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OBJECTIVE: The World Health Organization recommends using health-risk warnings on alcoholic beverages. This study examines the impact of separate or combined warning labels for at-risk groups and the general population on alcohol purchase decisions. METHODS: In 2022, 7758 adults who consumed alcohol or were pregnant/lactating women (54.0 % female, mean age = 40.6 years) were presented with an online store's beverage section and randomly assigned to one of six warning labels in a between-subjects experimental design: no-warning, pregnant/lactating, drinking-driving, general cancer risk, combined warnings, and assorted warnings across bottles. The main outcome, the intention to purchase an alcoholic vs. non-alcoholic beverage, was examined with adjusted risk differences using logistic regressions. RESULTS: Participants exposed to the general cancer risk warning decreased their alcoholic choices by 10.4 percentage points (pp.) (95 % CI [-0.139, -0.069], p < 0.001, OR = 0.561), while those in the pregnancy/lactation warning condition did it by 3.8 pp. (95 % CI [-0.071, -0.005], p = 0.025, OR = 0.806). The driving-drinking warning had no significant effect. Participants exposed to the combined warnings label, or the assorted warnings reduced alcohol purchase decisions by 6.1 pp. (95 % CI [-0.095, -0.028], p < 0.001, OR = 0.708) and 4.3 pp. (95 % CI [-0.076, -0.010], p = 0.011, OR = 0.782), respectively. Cancer warning outperformed other labels and was effective for subgroups such as pregnant/lactating women, young adults, and low-income individuals. CONCLUSIONS: General cancer risk warnings are more effective at reducing alcohol purchase decisions compared to warning labels for specific groups or labels using multiple warnings. In addition to warning labels, other policies should be considered for addressing well-known alcohol-related risks (e.g., drinking and driving).

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Resumo: Esta tese integra o projeto de pesquisa e desenvolvimento tecnológico "Difusão e adoção do programa Fall Tailoring Interventions for Patient Safety (Fall TIPS): engajamento de pacientes, profissionais e liderança clínica para a prevenção de quedas em ambiente hospitalar". Está conectada à linha de Pesquisa de Gerenciamento de Serviços de Saúde e Enfermagem do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do Paraná e objetivou construir, de maneira colaborativa, uma tecnologia educativa em formato de Curso Massivo, Aberto e Online (MOOC) sobre o programa Fall TIPS Brasil para a prevenção de quedas hospitalares, valendo-se de recursos variados, como infográficos, vídeos, podcasts e jogos interativos, destinada à disseminação da proposta entre profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde; e verificar o aprendizado estatisticamente significativo em relação ao conhecimento dos cursistas antes e após o seu acesso. Primeiramente ocorreu o processo de construção do MOOC com colaboração multidisciplinar, envolvendo docentes, estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação, profissionais de saúde e do setor de ensino a distância da universidade participante, fase de desenvolvimento tecnológico. Após, a abordagem quase experimental não randomizada e não concorrente foi realizada com 21 estudantes do último período do curso de graduação em enfermagem de uma universidade pública, tendo sido submetidos a um questionário contendo 10 questões objetivas antes e após o acesso ao MOOC. Os dados foram analisados mediante estatística descritiva e analítica. A construção do MOOC foi iniciada em 2020, com a primeira edição lançada em outubro de 2023. As etapas observadas na sua elaboração incluíram a escolha do tema, a produção do curso, a avaliação preliminar e a divulgação. O conhecimento dos cursistas após o acesso foi significativamente (p <0,001) maior, quando comparado com os resultados antes do acesso. A média das notas antes do acesso ao curso foi 7,1 e, após, foi 8,9. As evidências encontradas demonstram o sucesso da intervenção. O desenvolvimento do MOOC de maneira colaborativa, o direcionamento dos materiais para o público-alvo respeitando suas dificuldades e potencialidades permitem aderência a proposta, contribuindo para que a intervenção possibilite a ampliação do conhecimento sobre o programa Fall TIPS Brasil. Assim, destaca-se a importância de os profissionais de saúde possuírem conhecimento para poderem promover o engajamento dos pacientes e acompanhantes em prol da prevenção de quedas, sendo o MOOC um recurso promissor para essa finalidade.

