínsecamente asociado al estado afectivo y las emociones dominantes. Esta investigación se propuso analizar la asociación entre afectividad, sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, regulación emocional, estilos de alimentación desadaptativos: alimentación restrictiva, emocional y externa, y alimentación intuitiva. Se realizó un estudio transversal, de tipo correlacional, en el que participaron 648 adultos de ambos sexos, residentes en Chile. Se recogieron datos de las siguientes variables e instrumentos: afecto dominante con el Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS); síntomas de depresión y ansiedad con dos preguntas de respuesta cerrada, dificultades de regulación emocional, con Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS); estilos de alimentación con el Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) y alimentación intuitiva con la Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2). Se realizaron análisis de correlación y regresión lineal multivariada. Ser mujer y presencia de afecto negativo predijeron los estilos de alimentación desadaptativo emocional y restrictivo. El afecto positivo se asoció a un estilo de alimentación externo. Los tres estilos de alimentación desadaptativos evaluados se asociaron a dificultades de regulación emocional. Por el contrario, la alimentación intuitiva se asoció a ser hombre, afectividad positiva y ausencia de dificultades de regulación emocional. Se confirma la asociación entre la experiencia emocional y los estilos de alimentación y se enfatiza el rol de la regulación emocional como recurso psicológico relevante para prevenir el potencial efecto disfuncional de las emociones en el comportamiento alimentario.

ABSTRACT Eating behavior is intrinsically associated with the affective state and dominant emotions. This research set out to analyze the association between affectivity, anxious and depressive symptoms, emotional regulation, maladaptive eating styles, and intuitive eating. A cross-sectional, correlational study was carried out. Participants were 648 adults of both sexes, residents of Chile. Data were collected on the following variables and instruments: dominant affect with the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS); emotional regulation difficulties, with Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS); eating styles with the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and intuitive eating with the Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2). Correlation analysis and multivariate linear regression were performed. Being a woman and the presence of negative affect predicted emotional and restrictive eating styles. Positive affect was associated with an external eating style. The three maladaptive eating styles evaluated were associated with emotional regulation difficulties. On the contrary, intuitive eating was associated with being a man, positive affectivity, and the absence of emotional regulation difficulties. The association between emotional experience and eating styles was confirmed emphasizing the role of emotional regulation as a relevant psychological resource to prevent the potential dysfunctional effect of emotions on eating behavior.

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Our objective was to explore the socio-demographic, clinical, and nutritional factors of body appreciation in type 2 diabetics. This is a cross-sectional observational study with 179 adults and older adults (60 ± 10 years old). Most of the sample was female (n = 133; 74.3%). Through logistic regression analysis, it was observed that being perceived as overweight was associated with a 91.6% lower chance of being satisfied with one's body. Trusting hunger and satiety cues doubled the chances of body satisfaction. Thus, eating more intuitively, attending to the signs of hunger and satiety, is associated with greater body satisfaction in type 2 diabetics.

