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We estimate associations between foundational cognitive skills (inhibitory control, working memory, long-term memory, and implicit learning) measured at age 12 and educational outcomes measured at ages 15 and 19-20 in Ethiopia and Peru, using the Young Lives data. The estimates adjust for rich sets of controls and include measurements of children's baseline abilities. For a subset of the outcomes, we exploit within-household variation. Working memory and long-term memory are consistently and positively associated with subsequent domain-specific cognitive achievement tests (measuring specifically numeracy, vocabulary and literacy achievement) in both countries, university enrolment in Peru (long-term memory) and lower secondary-school completion in Ethiopia (working memory). Inhibitory control predicts subsequent math-test scores in both countries, grade attainment (Ethiopia), and university enrolment (Peru). Value-added estimates show that these skills play roles during adolescence, with the memory-related skills predicting higher domain-specific test scores (Peru and Ethiopia) and grade attainment (Ethiopia), while inhibitory control has associations with math (both countries). These results provide additional evidence to justify the importance of promoting investments in cognitive skills throughout childhood and adolescence, and elucidate how such investments impact educational achievements.

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Low- middle-income countries (LMICs) are facing challenges for reaching outstanding performance on indicators related to wellbeing during the first 1000 days of life, therefore it is expected to observe difficulties for improving their Human Capital Index (HCI). These come from the impact of inadequate antenatal care, maternal short stature, inadequate breastfeeding, prematurity, low birthweight, small for gestational age newborns, and pregnancy in adolescent years on human capital from the first thousand days of life to long term on life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to implement a non-systematic review of the existing literature between February 2000 and October 2022 using MeSH terms related to each factor. Results: in LMICs antenatal care does not meet the required goals. High rate of adolescent pregnancies, and lower maternal stature are being reported; 6.5 million newborns in LMICs are small for gestational age, 50% LBW newborns are preterm. Exclusive breastfeeding is low in LMICs: 28-70%. Survival, schooling, and health are strongly associated with growth and adult height showing the impact of the disadvantages experienced in early life over HC. We can conclude: the determinants of good health in the first 1000 days of life do not meet the goals needed to improve growth and health during this critical period of life in LMICs, leading to important obstacles for achieving adequate health conditions and reaching an optimal HCI(AU)

Los países con bajo y medianos ingresos (PBMIs) enfrentan el reto de disminuir las brechas para alcanzar las metas en los indicadores de bienestar durante los primeros 1000 días de vida, de lo contrario presentarán dificultades para mejorar los Índices de Capital Humano (ICH). El objetivo fue realizar una revisión no sistemática de la literatura reciente para abordar los problemas, brechas y omisiones dentro de los primeros 1000 días en los países PBMIs. Se utilizaron los términos MeSH relacionados con los factores de riesgo de impacto más prevalentes a corto y largo plazo: capital humano, atención prenatal inadecuada, talla baja materna, lactancia materna inadecuada, prematuridad, bajo peso al nacer, talla pequeña para la edad gestacional, embarazo adolescente para realizar una revisión descriptiva sobre el impacto de estos factores, entre febrero 2000-octubre 2022. Resultados: en PBMIs la consulta prenatal no llega a la meta sugerida y hay tasas altas de adolescentes embarazadas y baja estatura materna. 6,5 millones de recién nacidos en PBMIs con peso para la edad gestacional; 50% recién nacidos bajos para la edad gestacional son pretérminos. La lactancia materna exclusiva es baja en PBMIs: 28-70%. La supervivencia, escolaridad y salud tienen una fuerte asociación con la estatura y desarrollo del adulto, demostrando el impacto de las desventajas sobre el Capital Humano. Conclusión: los determinantes de la buena salud durante los primeros 1000 días de vida en los países PBMIs no alcanzan las metas necesarias para mejorar el crecimiento y la salud, convirtiéndose en obstáculos para alcanzar óptimos ICH(AU)

