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RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y las características genotípicas de la infección anal por papilomavirus en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) VIH-positivos. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio observacional prospectivo de corte transversal en HSH VIH-positivos del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, realizado entre setiembre del 2017 y diciembre del 2018. El estudio del papilomavirus se realizó con una técnica de reacción en cadena de polimerasa evaluando 21 genotipos estratificados según el riesgo oncogénico: seis de bajo riesgo y quince de alto riesgo. Resultados: Se evaluaron 214 HSH VIH-positivos. La prevalencia general de la infección anal por papilomavirus fue de 70% (150/214). 86% (129/150) tuvieron genotipos de alto riesgo oncogénico, de ellos 79% (102/129) tuvieron dos o más genotipos de papilomavirus. Los genotipos de alto riesgo oncogénico más frecuentes fueron: VPH-16, 31% (46/150); VPH-52, 22% (33/150); VPH-33, 21% (31/150); VPH-58, 21% (31/150) y VPH-31, 20% (30/150). El VPH-18 alcanzó el 7% (10/150). Los genotipos de bajo riesgo oncogénico más frecuentes fueron: VPH-6, 30% (45/150) y VPH-11, 29% (44/150). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la infección anal por papilomavirus en HSH VIH-positivos es muy alta en el hospital investigado. La gran mayoría de estas infecciones se producen con genotipos de alto riesgo oncogénico. El papilomavirus 16 fue el genotipo de alto riesgo más frecuente.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence and genotypic characteristics of anal papillomaviruses in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). Materials and methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional observational study of HIV-positive MSM at Almenara General Hospital between September 2017 and December 2018. HPV detection and typing was performed using a polymerase chain reaction technique that evaluated 21 genotypes stratified according to oncogenic risk into six low-risk and fifteen high-risk. Results: we evaluated 214 HIV-positive MSM. The overall prevalence of anal infection by papillomavirus infection was 70% (150/214). 86% (129/150) were caused by high-risk genotypes, 79% (102/129) of them were affected by a two or more-papillomavirus genotype. The most frequent high-risk genotypes were HPV-16, 31% (46/150); HPV-52, 22% (33/150); HPV-33, 21% (31/150); HPV-58, 21% (31/150) and HPV-31, 20% (30/150). In addition, HPV-18 reached 7% (10/150). The most frequent low-risk genotypes were HPV-6, 30% (45/150) and HPV 11, 29% (44/150). Conclusions: Prevalence of anal papillomavirus infection in HIV-positive MSM is very high in the hospital investigated. Most of these infections occurs with high-risk oncogenic genotypes. Papillomavirus 16 was the most frequent high-risk genotype.

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Resumen Antecedentes: Chlamydia trachomatis es la bacteria que se detecta con mayor frecuencia en las infecciones de transmisión sexual. Se han identificado 20 genotipos de C. trachomatis mediante el gen ompA y varias genovariantes mediante el análisis de polimorfismo de un solo nucleótido (SNP). En México, el genotipo F es el más frecuente. Objetivo: Identificar la existencia de subtipos del genotipo F. Método: Se analizaron siete cepas del genotipo F de C. trachomatis aisladas en 2011, mediante secuenciación de nucleótidos y mapeo con enzimas de restricción. Resultados: El análisis de SNP mostró dos cepas con el mismo SNP en el nucleótido 288 (C288T), mientras que con enzimas de restricción se identificó una variante con diferente RFLP (polimorfismo de la longitud de fragmentos de restricción) cuando se tratan con la mezcla de enzimas HinfI y TaqI. Conclusión: En México se encuentran dos subtipos del genotipo F y solo las enzimas de restricción HinfI y TaqI pueden identificar la existencia de uno de estos genotipos F.

Abstract Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequently identified bacterium in sexually transmitted infections. Twenty C. trachomatis genotypes have been determined using the ompA gene and several genovariants by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. In Mexico, the F genotype is the most frequent. Objective: To identify subtypes of the F genotype. Method: Seven C. trachomatis genotype F strains isolated in 2011 were analyzed by nucleotide sequencing and restriction enzyme mapping. Results: SNP analysis showed two strains with the same SNP at nucleotide 288 (C288T), while with res-triction enzymes, a variant with different RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) was identified when treated with the mixture of HinfI and TaqI enzymes. Conclusion: In Mexico, there are two subtypes of F, and only with restriction enzymes HinfI and TaqI can identify one of the genovariants of the F genotype.

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Resumen Antecedentes: Las embarazadas infectadas por el virus del papiloma humano presentan condiciones médicas que influyen en el curso de la enfermedad y pueden potenciar la posibilidad de transmisión vertical. Objetivo: Identificar los genotipos del virus del papiloma humano más frecuentes en mujeres embarazadas. Método: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo. Se emplearon muestras de raspado cervical. La extracción de material genético se hizo por la técnica de fenol-cloroformo y se amplificó empleando iniciadores universales MY09/MY11. Las muestras positivas se genotipificaron con un kit que detecta 37 genotipos diferentes. Resultados: Se identificaron 341 genotipos. Los más frecuentes fueron 16 (10.3%), 52 (8.8%) y 59 (8.6%). En el 75.9% la detección fue con un genotipo y en el 42.7% se detectaron infecciones múltiples. Conclusiones: Es sabido que la infección por virus del papiloma humano en mujeres embarazadas raramente evolucionará a lesiones invasivas. Se deberán considerar tanto las posibles complicaciones obstétricas a corto y largo plazo, así como las posibles repercusiones en la salud del recién nacido. La detección elevada del genotipo 16 sugiere un seguimiento estrecho para considerar un abordaje óptimo posterior a la gestación.

