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Digital image datasets for Precision Agriculture (PA) still need to be available. Many problems in this field of science have been studied to find solutions, such as detecting weeds, counting fruits and trees, and detecting diseases and pests, among others. One of the main fields of research in PA is detecting different crop types with aerial images. Crop detection is vital in PA to establish crop inventories, planting areas, and crop yields and to have information available for food markets and public entities that provide technical help to small farmers. This work proposes public access to a digital image dataset for detecting green onion and foliage flower crops located in the rural area of Medellín City - Colombia. This dataset consists of 245 images with their respective labels: green onion (Allium fistulosum), foliage flowers (Solidago Canadensis and Aster divaricatus), and non-crop areas prepared for planting. A total of 4315 instances were obtained, which were divided into subsets for training, validation, and testing. The classes in the images were labeled with the polygon method, which allows training machine learning algorithms for detection using bounding boxes or segmentation in the COCO format.

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The main of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of tropical tree foliage in ruminant diets on the in vitro fermentation, bacterial population, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and enteric CH4 production. Seven experimental diets were evaluated: a control treatment of Pennisetum purpureum (T7) and six treatments of P. purpureum supplemented (30%) with the foliage of Neomillspaughia emargiata (T1), Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia (T2), Caesalpinia gaumeri (T3), Piscidia piscipula (T4), Leucaena leucocephala (T5), and Havardia albicans (T6). The T2, T7, and T5 treatments had the highest (p < 0.05) digestibility of dry matter. Overall, supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the concentrations of propionic and butyric acid and decreased acetic acid. Methanogenic bacteria decreased (p < 0.05) in T1, T2, T5, and T6. Ruminococcus albus decreased in T1, T2, T3, and T5 and Selenomonas ruminiantum increased in T3. Fibrobacter succinogenes increased, except in T5. Methane production decreased (p < 0.05) in T1, T4, T5, and T6. The supplementation with Leucaena leucocephala, Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia, Neomillspaughia emargiata, Piscidia piscipula, Havardia albicans, and Caesalpinia gaumeri is a potential alternative nutritional strategy for ruminants that results in positive changes in VFAs profile, a decrease on CH4 production and methanogenic bacteria, and changes on fibrolytic and non-fibrolytic bacteria composition.HIGHLIGHTSTropical tree foliage supplementation increased propionic and butyric acid and decreased acetic acid concentrations.Fibrolytic, non-fibrolytic, and Methanogenic bacteria were selectively modulated with the supplementation of tropical tree foliage.The enteric methane (CH4) production decreased with the supplementation of tree foliage.The supplementation of Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia and Leucaena leucocephala had the highest digestibility and is a potential alternative nutritional strategy for ruminants.

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We evaluated the effect of browsing experience, nutritional quality and secondary compounds of forage resources, and the interaction between these factors on the selection and intake of goats in a cafeteria trial. Twelve juvenile Criollo goats from 7 to 9 months of age, weighing 22 ± 3 kg, were divided into two groups: (a) browser goats group (n = 6, BG), and (b) naïve goats group (n = 6, NG), formed according to their previous browsing experience (with and without, respectively). Animals were housed in individual pens. The cafeteria experiment lasted 21 days considering pen adaptation, foliage adaptation, and measurements, which included the selection index (SI) of experimental forage resources (Chesson's alpha) and their dry matter intake (DMI/Kg0.75), using a multiple Latin square design. Furthermore, correlation and regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between the aforementioned factors. The NG did not show any selection pattern, while the BG selected Piscidia piscipula and Senegalia gaumeri (p = 0.0002). The BG consumed smaller amounts of secondary compounds compared to NG (p = 0.0001). In the BG, the flavonoids affected negatively their selection (R2 = 97.51, p = 0.0001), while the DMI was affected by in vitro DM digestibility and flavonoids (R2 = 99.85; p = 0.0001). For the NG, the crude protein and organic matter contents were associated with DMI, but none had a significant relationship with SI. The BG selected and consumed forages with suitable nutritional quality avoiding those with high content of secondary compounds such as flavonoids. Conversely, NG did not show a clear pattern for their selection or intake.

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This review summarized for the first time the nutritional benefits of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in animal feed. the agronomic characteristics for the hyperproduction of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were reported, as well as the chemical composition of the forage meal (leaves + petioles + stems), with emphasis on crude protein, amino acids, minerals, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin detergent acid, secondary metabolites, and metabolizable energy for ruminants and non-ruminants. Additionally, their medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, and antipyretic properties were detailed. Its use as a source of protein in ruminant feeding is attractive and can be combined with grasses. In rabbits, fresh forage in high concentrations in the diets reduces the feed palatability, which causes a decrease in animal response, although it depends on the forage quality. In addition, limits for Hibiscus rosa-sinensis forage were recommended in diets or feeding systems for poultry, pigs, rabbits, goats, and sheep.