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Global warming is changing precipitation patterns, particularly harming communities in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs). Whilst the long-term effects of being exposed to rainfall shocks early in life on school-achievement tests are well-established, there is little population-based evidence from LMICs on the mechanisms through which these shocks operate. Executive functions (EFs) are key for children's learning abilities. This paper analyses the effects of early exposure to rainfall shocks on four foundational cognitive skills (FCSs), including EFs that have been found to be key predictors of educational success. These skills were measured via a series of tablet-based tasks administered in Peru as part of the Young Lives longitudinal study (YLS). We combine the YLS data with gridded data on monthly precipitation to generate monthly, community-level rainfall shock estimates. The key identification strategy relies on temporary climatic shocks being uncorrelated with other latent determinants of FCSs development. Our results show significant negative effects of early life exposure to rainfall shocks on EFs-especially, on working memory-measured in later childhood. We also find evidence of rainfall shocks decreasing households' abilities to invest in human capital, which may affect both FCSs and domain-specific test scores. Finally, there is suggestive, but not conclusive, evidence that a conditional-cash-transfer program providing poor households with additional financial resources might partially offset the effects of the rainfall shocks.

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To improve one of the lowest rates of literacy and numeracy in the world, the government of Brazil has targeted public education reform, given the strong link between an educated population and economic growth. This study examines the academic performance of the Brazilian public primary school system. It addresses the empirical shortcomings of prior research to examine the dynamics of the relationship between academic performance scores and several demographic and institutional variables, such as socioeconomic characteristics, variations in school infrastructure and school complexity, and teachers' human capital. We employed quantile regression to explore the determinants of academic performance across 35,490 schools in rural and urban environments in Brazil. The dependent variable in our analysis captures the academic performance score, as measured by Brazil's education authorities, of each school in our dataset. The model includes several education-related indices used in prior research and, as explanatory factors, measures of teachers' human capital and the students' socioeconomic level, which synthesizes information on parents' education and household income. The results suggest that several institutional variables, including access to school libraries, computer facilities, projectors, and televisions, are positively and significantly related to the academic performance of primary students in Brazil's system of public education. Furthermore, students' socioeconomic level is positively associated with their academic performance.

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BACKGROUND: About half of cancer deaths in Brazil occur among individuals of working-age (under 65 years for men, under 60 for women), resulting in a substantial economic impact for the country. We aimed to estimate the years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL) and value the productivity lost due to premature deaths from cancer between 2001 and 2015 and the projected to 2030. METHODS: We used the Human Capital Approach to estimate the productivity losses corresponding to YPPLL for cancer deaths in working age people (15-64 years). Mortality data were obtained from the Mortality Information System from 2001 to 2015 and projected between 2016 and 2030. Economic data were obtained from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey and forecasted to 2030. Productivity lost was calculated as the monetary value arising from YPPLL in Int$(2016). RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2030, a total of 2.3 million premature deaths from all cancers combined were observed and forecasted in Brazil (57% men, 43% women), corresponding to 32 million YPPLL and Int$141.3 billion in productivity losses (men: Int$102.5 billion, women: Int$38.8 billion). Between 2001 and 2030, among men, lung (Int$ 12.6 billion), stomach (Int$ 10.6 billion) and colorectal (Int$ 9.4 billion) cancers were expected to contribute to the greatest productivity losses; and among women, it will be for breast (Int$ 10.0 billion), cervical (Int$ 6.4 billion) and colorectal (Int$ 3.2 billion) cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Many preventable cancers result in high lost productivity, suggesting measure to reduce smoking prevalence, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and inadequate diet, improving screening programs and increasing vaccination coverage for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B would have a positive impact on the economy, as well as reducing morbidity and mortality from cancer.