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PURPOSE: Investigate the efficacy of a dissonance-based (DB) intervention (i.e., the Body Project), during which some examples of intuitive eating were provided by peer leaders, in improving intuitive eating and targeting risk and protective factors for eating disorders (ED) among Brazilian women with body dissatisfaction. METHODS: Participants were randomized to a four-session DB intervention (n = 38) or assessment-only control (AOC) (n = 36), and completed validated measures assessing intuitive eating, body appreciation, self-esteem, body-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and disordered eating pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 4- and 24-week follow-ups. RESULTS: The DB condition demonstrated significantly greater increases in intuitive eating, body appreciation and self-esteem scores compared to AOC from pre-intervention to post-intervention (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.73-0.98), 4-week (between-condition Cohen's d = 1.25-1.87) and 24-week follow-up (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.82-1.38). Also, the DB condition showed significantly greater decreases in body-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating scores from pre-intervention to post-intervention (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.76-1.04), 4-week (between-condition Cohen's d = 1.27-1.71) and 24-week follow-up (between-condition Cohen's d = 1.04-1.19). Regarding negative affect, DB condition showed significantly greater reduction only at 24-week follow-up (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.60). CONCLUSION: Results reinforce the efficacy of DB interventions in reducing ED risk factors for young women and support the preliminary efficacy of these programs in improving intuitive eating, body appreciation, and self-esteem. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I, randomized controlled trial. ReBEC (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials; available at http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/ ) number of registration: RBR-2f57cs. Date of registration: June 1, 2020.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre alimentação intuitiva e padrão alimentar, segundo a classificação NOVA, em uma população com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal em pacientes atendidos em um hospital universitário de Vitória-ES, Brasil. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado um questionário semiestruturado, e o consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo nível de processamento de acordo com a classificação NOVA. O comer intuitivo foi analisado pela Intuitive Eating Scale-2. Foram avaliados 179 indivíduos, em sua maioria mulheres e idosos. A chance de os indivíduos consumirem alimentos não processados ou minimamente processados dobrou nos participantes que tinham feito dieta (OR = 2,149; IC95% = 1,142-4,045; p = 0,018). Em contraste, comer com permissão incondicional reduziu as chances de os participantes consumirem esse grupo de alimentos em 52,7% (OR = 0,473; IC95% = 0,235-0,952; p = 0,036). Além disso, as chances de os participantes consumirem alimentos ultraprocessados foram 2,34 vezes maiores naqueles que tinham DM2 há mais de 10 anos (OR = 2,344; IC95% = 1,114-4,933; p = 0,025). Ao avaliar o comer intuitivo, observou-se que comer em congruência com as necessidades corporais reduziu em 45% as chances de o indivíduo consumir alimentos ultraprocessados (OR = 0,547; IC95% = 0,309-0,968; p = 0,038). Portanto, as subescalas do comer intuitivo foram diferentemente associadas ao consumo alimentar de acordo com o nível de processamento de alimentos em indivíduos com DM2.

This work aimed to evaluate the association between intuitive eating and dietary pattern, according to the NOVA classification, in a population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This was an observational cross-sectional study in patients at a university hospital in Vitória-ES, Brazil. For data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, and food intake was assessed by the level of processing according to the NOVA classification. Intuitive eating was assessed by the Intuitive Eating Scale-2, and 179 individuals, mostly female and elderly, were evaluated. The chance of individuals consuming unprocessed or minimally processed foods was doubled in those participants who had dieted (OR=2.149; CI95%=1.142-4.045; p=0.018). In contrast, eating with unconditional permission reduced the chances of participants consuming this group of foods by 52.7% (OR=0.473; CI95%=0.235-0.952; p=0.036). Moreover, the chances of participants consuming ultra-processed foods was increased by 2.34 times in those having T2DM for more than 10 years (OR=2.344; CI95%=1.114-4.933; p=0.025). When assessing intuitive eating, it was observed that eating in congruence with bodily needs reduced the chances of the individual consuming ultra-processed foods by 45% (OR=0.547; CI95%=0.309-0.968; p=0.038). Therefore, the subscales of intuitive eating were associated differently with food intake according to the level of food processing in individuals with T2DM

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OBJETIVO: realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura acerca do papel das intervenções baseadas em mindfulness, mindful eating e comer intuitivo na abordagem do sobrepeso e obesidade e dos transtornos alimentares. MÉTODO: para esta revisão foram consultadas as bases PubMed, PePSIC, PsycINFO, LILACS, IBECS, SciELO e BVS-Psi, e incluídos artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos. Após o processo de análise dos estudos recuperados, 38 artigos compuseram o corpus final da revisão. RESULTADOS: os estudos demonstraram os benefícios das abordagens centradas no mindfulness, mindful eating e comer intuitivo no comportamento alimentar e nos aspectos emocionais e psicológicos dos indivíduos com excesso de peso e transtorno alimentar, reduzindo o comer emocional, comer guiado por fatores externos, e episódios de binge eating; bem como reduzindo os níveis de estresse, ansiedade e depressão. Para a perda de peso, os resultados são menos consistentes, haja visto que diversos estudos não observaram diferença para este parâmetro. CONCLUSÕES: as intervenções centradas no mindfulness, mindful eating e comer intuitivo são promissoras para a abordagem do sobrepeso/obesidade e dos transtornos alimentares, especialmente no que tange ao comportamento alimentar e aos aspectos psicoemocionais.