RESUMO

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia como sustitución de fuente tradicional de proteína en dietas para pollos de engorde. Se emplearon 240 pollitos de engorde mixtos de la línea Cobb distribuidos en diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 4, dos edades de corte 45 y 60 días, con cuatro niveles de inclusión de harina de botón de oro 0, 5, 10 y 15%, tres repeticiones y 10 aves por unidad experimental. No hubo efecto de los niveles de Tithonia sobre el consumo de alimento (P>0,05), los niveles de Tithonia influenciaron (p<0,05) la ganancia de peso y la conversión alimentcia. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que el uso de harina de follaje de Tithonia se puede constituir como una alternativa en la alimentación del pollo de engorde en inclusiones ≤ 10% en la dieta para los dos estados de desarrollo y permite reemplazar parcialmente una materia prima costosa en etapa de finalización.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of flour from foliage of Tithonia diversifolia as substitution of traditional source of protein in diets for broilers. We used 240 mixed fattening chicks of the Cobb distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, two cutting ages of 45 and 60 days, with four inclusion levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15% gold button flour, three repetitions and 10 birds per unit experimental. There was no effect of Tithonia levels on feed intake (P> 0,05), Tithonia levels influenced (p <0,05) weight gain and feed conversion. The results obtained in final weight show that the use of gold button foliage flour can be constituted as an alternative in the feeding of the broiler in inclusions ≤ 10% in the diet for the two stages of development and allows partially replacing a expensive raw material in the final stage.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do farelo de folhagem Tithoni diversifolia em substituicao da fonte tradicional de proteína na dieta para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 240 pintos de corte da linha Cobb distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, duas idades de corte 45 e 60 dias, com quatro níveis de inclusão de 0, 5, 10 e 15% de farelo de tithonia, três repetições e 10 aves por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito dos níveis de Tithonia sobre o consumo de alimento (P>0,05), os níveis de Tithonia influenciaram (P<0,05) o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o uso de farelo de folhagem de Tithonia Os resultados obtidos no peso final evidenciam que o uso de farinha folhagem pode-se constituir como uma alternativa na alimentação de frango em inclusões ≤ 10% na dieta para as duas fases de desenvolvimento e permite substituir parcialmente matéria-prima cara na fase final.

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Nitrogen fertilization can increase the appearance of new tillers, which can improve the structure of deferred sward, since the deferral period is not long. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of nitrogen fertilization on structure and tillering dynamics of Piata palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata) during deferment. We evaluated three nitrogen fertilization levels (none - 0 kg ha <->1; medium - 75 kg ha <->1; and high - 150 kg ha <->1) associated with deferment periods (1, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days). The experimental design was set in completely randomised blocks in a split-plot arrangement, with three replications. The deferment period influenced foliage area index quadratically (p < 0.01) at all fertilization levels. The improvement in nitrogen fertilization levels increased light interception and reduced the foliage angle, but it did not affect tillering dynamics of Piata palisade grass during the deferment period. Appearance and mortality rates, the balance between tiller appearance and mortality and the stability index of the population of aerial and basal tillers of Piata palisade grass were higher at the beginning of the pasture deferment period. Nitrogen fertilization does not stimulate appearance of tillers on deferred Piata palisade grass. Tiller population stability, however, is only high at the beginning of deferment, decreasing after this initial period.(AU)

A adubação nitrogenada pode aumentar o aparecimento de novos perfilhos, o que pode melhorar a estrutura do dossel forrageiro diferido, desde que o período de diferimento não seja longo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se estimar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada na estrutura e dinâmica de perfilhamento do capim-piatã durante o diferimento. Foram avaliadas condições de adubação nitrogenada (ausente - 0 kg ha <->1, média - 75 kg ha <->1 e alta - 150 kg ha <->1) associadas aos períodos de diferimento (1, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. O período de diferimento influenciou o índice de área da folhagem de forma quadrática (p < 0,01) em todas as condições de adubação. A melhoria da condição de adubação nitrogenada aumentou a interceptação de luz e reduziu o ângulo da folhagem, porém não influenciou a dinâmica do perfilhamento durante o período de diferimento do capim-piatã. As taxas de aparecimento e de mortalidade, o balanço entre o aparecimento e mortalidade de perfilhos, e o índice de estabilidade da população de perfilhos aéreos e basais do capim-piatã foram maiores no início do período de diferimento dos pastos. A adubação nitrogenada não estimula o aparecimento de perfilhos do capim-piatã diferido. Já a estabilidade da população de perfilhos é alta apenas no início do período dediferimento, não se mantendo após esse período inicial.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Nitrogen fertilization can increase the appearance of new tillers, which can improve the structure of deferred sward, since the deferral period is not long. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the effects of nitrogen fertilization on structure and tillering dynamics of Piata palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piata) during deferment. We evaluated three nitrogen fertilization levels (none - 0 kg ha

A adubação nitrogenada pode aumentar o aparecimento de novos perfilhos, o que pode melhorar a estrutura do dossel forrageiro diferido, desde que o período de diferimento não seja longo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se estimar os efeitos da adubação nitrogenada na estrutura e dinâmica de perfilhamento do capim-piatã durante o diferimento. Foram avaliadas condições de adubação nitrogenada (ausente - 0 kg ha