Abstract Background: Pregnant women infected with human papillomavirus have medical conditions that influence the course of the disease and can increase the possibility of vertical transmission. Objective: To identify the most common human papillomavirus genotypes in pregnant women. Method: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study. Cervical scraping samples were used. The extraction of genetic material was done by the phenol-chloroform technique and was amplified using universal primers MY09/MY11. Positive samples were genotyped with a kit that detects 37 different genotypes. Results: Three hundred forty-one genotypes were identified. The most frequent were 16 (10.3%), 52 (8.8%), and 59 (8.6%). In 75.9% the detection was with one genotype and in 42.7% multiple infections were detected. Conclusions: It is known that human papillomavirus infection in pregnant women will rarely evolve to invasive lesions. Both possible short- and long-term obstetric complications, as well as possible repercussions on the health of the newborn, should be considered. The high detection of genotype 16 suggests close follow-up to consider an optimal post-pregnancy approach.

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Introducción. Blastocystis sp es un protozoo parásito que se encuentra en el tracto intestinal del hombre y algunos animales, se estima que infecta a más de 1.000 millones de personas en el mundo. El presente trabajo tuvo como Objetivo determinar los genotipos de Blastocystis sp asociados a diferentes fuentes de transmisión en zona rural del departamento del Quindío. Materiales y Métodos. Se obtuvieron 42 muestras coprológicas de niños entre 0 y 14 años, 17 de heces de animales, 17 de alimentos, 28 de superficies inertes ,15 de suelo, 18 de agua de red domiciliaria y 3 de fuente hídrica. Se realizó extracción de ADN y amplificación por PCR para Blastocystis sp usando como blanco el gen SSADNr. Las secuencias fueron alineadas con ClustalW y se realizaron árboles filogenéticos el programa (MEGA11). Resultados. De las 140 muestras recolectadas entre coprológicos de población infantil y matrices ambientales, se encontró una prevalencia de Blastocystis sp del 23,5 % en alimentos, 22,2% en red domiciliaria y del 4,75 % en la población infantil, no hubo evidencia estadística que implicara una asociación entre la presencia de este protozoo y las variables sociodemográficas. Se encontró el subtipo 2 asociado a población infantil y el subtipo 3 asociado a matrices ambientales (agua y alimentos) y población infantil. Conclusiones: Se reporta la presencia de Blastocystis sp en tomate y zanahoria, en la red domiciliaria y población infantil en una zona rural del departamento del Quindío donde los subtipos asociados fueron el subtipo 2 y 3.

Introduction. Blastocystis sp is a parasitic protozoan found in the intestinal tract of man and some animals, and it is estimated that it infects more than 1,000 million people in the world. In the national parasitism survey, it was reported with a prevalence of 52% in the northern Andean region. The aim of this study was to determine the genotypes of Blastocystis sp associated with different sources of transmission in rural areas of the department of Quindío. Materials and Methods. Forty-two coprological samples were obtained from children between 0 and 14 years of age, 17 from animal feces, 17 from food, 28 from inert surfaces, 15 from soil, 18 from household water and 3 from water sources. DNA extraction and PCR amplification were performed for Blastocystis sp using the SSADNr gene as target. The sequences were aligned with ClustalW and phylogenetic trees were performed with the program (MEGA11). Results. Of the 140 samples collected between coprological samples of children and environmental matrices, we found a prevalence of Blastocystis sp of 23.5% in food, 22.2% in the home network and 4.75% in the child population, there was no statistical evidence implying an association between the presence of this protozoan and sociodemographic variables. Subtype 2 was found associated with infant population and subtype 3 associated with environmental matrices (water and food) and infant population. Conclusions: We report the presence of Blastocystis sp in tomato and carrot, in the home network and infant population in a rural area of the department of Quindío where the associated subtypes were subtype 2 and 3.

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Resumen La fermentación del cacao es un proceso clave y relevante en la síntesis de moléculas precursoras de aroma y sabor. El objetivo de este estudio fue la caracterización microbiológica, sensorial y bromatológica de la fermentación de los granos de cacao en los genotipos ICS 95 e CCN51. Se realizó la extracción del grano llevándose a fermentadores semi-escalera durante siete días, tomándose muestras cada 24h para identificación. En laboratorio, se efectuó el aislamiento de los microorganismos e identificación, para levaduras, con la amplificación de la región ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) y las bacterias mediante la secuenciación del gen 16S ARN ribosomal. Para el análisis sensorial y bromatológico, se llevó a secado el grano hasta obtener 7% de humedad, identificando el perfil sensorial a partir de licor de cacao, a través de evaluadores entrenados. Se identificaron microorganismos como: Candida orthopsilosis, Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Issatchenkia orientalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kodamaea ohmeri, Tatumella sp., Tatunella ptyseos, Lysinibacillus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter sp., Gluconobacter sp., Gluconacetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus cereus y Serratia marcescens. Como resultado sensorial se determinó que ICS 95 presentó mayores descriptores sensoriales positivos como nuez, frutal y floral en comparación al CCN 51, que refleja sabores básicos más intensos. Por el contrario, en CCN 51 se resaltó en mayor proporción los polifenoles, la teobromina y carbohidratos. Estos resultados serán el punto de partida sobre la potencialidad que brindan los microorganismos en la calidad sensorial, para así mejorar de manera significativa los procesos de fermentación a nivel industrial.