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Introducción: la medición del capital intelectual como activo intangible se ha establecido a partir de una escala de seis dimensiones relacionada con formación, academia, laboral, profesional, sindical y organizativa. La pandemia ha generado estudios que muestran diferencias significativas entre estas dimensiones, abriendo la discusión sobre la validez metaanalítica. Objetivo: realizar una revisión documental, sistemática y metaanalítica, con una muestra de artículos publicados entre 2014 y 2021 en revistas indexadas en repositorios internacionales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio documental, sistemático y metaanalítico sobre una muestra de artículos publicados en repositorios internacionales en los últimos dos años. Se utilizó la Escala de Capital Intelectual, considerando sus dimensiones reportadas en la literatura. Resultados: se estableció la estructura y los umbrales de los efectos aleatorios, calculados mediante la ecuación para establecer el parámetro delta, considerando sus intervalos de confianza para la corrección de errores de muestreo y estimación, así como las diferencias entre grupos. Conclusión: se recomienda extender la revisión de la literatura hasta agosto de 2021, para poder contrastar ambas revisiones, y establecer así la validez metaanalítica de la escala, y discutir sus implicaciones en la era COVID-19.

Introduction: the measurement of intellectual capital as an intangible asset has been established from a scale of six dimensions related to training, academia; labor, professional, union, and organizational. The pandemic has generated studies that show significant differences between these dimensions, opening the discussion on meta-analytic validity. Objective: to carry out a documentary, systematic and meta-analytical review with a sample of articles published from 2014 to 2021 in journals indexed in international repositories. Materials and methods: a documentary, systematic and meta-analytical study was carried out on a sample of articles published in international repositories in the last two years. The Intellectual Capital Scale was used, considering its dimensions reported in the literature. Results: the structure and thresholds of the random effects were established, calculated by means of the equation to establish the delta parameter, considering their confidence intervals for correction of sampling and estimation errors, as well as differences between groups. Conclusion: it is recommended to extend the review of the literature until August 2021 in order to be able to contrast both reviews to establish the meta-analytic validity of the scale and discuss its implications in the COVID-19 era.

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Using a novel panel survey of relatively poor urban Peruvian adolescents, we explore the link between educational aspirations and propensity to invest in the future. Aspirations comprise hope and agency. We find remarkably high educational aspirations, even among relatively poor individuals and adolescents who were exposed to negative shocks, suggesting high levels of resilience. We also find high occupational aspirations and aspirations to migrate. High-aspiration respondents were also more likely to invest in their education and avoid risky behaviors. These are associations as we do not have enough data to establish causality, although we were able to control for within-person traits. Aspirations are stable over time and positively associated with personality traits such as self-efficacy and life satisfaction, which help explain their persistence over time. Our findings complement those of other recent studies that highlight the role of personality traits in addition to cognitive skills in long-term educational, health, and socioeconomic outcomes.

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Resumen Las Unidades de Producción Familiar (UPF) están conformadas por capitales natural, físico, financiero, humano y social. Los dos últimos constituyen la base del funcionamiento del resto y de la unidad de producción. En México, Chiapas y la Frailesca, la producción de maíces, particularmente de maíces locales, tiene valor cultural, agronómico y económico. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar las Unidades de Producción Familiar que cultivan maíces locales en la región Frailesca del estado de Chiapas, sobre la base cultural del manejo de los capitales humano y social. Se estudiaron 80 UPF de 20 comunidades seleccionadas mediante un muestreo por redes. Se utilizó el enfoque Modos de Vida Sustentable como marco de referencia. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y se realizaron observaciones participantes. En el estudio predominaron las familias nucleares con líderes de edad avanzada. Los jóvenes no priorizan la conservación de los maíces locales sino actividades más rentables como la ganadería, los maíces híbridos y el café. Existe un excesivo uso de agroquímicos que afecta los recursos suelo, agua y biodiversidad. Se distinguieron 6 tipos de UPF de acuerdo con sus capitales humano y social. El grupo 3 (G3) mostró un mejor equilibrio entre ambos por la participación familiar, destacándose entre los de mayor experiencia en el cultivo de maíces locales y por tener relaciones locales y de cooperación más sólidas. Se concluye que las UPF presentan características que contribuyen o afectan la conservación de los maíces locales, como la continuidad generacional, el deterioro de los recursos naturales que sostienen el cultivo a través de la fusión de las prácticas tradicionales con las modernas y la dependencia de recursos externos.