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Previous cafeteria studies suggested that a moderate natural gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection did not modify the resource selection of adult Criollo goats towards tannin-rich plants compared with worm-free goats. A higher infection with Haemonchus contortus could trigger a change in the resource selection behaviour towards tannin-rich foliage. Alternatively, goats might select plant species solely to meet their nutritional requirements. A cafeteria study investigated the effect of a high artificial infection with H. contortus on the feed resource selection of goats. Adult Criollo goats (37.5±4.8 kg BW) with browsing experience were distributed in two groups: the infected group (IG) with six animals artificially infected with H. contortus (6000 L3/animal); and the non-infected group (NIG) with six animals maintained worm-free. The experiment included two 5-day periods with additional 5-day adaptation period. In the first period, animals were offered foliage of five plant species with a decreasing gradient of condensed tannins (CT) (Mimosa bahamensis, Gymnopodium floribundum, Havardia albicans, Acacia pennatula, Lysiloma latisiliqum), and three plant species with negligible CT content (Leucaena leucocephala, Piscidia piscipula and Brosimum alicastrum). In the second period the foliage of B. alicastrum was withdrawn. A grain-based concentrate feed was offered daily at 1% BW in DM basis. Dry matter and nutrient intake was determined. Foliage selection of each experimental group was determined using the Chesson selection index. The H. contortus egg count per gram of faeces (EPG) was determined for infected goats twice daily. Chesson index showed a similar pattern of foliage selection on periods 1 and 2. Mean EPG of goats in IG was 2028±259 EPG during period 1 and 1 293±198 EPG during period 2 (P>0.05). During period 1, the selection pattern was highest for B. alicastrum (tannin-free), followed by a tannin-rich plant (M. bahamensis). These two plants remained as highly selected during period 2. The Chesson index showed that both experimental groups (IG and NIG) selected the same plant species in both periods. Thus, a high H. contortus infection did not affect selection of goats fed with CT-rich plants. Apparently, goats balanced their nutrient intake with the plants selected, showing evidence of nutritional wisdom. This balance may have helped to prevent excess protein in the diet and also to maintain a low GIN infection, both considered as examples of prophylactic self-medication.

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The nutritional value of browse foliage from the Thorny Kalahari Dune Bush veld of South Africa is not characterized. Most of this browse species is rich in tannin, but still palatable, and is consumed by ruminants during the dry season, as well as having a role to play in mitigating enteric methane emission from ruminants. In this study, the rumen methane mitigation potential of 19 browse species foliage collected from the Thorny Kalahari Dune Bush veld, was analyzed in terms of chemical composition, in vitro fermentation, digestibility and methane production. In vitro gas and methane production and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined by using rumen fluid collected, strained and anaerobically prepared. A semi-automated system was used to measure gas production (GP) from each browse species by incubating 400 mg samples in a shaking incubator at 39 °C with or without inclusion of 400 mg of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Data for all the parameters collected were statistically analyzed using the SAS (9.0) general linear model (GLM) procedure, and differences between foliage species were determined using Duncans multiple-range test. Acacia luederitziiand Monechma incanumshowed the best potential for decreasing methane production by up to 90 % after 48 h of incubation. The secondary components (mainly tannins) of the browse species appeared to have a significant effect on volatile fatty acids (VFA), methane and gas production as judged by the comparison of samples incubated with or without PEG inclusion. The substantial amount of crude protein (CP) content coupled with their anti-methanogenic effect during fermentation would make these browses a potential mitigation option for small scale farmers and pastoralists in sub-Sahara Africa. However, it is also very important that systematic and strategic supplementation in a mixed diet should be looked at as the way forward in terms of best utilization.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The nutritional value of browse foliage from the Thorny Kalahari Dune Bush veld of South Africa is not characterized. Most of this browse species is rich in tannin, but still palatable, and is consumed by ruminants during the dry season, as well as having a role to play in mitigating enteric methane emission from ruminants. In this study, the rumen methane mitigation potential of 19 browse species foliage collected from the Thorny Kalahari Dune Bush veld, was analyzed in terms of chemical composition, in vitro fermentation, digestibility and methane production. In vitro gas and methane production and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined by using rumen fluid collected, strained and anaerobically prepared. A semi-automated system was used to measure gas production (GP) from each browse species by incubating 400 mg samples in a shaking incubator at 39 °C with or without inclusion of 400 mg of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Data for all the parameters collected were statistically analyzed using the SAS (9.0) general linear model (GLM) procedure, and differences between foliage species were determined using Duncans multiple-range test. Acacia luederitziiand Monechma incanumshowed the best potential for decreasing methane production by up to 90 % after 48 h of incubation. The secondary components (mainly tannins) of the browse species appeared to have a significant effect on volatile fatty acids (VFA), methane and gas production as judged by the comparison of samples incubated with or without PEG inclusion. The substantial amount of crude protein (CP) content coupled with their anti-methanogenic effect during fermentation would make these browses a potential mitigation option for small scale farmers and pastoralists in sub-Sahara Africa. However, it is also very important that systematic and strategic supplementation in a mixed diet should be looked at as the way forward in terms of best utilization.(AU)