Abstract The fermentation of cocoa is a process carried out by microorganisms whose composition and activity is relevant in the synthesis of precursor molecules for flavor and aroma. The objective of this study was to carry out a microbiological, sensory, and bromatological characterization of cocoa beans during the fermentation process in genotypes ICS 95 and CCN 51. For this, cocoa beans were extracted during the fermentation process, taking samples every 24 hours for seven days. In the laboratory, the isolation and identification of the present microorganisms were carried out. Yeasts were identified using amplification of the ITS region (Internal Transcribed Spacer), while bacteria were identified by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Subsequently, cocoa beans were dried to 7% moisture, identifying the sensory profile from prepared cocoa liquor, through trained evaluators. The analyses allowed the identification of microorganisms such as Candida orthopsilosis, Hanseniaspora opuntiae, Issatchenkia orientalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kodamaea ohmeri, Tatumella sp., Tatunella ptyseos, Lysinibacillus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter sp., Gluconobacter sp., Gluconacetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus cereus and Serratia marcescens. Sensory analyses indicated that the ICS 95 genotype presented better descriptors than CCN 51, such as walnut, fruit and floral, reflecting more intense basic flavors. On the contrary, in the CCN 51 genotype, a higher proportion of polyphenols, theobromine, and carbohydrates were detected. These results will allow determining the potential effects of these microorganisms on the sensory quality of cocoa beans, to significantly improve fermentation processes at an industrial level.

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Colombia, se destaca como país productor de cacao fino y de aroma, por lo cual, resulta de gran importancia explorar las características físicas y sensoriales de la diversidad genética existente. Para el presente estudio, se seleccionaron 22 genotipos de colecciones de trabajo con atributos productivos sobresalientes y dos testigos comerciales, reconocidos por su productividad y calidad sensorial; las muestras evaluadas fueron tomadas, de acuerdo con un muestreo aleatorio simple y se realizó un proceso de poscosecha homogéneo, controlado e independiente por genotipo, para obtener muestras de cacao seco individuales. Se realizaron análisis físicos al grano de cada genotipo y se preparó licor de cacao con cada una de las muestras obtenidas. Posteriormente, se evaluó cada licor por medio del panel de evaluación sensorial entrenado, donde se identificó y cuantificó la intensidad de atributos básicos, atributos especiales y atributos adquiridos, característicos de cada muestra. La información fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva y análisis de componentes principales, lo que permitió la identificación de tres genotipos sobresalientes por el índice de grano y el porcentaje de cascarilla. El análisis sensorial evidenció que, en diecisiete genotipos, predominaron los atributos especiales, como herbal, floral, frutal, frutos secos y dulce. Estos resultados son un aporte importante para la selección de nuevas variedades de alta productividad, con características sensoriales de interés para la comercialización, que pueden ser evaluadas en diferentes regiones, para aumentar la disponibilidad genética en futuros programas de renovación y siembra de cacao que está en expansión, en los distintos territorios del país.

Colombia stands out as a country that produces fine and aroma cocoa; therefore, it is of great importance to explore the physical and sensory characteristics of the existing genetic diversity. For the present study, 22 genotypes from working collections with outstanding productive attributes and two recognized commercial controls were selected and evaluated for its productivity and sensory quality; the evaluated samples were taken according to a simple random sampling and a homogeneous, controlled, and independent post-harvest process was carried out by genotype, to obtain individual dry cocoa samples. Physical analyzes were carried out on the grain of each genotype and cocoa liquor was prepared with each of the samples obtained. Subsequently, each liquor was evaluated by means of the trained sensory evaluation panel, where the intensity of basic attributes, special attributes and acquired attributes characteristic of each sample was identified and quantified. The information was analyzed through descriptive statistics and principal component analysis, which allowed the identification of three outstanding genotypes by the grain index, and the husk percentage. The sensory analysis showed that, in seventeen genotypes, special attributes predominated such as: herbal, floral, fruity, dried fruit and sweet. These results are an important contribution for the selection of new high productivity varieties with sensory characteristics of interest for commercialization, which can be evaluated in different regions, to increase genetic availability in future renewal and planting programs of cocoa that is expanding in the different territories of the country.

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Phosphate fertilization of cassava cultivars leads to increased production costs that may be economically viable depending on the quantity used and the corresponding productivity. In this sense, the objective of the work was to analyse the economic viability of the irrigated cultivation of table cassava cultivars in response to the application of phosphorus doses in the Brazilian semiarid region. Two agricultural crops were conductedat the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, Mossoró, RN, from June 2018 to April 2019 and from June 2019 to April 2020. The experimental design was in randomized blocks arranged in subdivided plots, with four replications. The doses of phosphorus (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1of P2O5) were applied to the plots and the table cassava cultivars (Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, Recife and Venâncio) arranged in the subplots. The total costs for one hectare of cultivation were estimated and the gross income, netincome, rate of return, and profitability index were calculated. The use of phosphatefertilizer was economically viable for the cassava cultivars studied in the two crops. The cultivars Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, and Recife are the best cultivation options for the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norteas they give high yields with the highest profitability. The Recife cultivar was the region's most profitable cultivation, with a profit ranging from R$ 40,331.07 ha-1to R$ 57,603.46 ha-1in both seasons,with an average recommendation of 120 kg ha-1of P2O5.(AU)