Abstract: This thesis integrates the research and technological development project "Diffusion and adoption of the Fall Tailoring Interventions for Patient Safety (Fall TIPS) program: engagement of patients, professionals, and clinical leadership for the prevention of falls in the hospital environment." It is connected to the Research Line in Health Services Management and Nursing of the Graduate Program in Nursing at the Federal University of Paraná and aimed to collaboratively construct an educational technology in the form of a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on the Fall TIPS Brazil program for the prevention of hospital falls, utilizing various resources such as infographics, videos, podcasts, and interactive games, intended for disseminating the proposal among healthcare professionals and students; and to verify statistically significant learning regarding the knowledge of the participants before and after accessing the course. First, the process of building the MOOC occurred through multidisciplinary collaboration, involving faculty, undergraduate and graduate students, healthcare professionals, and the university's distance education sector, in the phase of technological development. Subsequently, a quasi-experimental non-randomized and non-concurrent approach was conducted with 21 final-year nursing students from a public university, who were subjected to a questionnaire containing 10 objective questions before and after accessing the MOOC. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. The construction of the MOOC began in 2020, with the first edition launched in October 2023. The stages observed in its development included choosing the theme, producing the course, preliminary evaluation, and dissemination. Participants' knowledge after accessing the course was significantly higher (p <0,001) compared to the results before access. The average score before accessing the course was 7,1 and after was 8,9. The evidence found demonstrates the success of the intervention. Collaborative development of the MOOC, directing materials to the target audience while respecting their difficulties and potentialities, allows adherence to the proposal, contributing to expanding knowledge about the Fall TIPS Brazil program. Thus, the importance of healthcare professionals having knowledge to promote the engagement of patients and caregivers in fall prevention is highlighted, with the MOOC being a promising resource for this purpose.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Modern views accept that inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] emerge from complex interactions among the multiple components of a biological network known as the 'IBD interactome'. These diverse components belong to different functional levels including cells, molecules, genes and biological processes. This diversity can make it difficult to integrate available empirical information from human patients into a collective view of aetiopathogenesis, a necessary step to understand the interactome. Herein, we quantitatively analyse how the representativeness of components involved in human IBD and their relationships ha ve changed over time. METHODS: A bibliographic search in PubMed retrieved 25 971 abstracts of experimental studies on IBD in humans, published between 1990 and 2020. Abstracts were scanned automatically for 1218 IBD interactome components proposed in recent reviews. The resulting databases are freely available and were visualized as networks indicating the frequency at which different components are referenced together within each abstract. RESULTS: As expected, over time there was an increase in components added to the IBD network and heightened connectivity within and across functional levels. However, certain components were consistently studied together, forming preserved motifs in the networks. These overrepresented and highly linked components reflect main 'hypotheses' in IBD research in humans. Interestingly, 82% of the components cited in reviews were absent or showed low frequency, suggesting that many aspects of the proposed IBD interactome still have weak experimental support in humans. CONCLUSIONS: A reductionist and fragmented approach to the study of IBD has prevailed in previous decades, highlighting the importance of transitioning towards a more integrated interactome framework.

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BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QoL) is an important health index for older adults. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 16 weeks of aerobic training to 8 weeks of aerobic followed by 8 weeks of combined (i.e., resistance and aerobic exercises) training, as well as to a control group on the QoL of older women exercising in the aquatic environment. METHODS: 52 older women were first randomized to either aerobic training (n = 35) or a control group (n = 17). After 8 weeks of intervention, participants initially assigned to the aerobic training group were again randomized to either 8 additional weeks of aerobic (n = 17) or combined training (n = 18). Aerobic training was performed at the heart rate percentage associated with the anaerobic threshold, while resistance training sets were performed at maximal effort. The control group performed low-intensity water-based therapeutic exercises. QoL was assessed before (week 0) and after the intervention (week 17) using the WHOQOL-BREEF and WHOQOL-OLD questionnaires. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) and Bonferroni post hoc tests (α = 0.05) were used to compare time points and groups. RESULTS: QoL improved significantly only in the training groups after the 16-week training intervention, whereas it remained unchanged in the control group. In addition, autonomy, environment, and present, past and future activities domains were more impacted after combined training. CONCLUSION: QoL improved only in the water-based training groups, and the addition of resistance exercises to the training program resulted in additional benefits to autonomy, environment, and past, present, and future activities domains. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials NCT03892278.

