RESUMO

This study determined the effect of pelagic Sargassum on in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradation, total gas production (TGP), and protozoa population. The treatments were different levels of Sargassum inclusion on a basal substrate (Stargrass hay; Cynodon nlemfuensis) as follows: T0 (control treatment based on Stargrass hay), T10 (90% Stargrass hay + 10% Sargassum), T20 (80% Stargrass hay + 20% Sargassum), and T30 (70% Stargrass hay + 30% Sargassum). Ruminal fermentation kinetics and protozoa population were determined during 72 h of in vitro incubations. Compared to control, dry matter degradability at 48 and 72 h and organic matter degradability at 24 and 48 h were higher in Sargassum treatments. TGP was lower with T20 at 48 h. The total population of protozoa and the concentration of Entodinium spp. were lower at T20 at 48 h and T30 at 72 h. Cl, S, Ca, K, and Zn (103, 5.97, 88.73, 285.70 g/kg, and 15,900 mg/kg) were high in Sargassum, reaching twice or even nine times higher than the contents in Stargrass (11.37, 1.60, 43.53, 87.73 g/kg, and 866.67 mg/kg). Overall, up to 30% pelagic Sargassum could be included in hay-based substrates from tropical grasses without negative effects on in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradability.

RESUMO

Climate change is a very relevant and worrying topic today and is present in the agendas of different spheres of society. High concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released into the atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise. In agricultural production, methane (CH4) is considered one of the highest GHG emissions, causing a negative impact on natural resources and accelerating climate change. In the coming years, with the increase in the world population, food production should be implemented in self-sufficient, quality, and sustainable production systems to meet the need for high consumption. The reduction in CH4 production is related to the better efficiency of energy use of the feed by the animals; therefore, the knowledge of the ruminal fermentation parameters, identification of the ruminal microbiota, and selection of more efficient animals, with lower consumption and greater weight gain, in addition to producing less GHGs like CH4, have a less negative impact on the environment and are economically viable. This review presents some aspects of selection for feed efficiency in sheep as a strategy to mitigate GHG emission and some techniques for measuring these gases.

As alterações climáticas são tema muito relevante e preocupante na atualidade e está presente nas pautas de diferentes esferas da sociedade. Altas concentrações de gases de efeito estufa são lançados na atmosfera, fazendo com que a tem-peratura global se eleve. Na produção agrícola, o metano (CH4) é considerado uma das maiores emissões de GEE, causando impacto negativo nos recursos naturais e acelerando as mudanças climáticas. Nos próximos anos, com o aumento da população mundial, a produção de alimentos deverá estar implementada em sistemas produtivos autossuficientes, de qualidade e sustentáveis para suprir a necessidade do elevado consumo. A redução na produção de CH4 está relacionada com a melhor eficiência do uso de energia da ração pelos animais; portanto, o conhecimento dos parâmetros da fermentação ruminal, identificação da microbiota ruminal e seleção de animais mais eficientes, com menor consumo e maior ganho de peso, além de produzirem menos GEEs como o CH4, impactam menos o meio ambiente e são economicamente viável. Esta revisão apresenta alguns aspectos da seleção para eficiência alimentar em ovinos como estratégia para mitigar a emissão de GEE e algumas técnicas para mensuração desses gases