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We evaluated the effects of fire on the vegetative phenological behavior (crown foliage cover, sprouting, mature and young leaves) of woody species at two sites in the Brazilian savanna, one of which had been accidentally burned. We used generalized additive mixed models to test the hypothesis that: 1) fire damages total foliage cover, thus leading to changes in vegetative phenological patterns. As this hypothesis was corroborated, we also tested whether 2) the damage caused by fire to the total crown foliage cover and mature leaves is greater in evergreen than in deciduous species, and 3) the negative effects of fire on vegetative phenology persist after the first fire-free year. The first two hypotheses were corroborated, but the third was not. Fire effects on total crown foliage cover and mature leaves were greatest during the first three months following the fire, and were significantly greater in evergreen species. For shoots and young leaves, the greatest differences found between three and seven months post-fire. On the other hand, no differences were observed in phenological events between burned and unburned sites in the second year post-fire, indicating that marked effects of the fire were only observed over a short period. Our results showed immediate negative effects on the vegetative phenophases, but also that these effects are transient, and cannot be discerned after the first fire-free year.

Avaliamos os efeitos do fogo sobre o comportamento fenológico vegetativo (cobertura de copa, brotação, folhas jovens e folhas adultas) de espécies lenhosas em dois sítios de cerrado sensu stricto: um queimado acidentalmente e outro não queimado. Usamos modelos aditivos mistos generalizados para testar a hipótese de que 1) o fogo danifica a cobertura de folhas das copas, o que resulta em alterações nos padrões fenológicos vegetativos das espécies; sendo isso verdadeiro, testamos se 2) os danos causados pelo fogo na cobertura de copa e nas folhas adultas são maiores em espécies sempre verdes do que em espécies decíduas e se 3) os efeitos negativos do fogo sobre a fenologia vegetativa persistem após um ano sem fogo. As duas primeiras hipóteses foram corroboradas, mas a terceira não. Os efeitos do fogo na cobertura de folhagem da copa e nas folhas adultas foram maiores após três meses da ocorrência do fogo e significativamente maiores para espécies sempre verdes. Para brotação e folhas jovens, as maiores diferenças foram entre três e sete meses após a queimada. Por outro lado, não foram percebidas diferenças entre os eventos fenológicos vegetativos dos sítios no segundo ano após a ocorrência do fogo, o que indica que os efeitos do fogo foram expressivos apenas por curto período. Os nossos resultados mostraram que o efeito do fogo sobre os eventos fenológicos vegetativos é negativo e mais intenso logo após a ocorrência da queimada, mas também que estes efeitos são temporários, e não são mais percebidos após o primeiro ano da ocorrência do fogo.

RESUMO

Avaliaram-se as características quantitativas e qualitativas do sêmen de coelhos alimentados com uma ração referência e outra ração formulada com 79,83% de subprodutos de mandioca. Utilizaram-se 20 reprodutores da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, com idade média inicial de sete meses, alojados individualmente em gaiolas e distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com duas dietas e dez repetições. Realizaram-se dez colheitas de sêmen por animal durante seis meses. Avaliaram-se o volume de sêmen sem gel e volume de gel, cor do sêmen, pH, motilidade espermática progressiva, vigor espermático, concentração espermática, número de espermatozoides no ejaculado, espermatozoides normais, anormais e anormalidades primárias e secundárias. O volume de sêmen sem gel, o índice de normalidade, as anormalidades primárias e secundárias foram iguais (P>0,05) para os animais alimentados com a ração referência e a com subprodutos de mandioca. Os demais parâmetros do sêmen foram melhores (P<0,05) nos animais tratados com a ração com subprodutos de mandioca. Os resultados das características quali-quantitativas do sêmen dos coelhos da Raça Nova Zelândia Branco demonstram que é possível utilizar ração com 79,83% do volume da formulação com subprodutos de mandioca, na dieta de reprodutores, sem prejuízos nas características do sêmen, desde que observados os níveis reduzidos de taninos e ácido cianídrico.

The quantitative and qualitative rabbit semen characteristics fed with a reference diet and a diet formulated with 79.83% of cassava by-products were evaluated. 20 New Zealand White rabbit bucks, with initial average age of seven months were used, individually allocated and distributed in a completely ramdomized design, with two diets (treatments) and ten replications. The ten semen collections per animal were taken during six months. The evaluated parameters were: semen volume without gel and gel volume, color of semen, pH, spermatic progressive motility, spermatic vigor, spermatic concentration, spermatozoa number in the ejaculation, normal spermatozoa, abnormal and primary and secondary abnormalities spermatozoa. The semen volume without gel, the normal spermatozoa, primary and secondary abnormalities spermatozoa were similar (P>0.05) to the animals fed with cassava by-products diet and reference diet. Other semen parameters were better (P<0.05) in the animals fed with the cassava by-products diet. The results of the quali-quantitative characteristics of the semen from New Zealand White rabbits showed that it is possible to use diets containing 79.83% of inclusion of cassava by-products in the diet of rabbit bucks, without affecting semen characteristics, since we observed the reduced level of tannins and hydrocyanic acid.