Abstract The Family Production Units (FPU) are made up of natural, physical, financial, human and social capital. The last two constitute the basis for the functioning of the rest of the capitals and of the production unit. In Mexico, Chiapas and La Frailesca, the production of corn, and particularly local corn, has cultural, agronomic, and economic value. The objective of this research was to characterize the UPF that cultivate local corn, in the Frailesca region of the State of Chiapas, on the cultural basis of the management of human and social capital. 80 UPF from 20 communities were studied, selected through network sampling. The Sustainable Livelihoods approach was used as a frame of reference. Semi-structured interviews were applied, and participant observations were made. In the predominant study in nuclear families with elderly leaders predominated. Young people do not prioritize the conservation of local corn, but rather more profitable activities such as livestock, hybrid corn and coffee. There is an excessive use of agrochemicals that affects soil, water and biodiversity resources. Six types of UPF were distinguished according to their human and social capital. The third category (G3) shows a better balance between human and social capital due to their family involvement, standingout among those with more experience in growing local corn and having stronger local relationships. It is concluded that the UPF present characteristics that foster or impair the preservation of local corn such as generational continuity, the deterioration of the natural resources that sustain the cultivation through the fusion of traditional and modern practices and dependence on external resources.

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Las sociedades están comprometidas a combatir la pobreza del mundo, elevar el desarrollo y productividad de sus naciones, por ese motivo el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar el aporte de la psicología aplicada al desarrollo socioeconómico de un país considerando el capital humano y su función en los estamentos del desarrollo socioeconómico que es la triada productiva: Gobierno (funcionario público y líderes), empresa (emprendedores, empleados y líderes) y academia o universidad (docente, estudiantes y líder). El presente estudio es analítico-reflexivo de tipo empírico propositivo, con relación a los resultados se ha considerado dos aportes por parte de la psicología en el desarrollo socioeconómico estos son: formación integral del capital humano (valores, habilidades y conocimientos) y salud mental (Bienestar social, emocional y psicológico). Asimismo, se sugieren acciones dentro de la labor del psicólogo como ser: enfatizar en Educación en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva Integral, educación al emprendimiento, desarrollar investigación en diferentes áreas de la psicología, formar recursos humanos de calidad y proponer políticas públicas.

Societies are committed to combating poverty in the world, raising the development and productivity of their nations, for this reason the objective of this study is to analyze the contribution of applied psychology to the socioeconomic development of a country considering human capital and its role in the levels of socioeconomic development that is the productive triad: Government (civil servant and leaders), company (entrepreneurs, employees and leaders) and academy or university (teacher, students). The present study is analytical-reflexive of an empirical propositive type, in relation to the results, two contributions have been considered by psychology in socioeconomic development, these are: integral formation of human capital (values, skills and knowledge) and mental health (Social, emotional and psychological well-being). Likewise, actions were suggested within the work of the psychologist, such as: emphasizing Comprehensive Sexual and Reproductive Health Education, entrepreneurship education, developing research in different areas of psychology, training quality human resources and proposing public policies.

As sociedades estão comprometidas com o combate à pobreza no mundo, elevando o desenvolvimento e a produtividade de suas nações, portanto o objetivo deste estudo é analisar a contribuição da psicologia aplicada para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico de um país considerando o capital humano e seu papel nos níveis de desenvolvimento socioeconômico que é a tríade produtiva: Governo (oficial e dirigentes), empresa (empresários, empregados e dirigentes) e academia ou universidade (professor, alunos). O presente estudo é analítico-reflexivo do tipo empírico propositivo, em relação aos resultados foram consideradas duas contribuições da psicologia no desenvolvimento socioeconômico, são elas: a formação integral do capital humano (valores, habilidades e conhecimentos) e a saúde mental. (Bem-estar social, emocional e psicológico). Da mesma forma, foram sugeridas ações dentro da atuação do psicólogo, como: enfatizar a Educação Integral em Saúde Sexual e Reprodutiva, a educação para o empreendedorismo, desenvolver pesquisas em diferentes áreas da psicologia, formar recursos humanos de qualidade e propor políticas públicas.