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including citrus pulp in maize silage on chemical composition and fermentation parameters. The experimental design was fully randomized with four replicates. Maize silage consisting of 0­50% citrus pulp was produced and analyzed. The pH linearly decreased with the increased inclusion of citrus pulp (3.49 at 50% citrus pulp), which is far below what is considered adequate (3.8­ 4.2). However, not all fermentation parameters were compromised. At 33% citrus pulp, we estimated 30.82 g/kg total nitrogen. At 49% citrus pulp, we estimated 95.16 g/kg of crude protein. At 21% and 22% citrus pulp, we estimated 549.89 g/kg of neutral detergent fiber and 678.11 g/kg of total digestible nutrients, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that the inclusion of up to 30% citrus pulp improves the complete chemical composition of maize silage owing to the reduction in structural carbohydrate values and increases in total digestible nutrient and protein content.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de polpa cítrica na silagem de milho sobre a composição química e parâmetros de fermentação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: Silagem de milho sem polpa cítrica (0%); silagem de milho com 10% 39 de polpa cítrica; silagem de milho com 20% de polpa cítrica; silagem de milho com 30% de polpa cítrica; silagem de milho com 40% de polpa cítrica e silagem de milho com 50% de polpa cítrica. O pH diminuiu linearmente com à inclusão de polpa cítrica, gerando valores distantes do considerado adequado (3,8 a 4,2). Por outro lado, é possível inferior que nem todos os parâmetros fermentativos foram comprometidos, uma vez que, com a inclusão de 33% de polpa cítrica, é possível estimar 30,82 g/kg total N. Com a utilização 45 de 49% de polpa cítrica, é possível obter 95,16 g/kg de proteína bruta. De 21% a 22% de polpa cítrica, foi obtido 549,89 g/kg de fibra em detergente neutro e 678,11 g/kg de nutrientes digestíveis totais. A inclusão de até 30% de polpa cítrica melhorará significativamente a composição química da silagem de milho, devido à redução nos valores de carboidrato estrutural e aumentos nos nutrientes digestíveis totais e proteína.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