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RESUMO

Avaliaram-se as características quantitativas e qualitativas do sêmen de coelhos alimentados com uma ração referência e outra ração formulada com 79,83% de subprodutos de mandioca. Utilizaram-se 20 reprodutores da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, com idade média inicial de sete meses, alojados individualmente em gaiolas e distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com duas dietas e dez repetições. Realizaram-se dez colheitas de sêmen por animal durante seis meses. Avaliaram-se o volume de sêmen sem gel e volume de gel, cor do sêmen, pH, motilidade espermática progressiva, vigor espermático, concentração espermática, número de espermatozoides no ejaculado, espermatozoides normais, anormais e anormalidades primárias e secundárias. O volume de sêmen sem gel, o índice de normalidade, as anormalidades primárias e secundárias foram iguais (P>0,05) para os animais alimentados com a ração referência e a com subprodutos de mandioca. Os demais parâmetros do sêmen foram melhores (P<0,05) nos animais tratados com a ração com subprodutos de mandioca. Os resultados das características quali-quantitativas do sêmen dos coelhos da Raça Nova Zelândia Branco demonstram que é possível utilizar ração com 79,83% do volume da formulação com subprodutos de mandioca, na dieta de reprodutores, sem prejuízos nas características do sêmen, desde que observados os níveis reduzidos de taninos e ácido cianídrico.(AU)

The quantitative and qualitative rabbit semen characteristics fed with a reference diet and a diet formulated with 79.83% of cassava by-products were evaluated. 20 New Zealand White rabbit bucks, with initial average age of seven months were used, individually allocated and distributed in a completely ramdomized design, with two diets (treatments) and ten replications. The ten semen collections per animal were taken during six months. The evaluated parameters were: semen volume without gel and gel volume, color of semen, pH, spermatic progressive motility, spermatic vigor, spermatic concentration, spermatozoa number in the ejaculation, normal spermatozoa, abnormal and primary and secondary abnormalities spermatozoa. The semen volume without gel, the normal spermatozoa, primary and secondary abnormalities spermatozoa were similar (P>0.05) to the animals fed with cassava by-products diet and reference diet. Other semen parameters were better (P<0.05) in the animals fed with the cassava by-products diet. The results of the quali-quantitative characteristics of the semen from New Zealand White rabbits showed that it is possible to use diets containing 79.83% of inclusion of cassava by-products in the diet of rabbit bucks, without affecting semen characteristics, since we observed the reduced level of tannins and hydrocyanic acid.(AU)

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Genipap (Genipa americana L., Rubiaceae ) is a native Brazilian species and can be used in the recovery of degraded forest areas or for food supply. In order for the species to reach its potential, production of high quality seedlings is essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate genipap seedlings in protected environments and different substrates. The environments tested were: (1) a greenhouse with polyethylene film in the top, with aluminized screen (Aliminet®) of 50%-shading under this film, and lateral sides covered with 50%-shading nylon net (Sombrite®), (2) a shaded hut, all sides covered with 50%-shading nylon net (Sombrite®), and (3) a nursery shelter, with all lateral sides uncovered and the roof covered with leaves of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa). In these environments the following substrates were tested: 50% cattle manure + 50% cassava foliage, 50% cattle manure + 50% Vida Verde®, 50% cattle manure + 50% vermiculite, and 25% cattle manure + 25% vermiculite + 25% of cassava foliage + 25% Vida Verde®. Because there was no repetition of the growth environment, the effect of environment was examined using statistical procedures for analysis of combined experiments. Within environments a completely randomized design was used with five replications. All substrates are suitable for the formation of genipap seedlings, where the recommended substrates are: 50% cattle manure + 50% cassava foliage and 50% cattle manure + 50% Vida Verde® for the greenhouse and the substrates composed of 50% cattle manure + 50% vermiculite and 25% cattle manure + 25% cassava foliage + 25% Vida Verde®+ 25% vermiculite for the shaded hut. The buriti shelter is not recommended for production of genipap seedlings.

O jenipapo (Genipa americana L., Rubiaceae) é uma espécie brasileira nativa e pode ser utilizada na recomposição de áreas de florestas degradadas ou fornecimento de alimentos. Para que a espécie atinja elevado potencial, a produção de mudas de elevada qualidade é essencial. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar mudas de jenipapo em ambientes protegidos e diferentes substratos. Os ambientes testados foram; (1) uma estufa agrícola com filme de polietileno transparente na cobertura, com tela aluminizada (Aliminet®) de 50% de sombreamento sob este filme, e lateral com tela de 50% de sombreamento; (2) uma cabana sombreada com todos os lados cobertos com tela de nylon de 50% de sombreamento (Sombrite®), e (3) um abrigo com todas as laterais sem fechamentos e cobertura com folhas de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa). Nestes ambientes foram testados os substratos 50% esterco bovino + 50% rama de mandioca, 50% esterco bovino + 50% Vida Verde®, 50% esterco bovino + 50% vermiculita e 25% esterco bovino + 25% vermiculita + 25% rama de mandioca + 25% Vida Verde®. Por não haver repetição do ambiente de cultivo, o efeito do ambiente foi examinado usando procedimento estatístico para análise de experimentos combinados. Dentro dos ambientes um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi utilizado com cinco repetições. Todos os substratos são indicados para formação de mudas de jenipapeiro, sendo recomendados os substratos a base de 50% esterco bovino + 50% rama de mandioca e 50% esterco bovino + 50% vida verde para a estufa agrícola e os substratos com 50% de esterco bovino + 50% vermiculita e 25% esterco bovino + 25% rama de mandioca + 25% vida verde + 25% vermiculita para a cabana sombreada. O abrigo com buriti não é recomendado para produção de mudas de jenipapo.