A adubação fosfatada de cultivares de mandioca leva ao aumento dos custos de produção que podem ser economicamente viáveis dependendo da quantidade utilizada e da respectiva produtividade. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dotrabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica do cultivo irrigado de cultivares de mandioca de mesa em resposta à aplicação de doses de fósforono semiárido brasileiro. Foram conduzidos duas safras agrícolas na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, Mossoró, RN, nos meses de junho de 2018 a abril de 2019 e junho de 2019 a abril de 2020. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As doses de fósforo (0, 60, 120,180 e 240 kg ha-1de P2O5) foram aplicadas nas parcelas e as cultivares de mandioca de mesa (Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo, Recife e Venâncio) dispostas nas subparcelas. Estimaram-se os custos totais de um hectare de cultivo e calcularam-se a receita bruta,a receita líquida, a taxade retorno e o índice de lucratividade. O uso da adubação fosfatada mostrou-se economicamente viável para as cultivares de mandioca estudadas nas duas safras. As cultivares Água Morna, BRS Gema de Ovo e Recife são as melhores opções de cultivo para o semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, pois apresentam altas produtividades com maior rentabilidade. A cultivar Recife foi o cultivo mais rentável da região, com rendimento variando de R$ 40.331,07 ha-1a R$ 57.603,46 ha-1nas duas safras,com recomendação média de120 kg ha-1de P2O5.(AU)

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Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.

O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.

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Abstract Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.

Resumo O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes vary greatly in different regions. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution of HCV genotypes in HCV infected patients, in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Nucleic acid extraction and amplification were performed with test kits on 153 HCV infected patients serum samples. The HCV viral load was measured using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and HCV genotypes were determined. Among the 153 HCV-infected patients, 56 had genotype (GT)1b (36.60%), 45 had GT2a (29.40%), 23 had GT3a (15.00%), 14 had GT3b (9.20%),13 had GT6a (8.50%), 1 had GT1g (0.70%), 1 had GT6xa (0.70%). In GT1b, 21.40% were female and 78.60% were male; in GT2a, 42.20% were female and 57.80% were male;Males were most prevalent in genotypes 1b(39.30%), while female were most prevalent in genotype 2a(46.30%). Rare GT1g and GT6xa were also detected in males. The 41-50 year age group had the highest HCV prevalence of 32.00%. HCV GT1b is the predominant HCV genotype in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Os genótipos do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) variam muito de acordo com a região. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a distribuição do genótipo do vírus da hepatite C em pessoas infectadas pelo vírus na região autônoma de Ningxia Hui. A extração de ácido nucleico e a expansão de amostras séricas em 153 pacientes infectados com HCV foram realizadas utilizando kits de ensaio. A capacidade do vírus HCV foi medida pela reação em cadeia da polimerase retrotranscrição (RT-PCR) e o genótipo HCV foi determinado. Os genótipos (Gt) tiveram a seguinte distribuição entre os 153 casos de infecção HCV: 56 Gt 1-B (36, 60%), 45 Gt 2-A (29, 40%), 23 Gt 3-A (15, 00%), 14 Gt 3-B (9, 20%), 13 Gt 6-A (8, 50%), 1 Gt 1-G (0, 70%) e 1 Gt 6-Xa (0, 70%). Já o sexo dos indivíduos teve a seguinte distribuição: Gt 1-B, 21, 40% mulheres e 78, 60% homens; Gt 2-A, 42, 20% mulheres e 57, 80% homens. A presença de homens é mais comum no genótipo 1-B (39, 30%), enquanto as mulheres ocorrem mais comumente no genótipo 2-A (46, 30%). Gt 1-G e Gt 6-Xa raros também foram detectados em homens. A taxa de infecção com HCV para grupos etários de 41 a 50 anos é a mais alta, com 32,00%. HCV Gt 1-B é o genótipo dominante do HCV na região autônoma de Ningxia Hui.

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The storage of forage to be offered at different times of the year are viable alternatives for all production systems, and sorghum biomass has been highlighted for this purpose. As preservedforage, it was hypothesized that sugarcane can contribute to the fermentation process. Theobjective was to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of sugarcane (0, 20, 40 and60%) inthe silage of three biomass sorghum genotypes (B012, B017 and B018). The material wasensiled using PVC silos and after 60 days the silos were opened and the contents of drymatter, mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, lignin, and hydrogen potential were determined. The experiment wasconducted in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme with four replications. The data were analyzed through the analysis of variance followed by multiple comparisonbyTukey's test (α < 0.05) and linear regression. The biomass sorghum genotypes respondedsatisfactorily to the fermentation process, resulting in quality silages. However, the inclusionof sugarcane did not improve the quality of the silages, and its inclusion in the silage of thegenotypes evaluated is not recommended.(AU)

O armazenamento de forragem a ser ofertada em diferentes épocas do ano são alternativasviáveis para todos os sistemas de produção, e a biomassa de sorgo tem se destacado paraestefim. Como forragem preservada, levantou-se a hipótese de que a cana-de-açúcar podecontribuir para o processo de fermentação. O objetivo foi avaliar a inclusão de diferentesníveis de cana-de-açúcar (0, 20, 40 e 60%) na silagem de três genótipos de sorgo biomassa(B012, B017 e B018). O material foi ensilado em silos de PVC e após 60 dias foramabertosedeterminados os teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose, lignina e potencial dehidrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, emesquema fatorial com quatro repetições. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análisedevariância seguida de comparação múltipla pelo teste de Tukey (α < 0,05) e regressãolinear. Os genótipos de sorgo biomassa responderam satisfatoriamente ao processo de fermentação, resultando em silagens de qualidade. No entanto, a inclusão da cana-de-açúcar não melhoroua qualidade das silagens, não sendo recomendada sua inclusão na silagemdos genótipos avaliados.(AU)