L-lysine is an essential amino acid used in various industrial sectors but mainly in food and animal feed. Intense research has been directed toward increasing its productivity. This literature review presents the state of the art and patent landscape of the industrial production of L-lysine, with a focus on the strain development and fermentation technologies, through geographic, social, and chronological analysis, using the text mining technique. The geographic analysis showed a greater tendency for countries with industrial plants with large production capacity to submit patents or publish articles, while the social analysis reflected the close relationship between educational units and companies. The technologies of each document were divided into optimization of fermentation parameters, conventional mutation, and genetic engineering. Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli present the most attractive industrial phenotypes, and their cultivation occurs mainly in fed-batch processes with control parameters carefully selected to enhance metabolism. These strains are generally modified by conventional approaches (e.g., mutagenesis and selection of auxotrophic and/or regulatory mutants) or by genetic engineering technologies. The combination of both these approaches enables genomic breeding and the construction of strains with industrial potential, capable of accumulating more than 120 g/L of L-lysine. From the analysis of these approaches, we developed a descriptive flow of substrate uptake, amino acid metabolism, and mechanisms of excretion of a lysine-producing model cell. It is expected that the various mechanisms of L-lysine production, here shown and described, will become a guide that aids in increasing amino acid productivity without interfering with the strain stability.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The present context was aimed to investigate the antibacterial potency of aqueous extract of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves against bacterial pathogens isolated from the organs associated with digestive system of rabbit. This study also evaluated the influence of varied doses of aqueous extract of C. sativum (AECS) leaves on in vitro gas production (GP), methane (CH4) production, and some other pivotal fermentation parameters from caecal sample of rabbits. The pathogenic bacteria were isolated from mouth, caecum, and anus of rabbits, and further identified through morphological, biochemical, and molecular tools. The growth inhibitory characteristics of AECS against pathogens were determined using disc diffusion assay. Surprisingly, the result revealed lack of antibacterial potential at tested concentrations. Further, in order to demonstrate the in vitro GP and fermentation parameters in rabbits, four treatments comprising of 0, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 mL extract/g dry matter (DM) of AECS were used. Results showed no linear or quadratic effect (P > 0.05) on in vitro GP and CH4 production after the supplementation of AECS in the feeding diet. However, the inclusion of AECS at the concentration of 1.8 mL/g DM exhibited the lowest asymptotic CH4 production and initial delay prior to CH4 production. Similarly, the addition of AECS at 1.8 mL/g DM concentration reduced asymptotic GP as well as CH4 production, and improved fermentation parameters of rabbits when compared with the control and other tested doses. In a nutshell, the tested doses of AECS showed lack of antibacterial trait against the pathogenic bacteria isolated from mouth, caecum, and anus of rabbits. Besides, the AECS exhibited the unique potentiality of reducing GP and improving diversified fermentation parameters in rabbits, thereby suggesting its plausible role as an alternative to commercially available growth promoters in livestock industries.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de silagens de milheto, confeccionadas com o uso de aditivos, por meio da avaliação de pH, composição química e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os tratamentos consistiram em milheto: com ou sem grãos de sorgo e com ou sem inoculante, em esquema fatorial (2x2). Teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e DIVMS aumentaram com a inclusão de sorgo. O pH das silagens com sorgo e inoculadas foi menor que o das silagens de milheto controle. O teor de nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA) e de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foi menor para a silagem com sorgo. A inoculação não influenciou a MS (23,76%) e DIVMS (48,90%). Houve interação entre inclusão de sorgo e inoculante para fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A adição de grão de sorgo melhora as características da silagem, resultado de melhor conservação. O uso de inoculante reduz o pH, inibindo fermentações indesejáveis e proporcionando maiores teores de PB...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of millet silage produced with additives by evaluating pH, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The treatments consisted of millet with or without sorghum grains and with or without microbial inoculant in a factorial scheme (2x2). Dry matter content, crude protein content and IVDMD increased with sorghum inclusion. The pH of silage containing sorghum and microbial inoculant was lower than that of control millet silage. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen and acid detergent fiber content were lower in silage containing sorghum. Microbial inoculation did not influence dry matter (23.76%) or IVDMD (48.9%). There was an interaction between sorghum inclusion and microbial inoculant for neutral detergent fiber. The addition of sorghum grain and microbial inoculant improves silage characteristics as a result of better preservation. The use of microbial inoculant reduces pH, inhibiting undesirable fermentation and increasing crude protein content...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de silagens de milheto, confeccionadas com o uso de aditivos, por meio da avaliação de pH, composição química e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os tratamentos consistiram em milheto: com ou sem grãos de sorgo e com ou sem inoculante, em esquema fatorial (2x2). Teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e DIVMS aumentaram com a inclusão de sorgo. O pH das silagens com sorgo e inoculadas foi menor que o das silagens de milheto controle. O teor de nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA) e de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foi menor para a silagem com sorgo. A inoculação não influenciou a MS (23,76%) e DIVMS (48,90%). Houve interação entre inclusão de sorgo e inoculante para fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A adição de grão de sorgo melhora as características da silagem, resultado de melhor conservação. O uso de inoculante reduz o pH, inibindo fermentações indesejáveis e proporcionando maiores teores de PB...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of millet silage produced with additives by evaluating pH, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The treatments consisted of millet with or without sorghum grains and with or without microbial inoculant in a factorial scheme (2x2). Dry matter content, crude protein content and IVDMD increased with sorghum inclusion. The pH of silage containing sorghum and microbial inoculant was lower than that of control millet silage. Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen and acid detergent fiber content were lower in silage containing sorghum. Microbial inoculation did not influence dry matter (23.76%) or IVDMD (48.9%). There was an interaction between sorghum inclusion and microbial inoculant for neutral detergent fiber. The addition of sorghum grain and microbial inoculant improves silage characteristics as a result of better preservation. The use of microbial inoculant reduces pH, inhibiting undesirable fermentation and increasing crude protein content...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This paper has two objectives, the first is to determine the chemical composition, gas production parameters and the gas release kinetics, at different stages of maturity, of three grasses and a legume commonly found in long established pastures in Mexico central highland plateau. The second is to combine the gas release kinetics analysis and the GP fitted to a mathematical model in order to improve the biological understanding of the fermentation kinetics obtained from the GP technique. Representative samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Sporobolus indicus (mouse tail), Eleocharis dombeyana (reed), Trifolium amabile (Aztec clover) plus a composite sample were collected in the growing season (July, September and November 2003) and analysed using an in vitro gas production (GP) technique. The accumulated GP was fitted to the model described in PALMER et al. (2005). Significant differences (P<0.001) were observed among species and periods for chemical composition, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed regarding fermentation parameters and gas release kinetic, with T. amabile and P. clandestinum being the species with the highest fermentability, whereas S. indicus and E. dombeyana were poorly fermented. P. clandestinum and T. amabile showed higher nutritive value than S. indicus and E. dombeyana. Composite samples were influenced by the chemical and fermentation characteristics of all species. It was concluded that the use of gas release kinetics analysis was useful for differentiating the fermentation kinetic of the soluble and insoluble fraction in the grasses and legume. Therefore by performing both approaches, the gas release kinetics analysis and the GP fitted to a mathematical model, gave a better description of the fermentation kinetic of grasses and the legume was achieved when only one approach had been used.