OBJECTIVE: to examine and summarize studies of mindfulness, mindful eating and intuitive eating in the approach of overweight / obesity and eating disorders. METHOD: for this integrative review, PubMed, PePSIC, PsycINFO, LILACS, IBECS, SciELO and BVS-Psi databases were consulted, and published articles published in the last 10 years. After analyzing the recovered studies, 38 articles made up the final review corpus. RESULTS: the studies demonstrated the benefits of approaches centered on mindfulness, mindful eating and intuitive eating on eating behavior and on the emotional and psychological aspects of overweight and eating disorders individuals, harmful or emotional, followed by external factors and compulsive eating; as well as levels of stress, anxiety and depression. For weight loss, the results are less consistent, since several studies have found no difference for this parameter. CONCLUSIONS: as selected focused on mindfulness, mindful eating and intuitive eating are promising for addressing obesity and obesity and eating disorders, especially with regard to eating behavior and psycho-emotional aspects.

OBJETIVO: desarrollar una revisión integrativa de la literatura sobre el papel de las intervenciones basadas en el mindfulness, mindful eating y alimentación intuitiva en el abordaje del sobrepeso / obesidad y de los trastornos alimentarios. MÉTODO: para esta revisión, se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, PePSIC, PsycINFO, LILACS, IBECS, SciELO y BVS-Psi, y se incluyeron artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años. Después de analizar los estudios recuperados, 38 artículos constituyeron el corpus final de la revisión. RESULTADOS: los estudios han demostrado los beneficios las intervenciones basadas en el mindfulness, ME y alimentación intuitiva para el comportamiento alimentario y los aspectos emocionales y psicológicos de las personas con sobrepeso/obesidad y trastornos alimentarios, reduciendo la alimentación emocional, el comer basado en factores externos y en los episodios de binge eating; además de reducir los niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión. Para la pérdida de peso, los resultados son menos consistentes, dado que varios estudios no han encontrado diferencias para este parámetro con las intervenciones. CONCLUSIONES: las intervenciones basadas en el mindfulness, mindful eating y alimentación intuitiva son prometedoras para el abordaje del sobrepeso/obesidad y de los trastornos alimentarios, especialmente con respecto al comportamiento alimentario y los aspectos psicoemocionales.

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The Caregiver Eating Messages Scale (CEMS) was developed to assess perceived restrictive or critical caregiver messages in relation to food intake and pressure to eat, whereas the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) measures one's tendency to follow internal cues of hunger and satiety when making eating-related decisions. Both scales are useful in the arsenal of eating behaviour scholars. Here, we developed Brazilian Portuguese translations of both scales and assessed their psychometric properties in Brazilian adults. A total of 288 participants (men = 52.8%) completed the CEMS, IES-2, Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), and a demographic questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure of both scales had adequate fit following the elimination of items and addition of covariances. Evidence of adequate factorial, convergent and discriminant validity, as well as reliability was identified. Furthermore, correlations of CEMS and IES-2 with BAS scores and body mass index were obtained. Both instruments' models were found to be invariant across sex, with men having significantly higher scores on three subscales of the IES-2 only. These results provide evidence for the psychometric properties of the CEMS and IES-2 in Brazilian Portuguese-speaking adults.Level of Evidence: V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