RESUMO

Genipap (Genipa americana L., Rubiaceae ) is a native Brazilian species and can be used in the recovery of degraded forest areas or for food supply. In order for the species to reach its potential, production of high quality seedlings is essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate genipap seedlings in protected environments and different substrates. The environments tested were: (1) a greenhouse with polyethylene film in the top, with aluminized screen (Aliminet®) of 50%-shading under this film, and lateral sides covered with 50%-shading nylon net (Sombrite®), (2) a shaded hut, all sides covered with 50%-shading nylon net (Sombrite®), and (3) a nursery shelter, with all lateral sides uncovered and the roof covered with leaves of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa). In these environments the following substrates were tested: 50% cattle manure + 50% cassava foliage, 50% cattle manure + 50% Vida Verde®, 50% cattle manure + 50% vermiculite, and 25% cattle manure + 25% vermiculite + 25% of cassava foliage + 25% Vida Verde®. Because there was no repetition of the growth environment, the effect of environment was examined using statistical procedures for analysis of combined experiments. Within environments a completely randomized design was used with five replications. All substrates are suitable for the formation of genipap seedlings, where the recommended substrates are: 50% cattle manure + 50% cassava foliage and 50% cattle manure + 50% Vida Verde® for the greenhouse and the substrates composed of 50% cattle manure + 50% vermiculite and 25% cattle manure + 25% cassava foliage + 25% Vida Verde®+ 25% vermiculite for the shaded hut. The buriti shelter is not recommended for production of genipap seedlings.(AU)

O jenipapo (Genipa americana L., Rubiaceae) é uma espécie brasileira nativa e pode ser utilizada na recomposição de áreas de florestas degradadas ou fornecimento de alimentos. Para que a espécie atinja elevado potencial, a produção de mudas de elevada qualidade é essencial. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar mudas de jenipapo em ambientes protegidos e diferentes substratos. Os ambientes testados foram; (1) uma estufa agrícola com filme de polietileno transparente na cobertura, com tela aluminizada (Aliminet®) de 50% de sombreamento sob este filme, e lateral com tela de 50% de sombreamento; (2) uma cabana sombreada com todos os lados cobertos com tela de nylon de 50% de sombreamento (Sombrite®), e (3) um abrigo com todas as laterais sem fechamentos e cobertura com folhas de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa). Nestes ambientes foram testados os substratos 50% esterco bovino + 50% rama de mandioca, 50% esterco bovino + 50% Vida Verde®, 50% esterco bovino + 50% vermiculita e 25% esterco bovino + 25% vermiculita + 25% rama de mandioca + 25% Vida Verde®. Por não haver repetição do ambiente de cultivo, o efeito do ambiente foi examinado usando procedimento estatístico para análise de experimentos combinados. Dentro dos ambientes um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi utilizado com cinco repetições. Todos os substratos são indicados para formação de mudas de jenipapeiro, sendo recomendados os substratos a base de 50% esterco bovino + 50% rama de mandioca e 50% esterco bovino + 50% vida verde para a estufa agrícola e os substratos com 50% de esterco bovino + 50% vermiculita e 25% esterco bovino + 25% rama de mandioca + 25% vida verde + 25% vermiculita para a cabana sombreada. O abrigo com buriti não é recomendado para produção de mudas de jenipapo.(AU)

RESUMO

Grapevine phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) is a worldwide pest of Vitis species. It has forms that feed on leaves and roots. Root forms predominate on Vitis vinifera (L.) cultivars, while leaf forms predominate on Vitis species from its native American range. Recently, high densities of D. vitifoliae infestations in leaves of V. vinifera in Brazil, Peru, and Uruguay have been reported. The aims of this study were to determine the seasonal development of grape phylloxera, quantify infestation levels on V. vinifera leaves, and compare them with infestation levels on leaves of a rootstock of American origin. Studies were conducted in two vineyards in Uruguay from 2004-2007. Terminal shoots of 3309 C and Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Tannat, Viognier, grafted onto resistant rootstock, were sampled weekly and leaves examined for gall presence and insect life stage. First galls were detected in early October; eggs began to appear within two weeks. Two oviposition peaks occurred by the end of December, and they coincided with bursts of shoot growth. On 3309C rootstock, oviposition peaks were more frequent than on the European cultivars. Based on thermal accumulation, D. vitifoliae could complete eight generations a year in Uruguay. Rootstock 3309C suffered the greatest damage but in some cases was similar to the European cultivars. Damage to Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Viognier were also high. There were no galls on Tannat. The 2005-2006 season was characterized by low infestation rates caused by a prolonged drought that affected vegetative growth. There were also differences between vineyards, where the vigorous plants suffering more damage. Leaf galling phylloxera incidence and damage were mainly associated to the cultivar but plant vigor and environmental factors also contributed to increase the incidence.