Los acopios de forrajes para ser ofrecidos en diferentes épocas del año son alternativas viablespara todos los sistemas de producción, y para ello se ha destacado la biomasa de sorgo. Comoforraje conservado, se planteó la hipótesis de que la caña de azúcar puede contribuir al proceso de fermentación. El objetivo fue evaluar la inclusión de diferentes niveles de cañadeazúcar (0, 20, 40 y 60%) en el ensilaje de tres genotipos de sorgo de biomasa (B012, B017yB018). El material se ensiló en silos de PVC y después de 60 días se abrieron los silos ysedeterminaron los contenidos de materia seca, materia mineral, materia orgánica, proteínacruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, hemicelulosa, lignina y potencial dehidrógeno. El experimento se condujo en un diseño completamente al azar, en un esquemafactorial con cuatro repeticiones. Los datos fueron analizados a través del análisis de varianzaseguido de comparación múltiple por la prueba de Tukey (α < 0,05) y regresión lineal. Losgenotipos de sorgo de biomasa respondieron satisfactoriamente al proceso de fermentación, dando como resultado ensilajes de calidad. Sin embargo, la inclusión de caña de azúcar nomejoró la calidad de los ensilajes, por lo que no se recomienda su inclusión en los ensilajesdelos genotipos evaluados.(AU)

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This research determined the adaptability and stability of soybean yield for organic systems in different environments. Grain yield data (GY, kg ha-1) from experiments with six soybean genotypes evaluated in six environments in Brazil and one environment in Paraguay were used. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, organized in an incomplete factorial scheme, with six environments in Brazil (Toledo- PR, Palotina- PR, Mangueirinha- PR, Três Passos- RS, Passo Fundo- RS, Major Vieira- SC) and one in Paraguay (Bela Vista do Norte- PY) with six soybean genotypes (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) arranged in four replications per environment. BRS 511 genotype was characterized by high average grain yield and stability by the AMMI method. BRS 284 genotype was identified as the ideal genotype in the GGE biplot method. WAASBY and BLUP index selected BRS511 and BRS284 genotypes.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade da produtividade da soja para sistemas orgânicos em diferentes ambientes. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de grãos (GY, kg ha-1) de experimentos com seis genótipos de soja avaliados em seis ambientes no Brasil e um ambiente no Paraguai. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, organizados em esquema fatorial incompleto, com seis ambientes no Brasil (Toledo - PR, Palotina - PR, Mangueirinha - ​​PR, Três Passos - RS, Passo Fundo - RS, Major Vieira - SC) e um no Paraguai (Bela Vista do Norte - PY) com seis genótipos de soja (BRS 284, BRS 391, BRS 511, BRS 523, BRS 525, BRS 535) dispostos em quatro repetições por ambiente. O genótipo BRS 511 foi caracterizado por alta produtividade média de grãos e estabilidade pelo método AMMI. O genótipo BRS 284 foi identificado como o genótipo ideal pelo método GGE biplot. Os índices WAASBY e BLUP selecionaram os genótipos BRS511 e BRS284.

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Rotavirus is the main infective agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under the age of five years and causing significant morbidity as well as mortality throughout the world. The study was carried out to detect the prevalence rate, genotypes strain and risk factors of Rotavirus among the children of rural and urban areas of district Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. A total of 180 stool samples were collected from children under the age of 5 years from two major hospitals of Bannu from January to December (2015). The samples were analyzed by Reverse-transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Rotavirus, positive samples were further processed for genotyping (G and P type) through specific PCR. Of the total, 41 (23%) samples were positive for Rotavirus. The most prevalent G genotypes found were: G3, G8, G9 (each 29%), followed by G10 (15%), and G11 (10%). Whereas the prevalent P genotypes were: P-8 (25%), P-4 and P-10 (each 20%), P-9 (15%), followed by P-6 and P-11 (each 10%). Moreover, Rotavirus infection was more prevalent in summer (23.73%) and winter (22.7%) than spring (20%) and autumn (21.4%). Rotavirus infection exhibited high frequency in June (14%), October (8%) and November (6%). It is concluded that Rotavirus is more prevalent in children and various genotypes (G and P) of Rotavirus are present in the study area. Lack of studies, awareness and rarer testing of Rotavirus are the principal reasons of virus prevalence in district Bannu, Pakistan.(AU)