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Resumo A aplicação de teorias do comportamento em diversas áreas tem despertado o interesse em investigar como essas teorias são incorporadas pelo campo da Alimentação e Nutrição, problematizando sua interdisciplinaridade. Este artigo busca contextualizar a Nutrição como ciência e seu desenvolvimento num contexto social em que o neoliberalismo opera como sistema de gestão da vida política, econômica e social. Visam-se reunir elementos teóricos relativos à noção de comportamento extraídos do campo da psicologia a fim de contribuir para o aprofundamento das reflexões acerca da emergência de técnicas baseadas em teorias do comportamento, tais como a Nutrição Comportamental, o Mindful Eating e o Comer Intuitivo, além de apresentar ponderações sobre os limites relacionados à aplicação dessas abordagens na formação e na prática dos profissionais de saúde.

Abstract The application of behavioral theories in several areas has aroused the interest in investigating how these theories are incorporated by the field of Food and Nutrition, problematizing its interdisciplinarity. This paper aims to contextualize Nutrition as a science and its development in a social context in which neoliberalism operates as a system for managing political, economic, and social life. The aim is to gather theoretical elements related to the notion of behavior extracted from the field of Psychology in order to contribute to the deepening of reflections on the emergence of techniques based on theories of behavior, such as Behavioral Nutrition, Mindful Eating and Intuitive Eating, in addition to presenting considerations on the limits related to the application of these approaches in the training and practice of health professionals.

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BACKGROUND: Dialectical behavior therapy conceptualizes problematic behaviors as attempts to regulate emotions that occur when the individual lacks effective skills with which to manage his or her emotions and cope with distress. Problematic eating behaviors, e.g., binge and emotional eating, may serve to alleviate aversive emotional states, being highly associated with overweight and obesity. Dialectical behavior therapy skills training has been proven effective in reducing binge eating in several clinical studies. However, few studies reveal the effects of DBT on adaptive eating behaviors or the stability of outcomes. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to test the effect of a brief DBT-based skills training intervention, and the stability of outcomes at 3- and 8-month follow-ups. METHODS: Self-report measures of binge eating, emotional eating, intuitive eating, and mindful eating were taken on 5 timepoints before and after a 10-session DBT skills training intervention (2 baseline measures, 1 post-test, and 2 follow-ups). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model intention-to-treat approach and mediation analysis was conducted with path analysis. RESULTS: After the intervention, intuitive eating and mindful eating scores were significantly higher than before the intervention, while emotional eating and binge eating scores were lower. The results remained stable during the follow-up period, with minor fluctuations and small trends towards returning to baseline values for binge eating and emotional eating. Mindful eating partially mediated the improvements in all outcomes. LIMITATIONS: Given that results are entirely based on self-report measures and that some instruments showed poor reliability, in addition to the high attrition rates, the results should be interpreted as preliminary. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence that a brief DBT intervention is effective not only in reducing problematic eating but also in increasing adaptive eating, achieving reasonably stable results. Also, the mediation analysis results support the hypothesis that mindful eating partially explains the effects of the intervention on binge and emotional eating. Future research should address the limitations of this study by investigating a more diverse sample, triangulating different measurement strategies, and including other putative mediators.