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The relations among ecological footprints, biocapacity per capita, gross domestic product per capita, natural resources, urbanization, human capital, and hydroelectric consumption are analyzed from 1971Q1 to 2017Q4 for Brazil and China. The novel quantile autoregressive distributive lag method was employed to analyze the long-run and short-run dynamics of environmental degradation. The findings revealed that economic growth has a positive role in the environmental degradation of both countries. However, human capital, natural resources, and hydropower have heterogeneous effects across quantile distribution and between the two countries. Based on the quantile dynamics of environmental degradation, the present study mentions policy implications for sustainable development.

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Between 2000 and 2020, undocumented migration declined, temporary labor migration rose, and legal permanent residents arrived at a steady pace-together creating a new system of Mexico-U.S. migration based on the circulation of legal temporary workers and permanent residents. Drawing on data from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Mexican Migration Project, we specify multinomial event-history models to predict the likelihood of departure on first and later trips via four entry categories: no documents, noncompliant tourist visas, temporary work visas, and legal residence visas. The models reveal how the accumulation of entry mode-specific social and human capital powered a system of undocumented migration that emerged between 1965 and 1985, and how that system deteriorated from 1985 to 2000. After 2000, employers took advantage of new visa categories to recruit legal temporary workers, leading to the accumulation of migration-related human and social capital specific to that mode of entry and the emergence of a new system of Mexico-U.S. migration.

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In Chile, studies on protective factors and risk factors for sexual violence are limited and very few have incorporated analysis of different types of capital (social, economic, human) as social resources in the protection against sexual violence. The objective of this research is to evaluate to what extent the stock of different capitals act together, as either protective or risk factors in sexual violence in different interpersonal environments. The sample consisted of 1665 women between 15 and 30 years of age (M = 23.47, SD = 4.41). Artificial neural network analysis and social network analysis were used. The nodes representative of human and economic capital have a protective role of low relevance due to their position in the network, while the nodes of social capital acquire a structural relevance due to the central positions of the network. It is concluded that the structural social capital of neighborhood networks constitutes the main protective factor for sexual violence in all areas, and in turn, the structural social capital of networks with non-significant others was the main risk factor in sexual victimization.

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This paper investigates the long-term relationship between early life exposure to malaria and human capital accumulation in Brazil. The identification strategy relies on exogenous variation in the risk of malaria outbreaks in different states and seasons of the year to identify in utero exposure according to the timing and location of birth. I find consistent negative treatment effects of in utero exposure to malaria on educational attainment. The effects are stronger for exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy than during other periods of gestation. Effective anti-malaria policies can, thus, be an important factor contributing to reducing the educational inequality by targeting pregnant women, especially those in their first months of gestation.

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O presente estudo busca identificar o impacto da estrutura familiar (biparentais e uniparentais) sobre a dinâmica educacional intergeracional e a acumulação de capital humano. Foram utilizados os microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) de 2014. A dinâmica educacional intergeracional foi analisada a partir de matrizes de transição e de processos de Markov. As diferenças de acumulação de capital humano entre as categorias de estruturas familiares foram investigadas a partir da decomposição de Blinder-Oaxaca. Os resultados indicam que ser dependente, do sexo feminino e residir na zona urbana são características associadas a uma maior mobilidade intergeracional de educação. O Nordeste se destaca como a região com menor mobilidade intergeracional educacional. A decomposição de Blinder-Oaxaca indica que, em média, as famílias uniparentais chefiadas por uma mulher possuem 0,5 ano de estudo a mais do que as uniparentais chefiadas pelo pai. Cerca de 74,2% dessa diferença é explicada pelo modelo estimado e a parte não explicada não possui significância estatística. Os resultados sugerem que a estrutura familiar afeta a dinâmica intergeracional de educação e a acumulação de capital humano dos indivíduos.