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Purpose: To determine the normal optical nerve sheath (ONS) diameter ultrasonography (ONSUS) and evaluate the possible effects of drugs on ONS diameter during anesthetic induction in healthy pigs. Methods: Healthy piglets were divided into three groups: a control group, that received xylazine and ketamine (X/K); other that received xylazine, ketamine and propofol (X/K/P); and a third group that received xylazine, ketamine, and thiopental (X/K/T). The sheath diameter was assessed by ultrasonography calculating the average of three measurements of each eye from the left and right sides. Results: 118 animals were anesthetized (49 X/K 33 X/K/P and 39 X/K/T). Mean ONS sizes on both sides in each group were 0.394 ± 0.048 (X/K), 0.407 ± 0.029 (X/K/P) and 0.378 ± 0.042 cm (X/K/T) (medians of 0.400, 0.405 and 0.389, respectively). The ONS diameter varied from 0.287-0.512 cm (mean of 0.302 ± 0.039 cm). For group X/K, the mean diameter was 0.394 ± 0.048 cm. Significant differences in ONS sizes between the groups P and T (X/K/P > X/K/T, p = 0.003) were found. No statistically significant differences were detected when other groups were compared (X/K = X/K/P, p = 0.302; X/K = X/K/T, p = 0.294). Conclusions: Sedation with thiopental lead to significative ONS diameter reduction in comparison with propofol. ONSUS may be useful to evaluate responses to thiopental administration.

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The decline of cognitive skills throughout healthy or pathological aging can be slowed down by experiences which foster cognitive reserve (CR). Recently, some studies on Alzheimer's disease have suggested that CR may be enhanced by life-long bilingualism. However, the evidence is inconsistent and largely based on retrospective approaches featuring several methodological weaknesses. Some studies demonstrated at least 4 years of delay in dementia symptoms, while others did not find such an effect. Moreover, various methodological aspects vary from study to study. The present paper addresses contradictory findings, identifies possible lurking variables, and outlines methodological alternatives thereof. First, we characterize possible confounding factors that may have influenced extant results. Our focus is on the criteria to establish bilingualism, differences in sample design, the instruments used to examine cognitive skills, and the role of variables known to modulate life-long cognition. Second, we propose that these limitations could be largely circumvented through experimental approaches. Proficiency in the non-native language can be successfully assessed by combining subjective and objective measures; confounding variables which have been distinctively associated with certain bilingual groups (e.g., alcoholism, sleep disorders) can be targeted through relevant instruments; and cognitive status might be better tapped via robust cognitive screenings and executive batteries. Moreover, future research should incorporate tasks yielding predictable patterns of contrastive performance between bilinguals and monolinguals. Crucially, these include instruments which reveal bilingual disadvantages in vocabulary, null effects in working memory, and advantages in inhibitory control and other executive functions. Finally, paradigms tapping proactive interference (which assess the disruptive effect of long-term memory on newly learned information) could also offer useful data, since this phenomenon seems to be better managed by bilinguals and it becomes conspicuous in early stages of dementia. Such considerations may shed light not just on the relationship between bilingualism and CR, but also on more general mechanisms of cognitive compensation.

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Apresenta-se neste artigo a discussão sobre o status da análise do comportamento como disciplina científica, bem como sua relação com outras ciências e as implicações desta discussão para a caracterização dos métodos de pesquisa em análise do comportamento. Várias classificações dos métodos de pesquisa são apresentadas, com destaque para o método experimental, tendo em vista seu papel na construção da disciplina. Os supostos e as principais características dos delineamentos de sujeito único são apresentados. E, por fim, são brevemente discutidas algumas questões que se originam da interação e aparente confronto entre conceituação e prática de pesquisa em análise do comportamento, tais como: reversibilidade comportamental, variabilidade comportamental, procedimentos de tentativa e procedimentos de operante livre, análise molecular e análise molar, tratamento estatístico e quantificação, pesquisa experimental com humanos(AU)

The following topics are discussed: the status of behavior analysis as a scientific discipline and the related consequences to the characterization of research methods in behavior analysis. The array of research methods is classified according to distinct criteria, with an emphasis on experimental research. Underlying principles and main features of single case designs are presented.Finally, some of the current conceptual-methodological issues in behavior analysis are briefly discussed, such as: behavioral reversibility, behavioral variability, trial and free operant procedures, molecular and molar analysis, statistics and quantification applied to single case procedures and experimental research with human participants(AU)