O uso da análise de cinética de produção de gases, em conjunto com a análise de prova de curva e as propriedades químicas da forragem permitem uma melhor descrição das características nutritivas das forragens. Objetivou-se estudar a composição nutritiva e características de fermentação de ruminal de três gramíneas, uma leguminosa e uma mistura composta de pastagens do Planalto Montanhoso Central do México. As amostras representativas de Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grama), Sporobolus indicus (rabo de rato), Eleocharis dombeyana (cana), Trifolium amabile (trevo asteca) mais uma amostra composta foram coletadas durante os meses de Julho, Setembro e Novembro de 2003. Foi utilizada a técnica de produção de gás in vitro (GP). Os perfis de GP foram ajustados ao modelo descrito por PALMER et al. (2005). As diferenças (P<0.001) foram observadas entre espécies e períodos quanto à composição química, matéria orgânica e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro. As diferenças (P<0.05) dos parâmetros de fermentação e cinética de produção de gases mostraram T. amabile e P. clandestinum com fermentação mais intensa, ao passo que S. indicus e E. dombeyana tiveram fermentação limitada. Concluiu-se que a combinação da análise de cinética de produção de gases e o perfil de GP ajustado ao modelo matemático ajudou a descrever as características nutritivas das gramíneas, da leguminosa e da amostra composta de forma mais acurada do que quando um dos métodos foi utilizado de forma isolada.

RESUMO

Lactobacillus reuteri LPB P01-001 was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of wild swine and was characterised by biochemical testing and sequencing of gene 16S rRNA. A simple and low-cost culture medium based on cane sugar (2.5% p/v) and yeast extract (1% p/v) was used in the production of this probiotic. The fermentative conditions were a) pH control at 6.5 and b) no pH control; both were set at 37°C in a 12 L slightly stirred tank bioreactor. Fermentation parameters such as the specific growth rate, productivity and yield of biomass, lactic and acetic acid levels were determined. L. reuteri LPB P01-001 behaves as an aciduric bacteria because it grows better in a low pH medium without pH control. However, the lactic acid production yield was practically half (9.22 g.L-1) of that obtained under a constant pH of 6.5, which reached 30.5 g.L-1 after 28 hours of fermentation. The acetic acid production was also higher under pH-controlled fermentation, reaching 10.09 g.L-1 after 28 hours of fermentation. These parameters may raise the interest of those committed to the efficient production of a probiotic agent for swine.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Lactobacillus reuteri LPB P01-001 was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of wild swine and was characterised by biochemical testing and sequencing of gene 16S rRNA. A simple and low-cost culture medium based on cane sugar (2.5% p/v) and yeast extract (1% p/v) was used in the production of this probiotic. The fermentative conditions were a) pH control at 6.5 and b) no pH control; both were set at 37°C in a 12 L slightly stirred tank bioreactor. Fermentation parameters such as the specific growth rate, productivity and yield of biomass, lactic and acetic acid levels were determined. L. reuteri LPB P01-001 behaves as an aciduric bacteria because it grows better in a low pH medium without pH control. However, the lactic acid production yield was practically half (9.22 g.L(-1)) of that obtained under a constant pH of 6.5, which reached 30.5 g.L(-1) after 28 hours of fermentation. The acetic acid production was also higher under pH-controlled fermentation, reaching 10.09 g.L(-1)after 28 hours of fermentation. These parameters may raise the interest of those committed to the efficient production of a probiotic agent for swine.