Objective. The present study seeks to identify the impact of the family structure (two-parent and one-parent) on the intergenerational educational dynamics and the accumulation of human capital. Method. The microdata from the National Household Sampling Survey (PNAD) of 2014 were used. The intergenerational educational dynamics was analyzed based on transition matrices and Markov processes. Differences in human capital accumulation between categories of family structures were investigated based on the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition. Results. Results indicate that being dependent, female and living in the urban area are characteristics associated with greater intergenerational education mobility. The Northeast region stands out as the region with the lowest educational intergenerational mobility. The decomposition of Blinder-Oaxaca indicates that, on average, single-parent families headed by a woman have 0.5 years of study more than single-parent families headed by a father. About 74.2% of this difference is explained by the estimated model and the unexplained part has no statistical significance. Conclusion. Results suggest that the family structure affects the intergenerational dynamics of education and the accumulation of human capital of individuals.

Objetivo. El presente estudio busca identificar el impacto de la estructura familiar (biparental y monoparental) sobre la dinámica educativa intergeneracional y la acumulación de capital humano. Método. Se utilizaron los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Muestreo de Hogares (PNAD) de 2014. Se analizó la dinámica educativa intergeneracional a partir de matrices de transición y procesos de Markov. Las diferencias en la acumulación de capital humano entre categorías de estructuras familiares se investigaron con base en la descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca. Resultados. Los resultados indican que ser dependiente, ser mujer y vivir en el área urbana son características asociadas a una mayor movilidad educativa intergeneracional. La nordestina se destaca como la región con menor movilidad educativa intergeneracional. La descomposición de Blinder-Oaxaca indica que, en promedio, las familias monoparentales encabezadas por una mujer tienen 0,5 años de estudio más que las familias monoparentales encabezadas por el padre. Aproximadamente el 74,2 % de esta diferencia se explica por el modelo estimado y la parte inexplicada no tiene significación estadística. Conclusión. Los resultados sugieren que la estructura familiar afecta la dinámica intergeneracional de la educación y la acumulación de capital humano de los individuos.

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Se realizó una investigación de carácter histórico con el fin de exponer brevemente el desarrollo de la periodontología en Santiago de Cuba desde 1974 hasta la actualidad. Esta especialidad se ha venido fomentando de forma paulatina y hoy día cuenta con profesionales preparados integralmente para brindar una atención estomatológica especializada de calidad; también se vincula a la actividad docente-asistencial, con un claustro de 14 profesores altamente calificados. Puede afirmarse, entonces, que la formación del capital humano se ha cumplimentado por años -de acuerdo a la demanda poblacional y a los requerimientos del Sistema Nacional de Salud-, pues se ha contribuido, en gran medida, al perfeccionamiento y la preparación de estos especialistas con vistas a preservar, durante el presente y en el futuro, la salud periodontal de la población santiaguera.

An investigation of historical character aimed at briefly exposing the development of periodontology was carried out in Santiago de Cuba from 1974 to the present time. This specialty has been encouraging gradually and nowadays it has integrally prepared professionals to offer a specialized stomatological care with quality; it is also linked to the teaching-assistance activity, with a staff of 14 highly qualified professors. It can be affirmed then, that the human capital training has been fulfilled per years -according to the populational demand and the requirements of the National Health System-, because it has been contributed, in such an extent, to the improvement and preparation of these specialists aiming at preserving, during present and future times, the periodontal health of people from Santiago de Cuba.