O rotavírus é o principal agente infeccioso da gastroenterite aguda (AGE) em crianças menores de 5 anos e causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativas em todo o mundo. O estudo foi realizado para detectar a taxa de prevalência, cepa de genótipos e fatores de risco de rotavírus entre as crianças de áreas rurais e urbanas do distrito de Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Um total de 180 amostras de fezes foi coletada de crianças menores de 5 anos de dois grandes hospitais de Bannu de janeiro a dezembro (2015). As amostras foram analisadas por reação em cadeia da polimerase transcriptase reversa (RT-PCR) para detecção de rotavírus; as amostras positivas foram posteriormente processadas para genotipagem (tipo G e P) através de PCR específica. Do total, 41 (23%) amostras foram positivas para rotavírus. Os genótipos G mais prevalentes encontrados foram: G3, G8, G9 (cada 29%), seguidos de G10 (15%) e G11 (10%). Considerando que os genótipos P prevalentes foram: P-8 (25%), P-4 e P-10 (cada 20%), P-9 (15%), seguido por P-6 e P-11 (cada 10%). Além disso, a infecção por rotavírus foi mais prevalente no verão (23,73%) e inverno (22,7%) do que na primavera (20%) e no outono (21,4%). A infecção por rotavírus apresentou alta frequência em junho (14%), outubro (8%) e novembro (6%). Conclui-se que o rotavírus é mais prevalente em crianças e vários genótipos (G e P) do rotavírus estão presentes na área de estudo. A falta de estudos, conhecimento e testes mais raros de rotavírus são as principais razões da prevalência do vírus no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão.(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of the different genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) varies depending on lesion severity and geographic region. OBJECTIVE: To identify multiple HPV infections in low- and high-grade cervical lesions in a group of women from the Mexican Bajío region referred with inconclusive cytology. METHODS: Pilot study of women referred from primary care units of Guanajuato, Mexico, with cytology suggestive of cervical lesion. Cervical smears were subjected to DNA extraction and HPV genotyping using microarrays. RESULTS: 100 consecutive cases were collected and 90 were analyzed; HPV positivity was observed in 26% of healthy women, and 62% had some degree of cervical lesion. The most common HPV genotypes were 59, 31, 16 and 51. Multiple infections were found in most samples. CONCLUSIONS: HPV heterogeneity was identified in the samples of the study population in contrast to worldwide reports; furthermore, multiple infections are common in precursor lesions and decrease in high-grade lesions. These data could have an impact on current HPV vaccination programs.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevalencia de los diferentes genotipos de virus del papiloma humano (VPH) varía dependiendo de la severidad de la lesión y región geográfica. OBJETIVO: Identificar infecciones múltiples de VPH en lesiones cervicales de bajo y alto grado en un grupo de mujeres del Bajío mexicano referidas con citología no concluyente. MÉTODOS: Estudio piloto de mujeres referidas de unidades del primer nivel de atención de Guanajuato, México, por citología sugerente de lesión cervical. Los raspados cervicales fueron sujetos a extracción de ADN y genotipificación del VPH mediante microarreglos. RESULTADOS: Se colectaron 100 casos consecutivos y fueron analizados 90; se observó 26 % de positividad a VPH en mujeres sanas y 62 % presentó algún grado de lesión. Los genotipos de VPH más frecuentes fueron 59, 31, 16 y 51. En la mayoría de las muestras se encontró infección múltiple. CONCLUSIONES: Se identificó heterogeneidad de VPH en las muestras de la población estudiada en contraste con los reportes internacionales; además, son comunes las infecciones múltiples en lesiones precursoras y disminuyen en las lesiones de alto grado. Estos datos podrían influir en los actuales programas de vacunación anti-VPH.

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Resumen Introducción: La prevalencia de los diferentes genotipos de virus del papiloma humano (VPH) varía dependiendo de la severidad de la lesión y región geográfica. Objetivo: Identificar infecciones múltiples de VPH en lesiones cervicales de bajo y alto grado en un grupo de mujeres del Bajío mexicano referidas con citología no concluyente. Métodos: Estudio piloto de mujeres referidas de unidades del primer nivel de atención de Guanajuato, México, por citología sugerente de lesión cervical. Los raspados cervicales fueron sujetos a extracción de ADN y genotipificación del VPH mediante microarreglos. Resultados: Se colectaron 100 casos consecutivos y fueron analizados 90; se observó 26 % de positividad a VPH en mujeres sanas y 62 % presentó algún grado de lesión. Los genotipos de VPH más frecuentes fueron 59, 31, 16 y 51. En la mayoría de las muestras se encontró infección múltiple. Conclusiones: Se identificó heterogeneidad de VPH en las muestras de la población estudiada en contraste con los reportes internacionales; además, son comunes las infecciones múltiples en lesiones precursoras y disminuyen en las lesiones de alto grado. Estos datos podrían influir en los actuales programas de vacunación anti-VPH.

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of the different genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) varies depending on lesion severity and geographic region Objective: To identify multiple HPV infections in low- and high-grade cervical lesions in a group of women from the Mexican Bajío region referred with inconclusive cytology. Methods: Pilot study of women referred from primary care units of Guanajuato, Mexico, with cytology suggestive of cervical lesion. Cervical smears were subjected to DNA extraction and HPV genotyping using microarrays. Results: 100 consecutive cases were collected and 90 were analyzed; HPV positivity was observed in 26% of healthy women, 62% had some degree of cervical lesion. The most common HPV genotypes were 59, 31, 16 and 51. Multiple infections were found in most samples. Conclusions: HPV heterogeneity was identified in the samples of the study population in contrast to worldwide reports; furthermore, multiple infections are common in precursor lesions and decrease in high-grade lesions. These data could have an impact on current HPV vaccination programs.

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BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is considered a public health problem due to the high prevalence in sexually active women and men. The distribution of genital Chlamydia genotypes among Mexican men is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of Chlamydia genotypes in men with infertile women as sexual partners. METHODS: A total of 659 urine samples were collected from men whose sexual partners were infertile women; the identifying Chlamydia infection was by means of a real-time nucleic acid amplification test (qPCR). OmpA gene PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used to confirm the genotypes of C. trachomatis. The association of genotypes with age, spermatic parameters and gynecological data of sexual partners was further analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-nine urine samples were positive infection (7.4%). The Chlamydia infection was significantly associated with teratozoospermia, azoospermia, hypospermia, and oligozoospermia. Five genotypes (F 51%; 12.2% to D; 12.2% to E; 6.1% to L2 and 4.1% Ia) were correctly identified. None genotypes identified in this comparative study were positively associated with changes in some of the spermatic values because all of them typically produce some considerable damage to these cells. CONCLUSIONS: The F genotype was the most frequent genotype identified in infertile men from Mexico City and all genotypes play an important role in the seminal alteration of Mexican men whose female partners are infertile.