RESUMO

Introducción: Cajanus indicus Spreng (gandul), presenta gran interés terapéutico, sobre todo en la búsqueda de compuestos de origen vegetal que mediante mecanismo antimitótico inhiban el desarrollo de procesos cancerosos. Objetivos: determinar los aspectos agrícolas que proporcionen mayor producción de la parte aérea para su explotación con estos fines. Métodos: durante 2007-2009 se hicieron diferentes investigaciones en la Estación Experimental de Plantas Medicinales Dr. Juan Tomás Roig; en julio de 2007 se realizó un estudio para analizar el comportamiento de la planta y determinar la altura de corte que proporcionara su mejor rebrotación, posteriormente se estudió por 2 años consecutivos, febrero de 2008 hasta febrero de 2009, 2 distancias de siembra: 90 x 30 cm y 90 x 60 cm; y 2 momentos de inicio de cosecha: 3 y 4 meses de edad...

Introduction: Cajanus indicus Spreng. (gandul) is of great therapeutic interest mainly in the search of vegetal compounds capable of inhibiting cancerous processes through the antimycotic mechanism. Objectives: to determine the agricultural aspects that favour higher production of the aerial part of this plant to this end. Methods: in the 2007-2009 period, several research studies were performed in Dr Juan Tomás Roig experimental center of medicinal plants. In July, 2007 a study was conducted to analyze the behaviour of the plant and to determine the cutting height that will encourage the best sprout. From February 2008 to February 2009, 2 sowing distances (90 x 30 cm and 90 x 60 cm) and 2 times of harvest starting (3 and 4 months of age) were studied...

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Foram avaliados o desempenho da desmama ao abate e as características de carcaça de 144 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, oriundos de matrizes alimentadas com dietas referência ou semi-simplificada com 79,83% de subprodutos de mandioca, distribuídos em gaiolas, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (duas rações fornecidas às matrizes e láparos até a desmama versus três rações fornecidas aos animais da desmama até o abate) com 12 repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As dietas fornecidas, após a desmama, consistiram de uma referência e duas semi-simplificadas com 81,63% de subprodutos de mandioca ensilados ou não antes da sua incorporação. Coelhos cujas mães foram alimentadas com dieta semi-simplificadas se apresentaram mais leves à desmama que os desmamados com dieta-referência. Observou-se menor consumo de ração para os coelhos que receberam a dieta maternidade semi-simplificada até a desmama, resultando em melhor conversão alimentar. Os pesos da carcaça e dos cortes comerciais foram maiores nos animais alimentados com as rações referência maternidade e referência crescimento. O uso de dietas semi-simplificadas com subprodutos de mandioca ensilados ou não, da desmama ao abate, reduziu o ganho de peso diário e o consumo de ração, porém melhorou a conversão alimentar e diminuiu o custo de ração. A utilização das rações semi-simplificadas apresenta-se como alternativa interessante para a produção de coelhos.

This study evaluated the performance from weaning to slaughter and carcass characteristics of 144 New Zealand White rabbits, from does fed with a reference diet or half-simplified diet containing 79.83% cassava by-product, allocated in iron cages, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two diets used for does and litters until weaning versus three diets supplied for animals from weaning to slaughter) with 12 replications and two animals per experimental unit. The supplied diets after weaning consisted of one reference and two half-simplified diets with 81.63% cassava by-product ensiled or not before its incorporation. Rabbits from mothers fed with the half-simplified diet gained less weight at weaning than rabbits fed with reference diet. Lower feed intake was observed for rabbits that received the maternity half-simplified diet until weaning, resulting in a better feed:gain ratio. The weight of carcass and commercial cuts were higher for animals fed with both reference diets: maternity and growth diets. The use of half-simplified diets with cassava by-product ensiled or not, from weaning to slaughter, reduced daily weight gain and feed intake; however, it improved the feed:gain ratio and decreased ration feed cost. The use of halfsimplified diets represents an interesting alternative in rabbit production.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Foram avaliados o desempenho da desmama ao abate e as características de carcaça de 144 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, oriundos de matrizes alimentadas com dietas referência ou semi-simplificada com 79,83% de subprodutos de mandioca, distribuídos em gaiolas, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (duas rações fornecidas às matrizes e láparos até a desmama versus três rações fornecidas aos animais da desmama até o abate) com 12 repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. As dietas fornecidas, após a desmama, consistiram de uma referência e duas semi-simplificadas com 81,63% de subprodutos de mandioca ensilados ou não antes da sua incorporação. Coelhos cujas mães foram alimentadas com dieta semi-simplificadas se apresentaram mais leves à desmama que os desmamados com dieta-referência. Observou-se menor consumo de ração para os coelhos que receberam a dieta maternidade semi-simplificada até a desmama, resultando em melhor conversão alimentar. Os pesos da carcaça e dos cortes comerciais foram maiores nos animais alimentados com as rações referência maternidade e referência crescimento. O uso de dietas semi-simplificadas com subprodutos de mandioca ensilados ou não, da desmama ao abate, reduziu o ganho de peso diário e o consumo de ração, porém melhorou a conversão alimentar e diminuiu o custo de ração. A utilização das rações semi-simplificadas apresenta-se como alternativa interessante para a produção de coelhos.(AU)