Cet article présente une discussion sur le status de l'analyse du comportement en tant que discipline scientifique, ainsi que le rapport de celui-la avec les autres sciences et ses implications pour la caractérisation des méthodes de recherche en analyse du comportement. Plusieurs classifications des méthodes de recherche sont présentés, mettant l'accent sur la méthode expérimentale, compte tenu de son rôle dans la construction de la discipline. Les présuppositions et les principales caractéristiques de dessin de sujet unique sont présentées. Enfin, sont en peu de mots discutés des questions qui découlent de l'interaction et de la confrontation apparente entre le concept et la pratique de la recherche dans l'analyse du comportement: réversibilité et variabilité comportementale, les procédures d'essai et opérant libre, l'analyse moléculaire et molaire, l'analyse statistique et la quantification, la recherche expérimentale avec des humains(AU)

Este artículo presenta una discusión sobre el estatus del Análisis del Comportamiento como disciplina científica, así como su relación con otras ciencias y las implicaciones de esta discusión para la caracterización de los métodos de investigación en Análisis del Comportamiento. Se presentan varias clasificaciones de los métodos de investigación, con énfasis en el método experimental, dado su papel en la construcción de la disciplina. Son presentados los supuestos y las principales características de los diseños de caso único. Finalmente, se discuten brevemente algunas cuestiones que surgen de la interacción y aparente confrontación entre la conceptualización y la práctica investigativa en Análisis del Comportamiento, tales como: reversibilidad del comportamiento, variabilidad del comportamiento, procedimientos de ensayo discreto y de operante libre, análisis molecular y molar, tratamiento estadístico y cuantificación e investigación experimental con humanos(AU)

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Apresenta-se neste artigo a discussão sobre o status da análise do comportamento como disciplina científica, bem como sua relação com outras ciências e as implicações desta discussão para a caracterização dos métodos de pesquisa em análise do comportamento. Várias classificações dos métodos de pesquisa são apresentadas, com destaque para o método experimental, tendo em vista seu papel na construção da disciplina. Os supostos e as principais características dos delineamentos de sujeito único são apresentados. E, por fim, são brevemente discutidas algumas questões que se originam da interação e aparente confronto entre conceituação e prática de pesquisa em análise do comportamento, tais como: reversibilidade comportamental, variabilidade comportamental, procedimentos de tentativa e procedimentos de operante livre, análise molecular e análise molar, tratamento estatístico e quantificação, pesquisa experimental com humanos

The following topics are discussed: the status of behavior analysis as a scientific discipline and the related consequences to the characterization of research methods in behavior analysis. The array of research methods is classified according to distinct criteria, with an emphasis on experimental research. Underlying principles and main features of single case designs are presented.Finally, some of the current conceptual-methodological issues in behavior analysis are briefly discussed, such as: behavioral reversibility, behavioral variability, trial and free operant procedures, molecular and molar analysis, statistics and quantification applied to single case procedures and experimental research with human participants

Cet article présente une discussion sur le status de l'analyse du comportement en tant que discipline scientifique, ainsi que le rapport de celui-la avec les autres sciences et ses implications pour la caractérisation des méthodes de recherche en analyse du comportement. Plusieurs classifications des méthodes de recherche sont présentés, mettant l'accent sur la méthode expérimentale, compte tenu de son rôle dans la construction de la discipline. Les présuppositions et les principales caractéristiques de dessin de sujet unique sont présentées. Enfin, sont en peu de mots discutés des questions qui découlent de l'interaction et de la confrontation apparente entre le concept et la pratique de la recherche dans l'analyse du comportement: réversibilité et variabilité comportementale, les procédures d'essai et opérant libre, l'analyse moléculaire et molaire, l'analyse statistique et la quantification, la recherche expérimentale avec des humains

Este artículo presenta una discusión sobre el estatus del Análisis del Comportamiento como disciplina científica, así como su relación con otras ciencias y las implicaciones de esta discusión para la caracterización de los métodos de investigación en Análisis del Comportamiento. Se presentan varias clasificaciones de los métodos de investigación, con énfasis en el método experimental, dado su papel en la construcción de la disciplina. Son presentados los supuestos y las principales características de los diseños de caso único. Finalmente, se discuten brevemente algunas cuestiones que surgen de la interacción y aparente confrontación entre la conceptualización y la práctica investigativa en Análisis del Comportamiento, tales como: reversibilidad del comportamiento, variabilidad del comportamiento, procedimientos de ensayo discreto y de operante libre, análisis molecular y molar, tratamiento estadístico y cuantificación e investigación experimental con humanos