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Abstract: Lippia integrifolia "incayuyo" is an aromatic, sub - woody shrub used in popular medicine, aperitit drinks and compound herb s. Its choleretic, antispasmodic, biocidal, antibacterial and larvicidal activity has been proven. The objective of the work was to register the phenology of a sample of 70 genotypes from a population with a broad genetic base. The phenophases studied were : vegetative growth, flower bud, flowering and fruiting fortnightly for two years. The initiation, intensity and prolongation of the phenophases were evaluated. The moment of full bloom occurs during the second half of December. Taking this date as a refer ence, a differentiated beginning of flowering was evidenced. The results of two campaigns were compared, observing that 70% of the specimens had a similar behavor, standing out some genotypes for presenting an early flowering and longer duration. The recor ded variability suggests that much of it could be due to intrinsic factors of the plant, and therefore, feasible to be selected .

Resumen: Lippia integrifolia "incayuyo" es un arbusto aromático, subleñoso empleado en la medicina popular, bebidas aperitivas y yerbas compuestas. Se ha comprobado su actividad colerética, antiespasmódica, biocida, antibacteriana y larvicida. El objetivo del trabajo fue registrar la fenología d e una muestra de 70 genotipos de una población de base genética amplia. Las fenofases estudiadas fueron: crecimiento vegetativo, botón floral, floración y fructificación quincenalmente durante dos años. Se evaluó inicio, intensidad y prolongación de las fe nofases. El momento de plena floración ocurre durante la segunda quincena de diciembre. Tomando esta fecha como referencia, se evidenció un inicio de floración diferenciada. Se compararon los resultados de dos campañas, observando que el 70% de los ejempla res tuvo un compartimiento semejante, destacándose algunos genotipos por presentar una floración temprana y de prolongación superior. La variabilidad registrada sugiere que gran parte de ésta podría deberse a factores intrínsecos de la planta, y por ello, factible de ser seleccionados.

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Introducción: C. albicans es reconocida como la especie más virulenta del género y representa la causa más frecuente de candidiasis en humanos. A nivel taxonómico, C.albicans se clasifica como un complejo de especies estrechamente relacionadas que incluye a C. albicans sensu stricto (s.s), C. dubliniensis y C. africana. Objetivo: identificar las especies del complejo C. albicans aisladas desde distintas muestras de pacientes de la quinta región de Valparaíso. Materiales y método: Se identificaron 103 cepas del complejo C. albicans, aisladas desde muestras superficiales y profundas durante el año 2020. La identificación se realizó en base a morfofisiología y la amplificación del gen HWP1. Resultados: Se identificaron 100 cepas como C. albicans s.s, 2 como C. dubliniensis y 1 como C. africana. Dentro de las cepas identificadas como C. albicans s.s se observaron cuatro patrones de tamaños de fragmentos genéticos. Conclusiones: C. albicans s.s fue la especie más frecuente y en base al genotipo de HPW1 se describen cuatro patrones ( H1 a H4). (AU)

Introduction: C. albicans is recognized as the most virulent species of the genus and represents the major cause of candidiasis in humans. At the taxonomic level, C. albicansis classified as a complex of closely related species that includes C. albicans sensu stricto (s.s), C. dubliniensis, and C. africana. Objective: to identify the species of the C. albicans complex isolated from different samples of patients from the fifth region of Valparaíso. Materials and method: 103 strains of the C. albicans complex were identified, isolated from superficial and deep samples during the year 2020. The identification was carried out based on morphophysiology and the amplification of the HWP1 gene. Results: 100 strains were identified as C. albicans s.s, 2 as C. dubliniensis and 1 as C. africana. Within the strains identified as C. albicans s.s, 4 patterns of fragment sizes were observed. Conclusions: C. albicans s.s was the most frequent species and based on the HPW1 genotype, four patterns are described (H1 to H4).(AU)