This study evaluated the performance from weaning to slaughter and carcass characteristics of 144 New Zealand White rabbits, from does fed with a reference diet or half-simplified diet containing 79.83% cassava by-product, allocated in iron cages, in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two diets used for does and litters until weaning versus three diets supplied for animals from weaning to slaughter) with 12 replications and two animals per experimental unit. The supplied diets after weaning consisted of one reference and two half-simplified diets with 81.63% cassava by-product ensiled or not before its incorporation. Rabbits from mothers fed with the half-simplified diet gained less weight at weaning than rabbits fed with reference diet. Lower feed intake was observed for rabbits that received the maternity half-simplified diet until weaning, resulting in a better feed:gain ratio. The weight of carcass and commercial cuts were higher for animals fed with both reference diets: maternity and growth diets. The use of half-simplified diets with cassava by-product ensiled or not, from weaning to slaughter, reduced daily weight gain and feed intake; however, it improved the feed:gain ratio and decreased ration feed cost. The use of halfsimplified diets represents an interesting alternative in rabbit production.(AU)

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INTRODUCCIÓN: es necesario definir la época adecuada de plantación para cultivar exitosamente Tagetes lucida. OBJETIVOS: obtener valores altos de biomasa y aceite esencial. MÉTODOS: se establecieron estaquilleros y posterior trasplante en 2008 (30 de abril-27 de mayo; 27 de mayo-8 de julio; 24 de junio-30 de julio; 5 de agosto-11 de septiembre). Se determinó la supervivencia de estacas enraizadas en cultivo a pleno sol, la altura de las plantas en el momento de cosecha y el rendimiento fresco de follaje en 4 cosechas; generalmente, a 3 meses del trasplante y las restantes a intervalos de 3 meses. Se estimaron los contenidos de aceite en las cosechas segunda y tercera mediante hidrodestilación y la presencia de componentes por cromatografía en capa delgada (referencias: eugenol, linalol, mirceno). RESULTADOS: se obtuvo supervivencia 98 por ciento en el trasplante; la mayoría de las plantas no superaron 60 cm de altura, se determinó que en el período octubre-inicios de febrero las plantas presentaron completa floración, en mayo floración escasa y en junio-septiembre estado vegetativo y su crecimiento se detiene en invierno. Se demostró que en un período de explotación de 12-13 meses, se alcanzaron los mayores valores en la segunda fecha de plantación, que en la mayoría de las cosechas, salvo en la cuarta, presentaron abundante follaje en floración con altos porcentajes de aceite esencial y que se produce incremento significativo desde la primera hasta la cuarta cosecha, influenciada por las precipitaciones del período lluvioso (mayo/agosto-septiembre/2009). Se constató que después de 6 cortes del follaje, las plantas mostraron formación de tocones de tallos viejos que proporcionan mucho tallo lignificado y, consecuentemente, disminución de calidad del material vegetal a cosechar.

INTRODUCTION: it is necessary to define the appropriate planting period to cultivate successfully Tagetes lucida. OBJECTIVES: to obtain high values of biomass and essential oil. METHODS: picket fences were placed and posterior transplant in 2008 (April 30-May 27-July 8, June 24-30, and August 5-September 11). The survival of rooted stakes was determined in broad daylight culture, the plant's height at harvest and the fresh yield of foliage in four harvests; generally, at three months from the transplant and the remainder ones at three months intervals. The oil content in second and third harvests was estimated by hydrodistillation and presence of components by thin layer chromatography (references: eugenol, linalool, myrcene). RESULTS: there was a 90 percent survival in transplant; most of plants not passed of 60 cm height, determining that in October-the beginning of period February the plants showed a total flowering, in May a scarce flowering and in June-September a vegetative state and their growth stop in winter. It was demonstrate that a farming period of 12-13 months, the higher values in the second planting date were achieved than in most of harvests, except in the fourth one, where they had a abundant foliage in flowering with high percentages of essential oil and a significant increase from the first one up to the fourth harvest, influenced by rainfalls (May/August-September/2009). We confirmed that after the 6 foliage cuts, plants showed the stump of old stems with many lignin stems and consequently, a decrease in the plant material quality to be grown. CONCLUSIONS: the better planting date was where the picket fence was established was May 27, the harvests when plants has flowering and in culture must to be eliminated after 1,5 years

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