RESUMO

Lactobacillus reuteri LPB P01-001 was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of wild swine and was characterised by biochemical testing and sequencing of gene 16S rRNA. A simple and low-cost culture medium based on cane sugar (2.5% p/v) and yeast extract (1% p/v) was used in the production of this probiotic. The fermentative conditions were a) pH control at 6.5 and b) no pH control; both were set at 37°C in a 12 L slightly stirred tank bioreactor. Fermentation parameters such as the specific growth rate, productivity and yield of biomass, lactic and acetic acid levels were determined. L. reuteri LPB P01-001 behaves as an aciduric bacteria because it grows better in a low pH medium without pH control. However, the lactic acid production yield was practically half (9.22 g.L-1) of that obtained under a constant pH of 6.5, which reached 30.5 g.L-1 after 28 hours of fermentation. The acetic acid production was also higher under pH-controlled fermentation, reaching 10.09 g.L-1 after 28 hours of fermentation. These parameters may raise the interest of those committed to the efficient production of a probiotic agent for swine.

RESUMO

This paper has two objectives, the first is to determine the chemical composition, gas production parameters and the gas release kinetics, at different stages of maturity, of three grasses and a legume commonly found in long established pastures in Mexico central highland plateau. The second is to combine the gas release kinetics analysis and the GP fitted to a mathematical model in order to improve the biological understanding of the fermentation kinetics obtained from the GP technique. Representative samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Sporobolus indicus (mouse tail), Eleocharis dombeyana (reed), Trifolium amabile (Aztec clover) plus a composite sample were collected in the growing season (July, September and November 2003) and analysed using an in vitro gas production (GP) technique. The accumulated GP was fitted to the model described in PALMER et al. (2005). Significant differences (P 0.001) were observed among species and periods for chemical composition, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. Significant differences (P 0.05) were observed regarding fermentation parameters and gas release kinetic, with T. amabile and P. clandestinum being the species with the highest fermentability, whereas S. indicus and E. dombeyana were poorly fermented. P. clandestinum and T. amabile showed higher nutritive value than S. indicus and E. dombeyana. Composite samples were influenced by the chemical and fermentation characteristics of all species. It was concluded that the use of gas release kinetics analysis was useful for differentiating the fermentation kinetic of the soluble and insoluble fraction in the grasses and legume. Therefore by performing both approaches, the gas release kinetics analysis and the GP fitted to a mathematical model, gave a better description of the fermentation kinetic of grasses and the legume was achieved when only one approach had been used.

O uso da análise de cinética de produção de gases, em conjunto com a análise de prova de curva e as propriedades químicas da forragem permitem uma melhor descrição das características nutritivas das forragens. Objetivou-se estudar a composição nutritiva e características de fermentação de ruminal de três gramíneas, uma leguminosa e uma mistura composta de pastagens do Planalto Montanhoso Central do México. As amostras representativas de Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grama), Sporobolus indicus (rabo de rato), Eleocharis dombeyana (cana), Trifolium amabile (trevo asteca) mais uma amostra composta foram coletadas durante os meses de Julho, Setembro e Novembro de 2003. Foi utilizada a técnica de produção de gás in vitro (GP). Os perfis de GP foram ajustados ao modelo descrito por PALMER et al. (2005). As diferenças (P 0.001) foram observadas entre espécies e períodos quanto à composição química, matéria orgânica e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro. As diferenças (P 0.05) dos parâmetros de fermentação e cinética de produção de gases mostraram T. amabile e P. clandestinum com fermentação mais intensa, ao passo que S. indicus e E. dombeyana tiveram fermentação limitada. Concluiu-se que a combinação da análise de cinética de produção de gases e o perfil de GP ajustado ao modelo matemático ajudou a descrever as características nutritivas das gramíneas, da leguminosa e da amostra composta de forma mais acurada do que quando um dos métodos foi utilizado de forma isolada.