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RESUMEN Introducción: El empleo de técnicas moleculares para el diagnóstico de virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo oncogénico (VPH-AR) es crucial para la detección precoz del cáncer cervicouterino. Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño analítico de dos estuches de PCR-tiempo real, comercializados por el Centro de Inmunoensayo de Cuba, para detectar VPH-AR. Métodos: Se utilizaron dos paneles de ADN de muestras cervicouterinas: uno con 150 muestras, para validar el estuche SUMASIGNAL HPV 16/18, el proceso de extracción de ADN y su utilidad como prueba cuantitativa, y otro con 163 muestras para evaluar el estuche HPV 13+2. Se determinó la utilidad clínica del estuche HPV 13+2 en 55 muestras cervicovaginales autocolectadas. Se calcularon los indicadores de desempeño analítico de ambos estuches con respecto a pruebas de referencia. Resultados: Los indicadores de desempeño para SUMASIGNAL HPV 16/18 fueron excelentes (> 95 %), concordancia 96 %, índice kappa=0,93 [0,85-1,01]. La extracción de ADN mostró 100 % de especificidad clínica y analítica y 95 % de sensibilidad analítica. Se obtuvo buena correlación con la prueba de referencia cuantitativa (r = + 0,688). El estuche HPV 13+2 tuvo especificidad y sensibilidad clínicas del 100 %, la especificidad analítica fue del 84 % debido a reactividad cruzada con otros VPH-AR. Su aplicación clínica reveló alta frecuencia de infección (41,8 %): 23,6 % con VPH-AR, particularmente en mujeres jóvenes (50 %). La muestra autocolectada resultó útil (100 %). Conclusión: Los ensayos evaluados mostraron altos estándares de calidad, lo que permitiría su uso con una cobertura nacional en una plataforma tecnológica disponible para todo el país.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of molecular techniques for the diagnosis of high oncogenic risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is crucial for the early detection of cervical cancer. Objective: To evaluate the analytical performance of two real-time PCR kits, commercialized by the Cuban Immunoassay Center, to detect hrHPV. Methods: Two DNA panels from cervical samples were used: one with 150 samples to validate the SUMASIGNAL HPV 16/18 kit, the DNA extraction process and its usefulness as a quantitative test; and another with 163 samples to evaluate the HPV 13+2 kit. The clinical utility of the HPV 13+2 kit was determined in 55 self-collected cervicovaginal samples. The analytical performance indicators of both kits were calculated with respect to reference tests. Results: Performance indicators for SUMASIGNAL HPV 16/18 were excellent (>95%), concordance 96%, kappa index=0.93 [0.85-1.01]. DNA extraction showed 100% clinical and analytical specificity and 95% analytical sensitivity. Good correlation was obtained with the quantitative reference test (r = + 0.688). The HPV 13+2 kit had 100% clinical specificity and sensitivity, analytical specificity was 84% due to cross-reactivity with other hrHPVs. Its clinical application revealed a high frequency of infection (41.8%): 23.6% with hrHPV, particularly in young women (50%). The self-collected sample was viable (100%). Conclusion: The assays evaluated showed high quality standards, which would allow their use with national coverage in a technological platform available for the whole country.

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Introducción: El significado biológico de las infecciones múltiples con virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo oncogénico (VPH-AR), pertenecientes a la familia Alphapapillomavirus, en la carcinogénesis cervical aún es controversial. Objetivo: Proporcionar información sobre la circulación del VPH-AR del género Alphapapillomavirus-especie 9, e infecciones múltiples en mujeres ecuatorianas con lesiones intraepiteliales y cáncer cervicouterino (CaCU). Métodos: Se estudiaron 300 mujeres, residentes en la región Litoral del Ecuador. Se detectó la infección viral en muestras cervicales, mediante PCR anidada con cebadores genéricos MY09/11 y GP5/GP6. Los genotipos virales fueron identificados con el sistema comercial ANYPLEX II VPH28. La razón de prevalencia (RP) fue utilizada como medida de asociación entre las lesiones citológicas y las infecciones simples, múltiples o combinaciones de genotipos. Resultados: Se detectó VPH en el 92,00 % (276/300) de las mujeres, con frecuencias altas de infección por genotipos individuales, principalmente de alto riesgo oncogénico. Los VPH-AR más frecuentes fueron VPH58 (18,17 por ciento), 70 (8,64 por ciento), 53 (8,34 por ciento), 35 (7,45 por ciento), 16 (7,37 por ciento), 33 (6,55 por ciento), 31 (5,58 por ciento) y 18 (4,24 por ciento). En el 91,66 por ciento (253/276) de las muestras se detectaron infecciones múltiples, hasta con 13 tipos en una misma paciente, incluyendo varias especies del género Alphapapillomavirus. La combinación VPH16/VPH58 fue la más frecuente en lesiones de alto grado (RP = 2,9; p = 0,000), y la coinfección triple VPH16/VPH58/VPH70 predominó en las mujeres con CaCU (RP = 3,5; p = 0,007). Conclusión: Los resultados demuestran que la combinación VPH16/VPH58 del género Alphapapillomavirus, especie 9, podría ser un factor clave en la aparición de lesiones premalignas y su progresión hacia el CaCU(AU)

Introduction: It is still controversial the biological connotation of multiple infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrHPV), that belong to the genus Alphapapillomavirus, for the cervical carcinogenesis. Objective: To provide information on the circulation of hrHPV, genus Alphapapillomavirus, specie 9, and the multiple infections in Ecuadorian women with intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer. Methods: 300 women, from the coastal region of Ecuador, were screened. Viral infection was detected in cervix samples by nested PCR with MY09/11 and GP5/GP6 generic primers. Viral genotypes were identified using the commercial kit ANYPLEX II VPH28. The prevalence ratio (PR) was used to measure the association between cytological lesions and the simple, multiple or combined genotype infections. Results: Ninety-two percent of women (276/300) tested positive for HPV. Frequency of infection for single genotypes was high, mainly those of high oncogenic risk. The most frequent hrHPV genotypes were HPV58 (18.17 percent), 70 (8.64 percent), 53 (8.34 percent), 35 (7.45 percent), 16 (7.37 percent), 33 (6.55 percent), 31 (5.58 percent) and 18 (4.24 percent). In 91.66 percent (253/300) of the samples, multiple infections were detected, with up to 13 types in a single patient, including various species from the genus Alphapapillomavirus. The combination HPV16/HPV58 was the most frequent on high-grade lesions (PR = 2.9; p = 0,000), and HPV16/HPV58/HPV70 triple co-infection prevailed in women with cervical cancer (PR = 3.5; p = 0.007). Conclusions: The results evidence that the combination HPV16/HPV58, genus Alphapapillomavirus, specie 9, could be a key factor in the occurrence of premalignant lesions and their evolution into cervical cancer(AU)

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