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This article traces inequality and numeracy development in the regions of Chile during the 19th and early 20th century. Inequality, measured with anthropometric methods, was associated with a lower speed of human capital formation. Not all talents received the necessary education to make full use of their talent for the regional economy, especially in the south in the early period. However, Chile became slightly less unequal over time and more numerate during the late 19th century. In addition, we study the correlates of low-intensity immigration in Chile. Regions with a relatively high share of North European migrants developed faster in terms of numeracy.

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Globalization and human capital accumulation are the main drivers of technology spillovers and essential for economic growth. At the same time, globalization and human capital are drivers to construct a green growth path that prevents pollution and the overuse of resources, and thus mitigates environmental degradation and achieves sustainable development. This mechanism, known as the 'technique/technology effect', may occur by stimulating technological development and creating environmental awareness and is of utmost importance in developed and developing countries to protect the environment. The aim of this study is to evaluate these outcomes, investigating how the environment reacts to developments in globalization and human capital accumulation by performing time-series analyses augmented with Fourier extensions, for countries in the BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). The study first checks unit root and cointegration relationship by using Fourier unit root and Fourier cointegration approaches. Having confirmed a cointegration relationship, the FMOLS estimator extended with Fourier terms is applied to estimate cointegration parameters. Empirical results show that globalization and human capital are beneficial to protect the environment and to build a sustainable blueprint for the future, which specifically refer to more investment in the educational system and more efforts promoting social and cultural interaction across the globe.

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The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of financial development, human capital, globalization, and renewable energy consumption on ecological and carbon footprint. For this purpose, the data was collected from four countries i.e. Brazil, Russia, India, and China for 20 years (1997-2016). The 20 years panel data collected for these countries was analyzed through "auto-regressive distributed lag" (ARDL). Findings of this study reveal that human capital is a significant positive determinant of environmental degradation in short run and long run while renewable energy consumption is a significant negative determinant of environmental degradation in short run and long run. Findings further reveal that globalization significantly reduces environmental degradation in short run and long run. Furthermore, findings show that the financial development significantly positively affects the environmental degradation in short run and long run. Therefore, renewable energy consumption and globalization are found to be negative predictors of ecological footprint and carbon footprint while human capital and financial development are found to be positive predictors of ecological footprint and carbon footprint. These findings are expected to be great contribution to the literature and practice, as they will help researchers and policymakers to realize the relative importance of energy, educational, economic, and trade policies in determining the environmental degradation.

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Resumen Desde el siglo pasado se incrementó el interés por el capital social y el capital humano. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas, dentro de sus 17 objetivos para un desarrollo sostenible, contempla al capital humano como un factor importante del capital social en al menos 3 de ellos. No obstante, la relación entre los factores del capital humano como desarrolladores del capital social no han sido lo suficientemente estudiados en México, como tampoco en Tamaulipas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar si las variables de capital humano: educación, capacitación, motivación y cultura organizacional tienen un impacto en el capital social de pequeñas y medianas empresas de la zona sur de Tamaulipas, México. Se aplicaron 82 encuestas a propietarios, gerentes o encargados de hoteles de 3 y 4 estrellas adscritos a la Asociación de Hoteles y Moteles del Sur de Tamaulipas. Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para determinar las correlaciones entre los constructos. Los resultados indicaron que sí existe una relación entre los factores de capital humano y el capital social. Se estableció que el capital social, tiene una fuerte relación con la capacitación.

Abstract Since the last century, there has been increasing interest in social capital and human capital. At least 3 out of the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations (UN) contemplate capital human as an important factor of social capital. However, this relationship between human capital factors as developers of social capital has not been sufficiently studied in Mexico, including Tamaulipas. The objective of this research was to determine if the variables of education, training, motivation and organizational environment have an impact on the social capital of small and medium sized enterprises. 82 questionnaires were administered to owners, managers or managers of 3 and 4 star hotels affiliated to the Association of Hotels and Motels of Southern Tamaulipas. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the correlations between the constructs. The results indicated that there is a relationship between the factors of human capital and social capital. A strong link between social capital and training was established.