RESUMO

This paper has two objectives, the first is to determine the chemical composition, gas production parameters and the gas release kinetics, at different stages of maturity, of three grasses and a legume commonly found in long established pastures in Mexico central highland plateau. The second is to combine the gas release kinetics analysis and the GP fitted to a mathematical model in order to improve the biological understanding of the fermentation kinetics obtained from the GP technique. Representative samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grass), Sporobolus indicus (mouse tail), Eleocharis dombeyana (reed), Trifolium amabile (Aztec clover) plus a composite sample were collected in the growing season (July, September and November 2003) and analysed using an in vitro gas production (GP) technique. The accumulated GP was fitted to the model described in PALMER et al. (2005). Significant differences (P 0.001) were observed among species and periods for chemical composition, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. Significant differences (P 0.05) were observed regarding fermentation parameters and gas release kinetic, with T. amabile and P. clandestinum being the species with the highest fermentability, whereas S. indicus and E. dombeyana were poorly fermented. P. clandestinum and T. amabile showed higher nutritive value than S. indicus and E. dombeyana. Composite samples were influenced by the chemical and fermentation characteristics of all species. It was concluded that the use of gas release kinetics analysis was useful for differentiating the fermentation kinetic of the soluble and insoluble fraction in the grasses and legume. Therefore by performing both approaches, the gas release kinetics analysis and the GP fitted to a mathematical model, gave a better description of the fermentation kinetic of grasses and the legume was achieved when only one approach had been used.

O uso da análise de cinética de produção de gases, em conjunto com a análise de prova de curva e as propriedades químicas da forragem permitem uma melhor descrição das características nutritivas das forragens. Objetivou-se estudar a composição nutritiva e características de fermentação de ruminal de três gramíneas, uma leguminosa e uma mistura composta de pastagens do Planalto Montanhoso Central do México. As amostras representativas de Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu grama), Sporobolus indicus (rabo de rato), Eleocharis dombeyana (cana), Trifolium amabile (trevo asteca) mais uma amostra composta foram coletadas durante os meses de Julho, Setembro e Novembro de 2003. Foi utilizada a técnica de produção de gás in vitro (GP). Os perfis de GP foram ajustados ao modelo descrito por PALMER et al. (2005). As diferenças (P 0.001) foram observadas entre espécies e períodos quanto à composição química, matéria orgânica e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro. As diferenças (P 0.05) dos parâmetros de fermentação e cinética de produção de gases mostraram T. amabile e P. clandestinum com fermentação mais intensa, ao passo que S. indicus e E. dombeyana tiveram fermentação limitada. Concluiu-se que a combinação da análise de cinética de produção de gases e o perfil de GP ajustado ao modelo matemático ajudou a descrever as características nutritivas das gramíneas, da leguminosa e da amostra composta de forma mais acurada do que quando um dos métodos foi utilizado de forma isolada.

RESUMO

The volume of biomass in the fermenting medium may significantly affect the values of fermentation parameters calculated from the measured concentrations of the substrates and/or products. The corrections proposed in this paper should be evaluated and, depending on their magnitude, considered in order to obtain more representative results. A numerical example is presented.

O volume da biomassa no meio em fermentação pode afetar significativamente os parâmetros do processo calculados a partir das medidas das concentrações de substratos e/ou produtos. Correções propostas neste trabalho deveriam ser avaliadas e, dependendo de seus valores, consideradas a fim de obter resultados mais representativos. Apresenta-se um exemplo numérico.