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Abstract Background: Dialectical behavior therapy conceptualizes problematic behaviors as attempts to regulate emotions that occur when the individual lacks effective skills with which to manage his or her emotions and cope with distress. Problematic eating behaviors, e.g., binge and emotional eating, may serve to alleviate aversive emotional states, being highly associated with overweight and obesity. Dialectical behavior therapy skills training has been proven effective in reducing binge eating in several clinical studies. However, few studies reveal the effects of DBT on adaptive eating behaviors or the stability of outcomes. Objectives: This study aimed to test the effect of a brief DBT-based skills training intervention, and the stability of outcomes at 3- and 8-month follow-ups. Methods: Self-report measures of binge eating, emotional eating, intuitive eating, and mindful eating were taken on 5 timepoints before and after a 10-session DBT skills training intervention (2 baseline measures, 1 post-test, and 2 follow-ups). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model intention-to-treat approach and mediation analysis was conducted with path analysis. Results: After the intervention, intuitive eating and mindful eating scores were significantly higher than before the intervention, while emotional eating and binge eating scores were lower. The results remained stable during the follow-up period, with minor fluctuations and small trends towards returning to baseline values for binge eating and emotional eating. Mindful eating partially mediated the improvements in all outcomes. Limitations: Given that results are entirely based on self-report measures and that some instruments showed poor reliability, in addition to the high attrition rates, the results should be interpreted as preliminary. Conclusions: The results provide evidence that a brief DBT intervention is effective not only in reducing problematic eating but also in increasing adaptive eating, achieving reasonably stable results. Also, the mediation analysis results support the hypothesis that mindful eating partially explains the effects of the intervention on binge and emotional eating. Future research should address the limitations of this study by investigating a more diverse sample, triangulating different measurement strategies, and including other putative mediators.

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ABSTRACT Objective To determine intuitive eating in young adults and the effects of factors such as gender, Body Mass Index and dietary intake, and dietary adequacy on intuitive eating. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted with students at Gazi University in Ankara (N=665; 17.6% men; 82.4% women). The questionnaire, including the general characteristics, anthropometric measurements, Intuitive Eating Scale-2, and 24-H Dietary Recall sections, were applied to all participants. For the evaluation of the diet, Nutrient Adequacy Ratio and Mean Adequacy Ratio were used. Results The mean Intuitive Eating Scale-2 score was 3.2±0.33; men's and women's scores were 3.3±0.37 and 3.2±0.32, respectively (p<0.05). According to linear regression analysis, gender, age and mean adequacy ratio had an effect on the model for the score (p<0.05). In addition, there was a negative correlation between Intuitive Eating Scale-2 scores and Body Mass Index values in women (rp=-0.095, p=0.026). Conclusion The intuitive eating scores varied according to gender, dietary adequacy and age. Intuitive eating may be effective in the formation of long-term behavioral changes, which is beneficial for the treatment of obesity. The result of this study may encourage the development of this behavior in groups (may vary according to gender), that is thought to be effective by considering the changes of intuitive eating behavior.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a alimentação intuitiva em adultos jovens e os efeitos de fatores como sexo, índice de massa corporal, ingestão alimentar e adequação da dieta na alimentação intuitiva. Métodos Este estudo transversal foi realizado em estudantes da Universidade de Gazi, em Ancara (N=665; 17,6% homens; 82,4% mulheres). O questionário, incluindo as características gerais, medidas antropométricas, Escala de Alimentação Intuitiva 2 e recordatório alimentar de 24 horas foi aplicado aos participantes. Para a avaliação da dieta, foram utilizados o Índice de Adequação de Nutrientes e a Razão de Adequação Média. Resultados A Escala Média de Escala de Comportamento Intuitivo-2 foi de 3,2±0,33, dos homens e das mulheres, foi de 3,3±0,37 e 3,2±0,32, respectivamente (p<0,05). De acordo com a análise de regressão linear, sexo, idade a Razão de Adequação Média tiveram efeito no modelo formado pelo escore (p<0,05). Além disso, houve uma correlação negativa entre os escores da Escala de Alimentação Intuitiva-2 e os valores do índice de massa corporal nas mulheres (rp=-0,095, p=0,026). Conclusão Os escores alimentares intuitivos variaram de acordo com o gênero, com adequação da dieta e com a idade. A alimentação intuitiva pode ser eficaz na formação de mudanças a longo prazo no comportamento, o que é benéfico para o tratamento da obesidade. O resultado deste estudo pode encorajar o desenvolvimento deste comportamento em grupos (talvez variar de acordo com o gênero) que é considerado efetivo considerando-se as mudanças do comportamento alimentar intuitivo.

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