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O presente trabalho consiste na apresentação do projeto de pesquisaexperimental a ser realizada no campo bioenergético da Dinâmica deDesenvolvimento Parapsíquico, no campus CEAEC. Os autores objetivamdivulgar e discutir a iniciativa da pesquisa, propondo um planejamentometodológico para a investigação experimental dos efeitos multidimensionaisdecorrentes da participação na dinâmica parapsíquica, mediante aplicação dequestionários para medição de variáveis relativas ao desenvolvimento da autoparapercepciologiae de características do campo bioenergético onde ocorrem asdinâmicas. No delineamento experimental da pesquisa são descritos a populaçãode estudo, os instrumentos de aquisição e avaliação dos dados, o protocolode execução experimental e o cronograma de realização. Na discussão, sãoconsiderados aspectos ainda pouco abordados na pesquisa conscienciológica,como a relevância de um grupo controle e a necessidade de se conhecer e controlaras demais variáveis de pesquisa (intra e extraconscienciais), de modo a minimizarpossíveis fatores confundidores. Conclui-se pela importância de um rigorosodetalhamento metodológico no planejamento das pesquisas experimentais emcampo bioenergético, ressaltando-se a necessidade de se realizarem mais estudosnesta área(AU)

This paper is the presentation of an experimental research project conductedin bioenergetic fields of the Parapsychical Development Dynamics, at thecampus of CEAEC. The authors aim to publicize and discuss the researchinitiatives, by proposing a methodological planning for experimentalinvestigation, derived from the attendance at parapsychic dynamics, by meansof questionnaires to assess the variables related to the development of selfparaperceptiologyand the characteristics of the dynamics’ bioenergetic fields.The study population, the data collection and analysis instruments, the protocolon experimental implementation and the completion schedule are presented inthe research experimental outline. Under discussion, poorly addressed aspectsare now considered part of the conscientiological research, such as the relevance of a control group or the need for knowledge and control of other researchvariables (intra and extraconscientially speaking), as to minimize possibleconfusing factors. The results confirmed the importance of a rigorousmethodological detailing in the planning of experimental researches in bioenergeticfields, stressing the need for further studies in this area(AU)

El presente trabajo consiste en la presentación del proyecto de pesquisaexperimental a ser realizada en el campo bioenergético de la Dinámica deDesarrollo Parapsíquico, en el campus CEAEC. Los autores tienen por objetivodivulgar y discutir la iniciativa de la pesquisa, proponiendo un planeamientometodológico para la investigación experimental de los efectosmultidimensionales derivados de la participación en la dinámica parapsíquica,mediante la aplicación de cuestionarios para medición de variables relativas aldesarrollo de la autoparapercepciología y de características del campobioenergético donde ocurren las dinámicas. En el delineamiento experimental dela pesquisa son descriptos la población de estudio, los instrumentos deadquisición y evaluación de los datos, el protocolo de ejecución experimentaly el cronograma de realización. En la discusión, son considerados aspectostodavía poco abordados en la pesquisa conscienciológica, como la relevancia deun grupo de control y la necesidad de conocer y controlar las demás variables depesquisa (intra y extraconscienciales), de modo de minimizar posibles factoresde confusión. Se concluye sobre la importancia de una rigurosa pormenorizaciónmetodológica en el planeamiento de las pesquisas experimentales en el campobioenergético, resaltándose la necesidad de realizarse mas estudios en esta área(AU)

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Este estudo procura avaliar o efeito da ordem de apresentação dos estímulos, do entrevistador e do local de realização e horário de realização da coleta de dados nos resultados de uma pesquisa psicossocial. No primeiro caso, foi avaliado o efeito de ordem na apresentação dos estímulos. Os resultados evidenciaram a ausência de qualquer efeito de ordem, uma vez que independentes da ordem de apresentação das cenas, os resultados foram os mesmos. O entrevistador exerceu um efeito apenas modesto, pois das quatro entrevistadoras, observou-se diferença estatística significativa apenas nas respostas obtidas por uma delas. Em relação ao local das entrevistas, um único apresentou uma diferença significativa, e ainda assim, em apenas uma das cenas avaliadas. Por fim, no caso do horário de realização da coleta não foram observadas diferenças significativas nos resultados. Os dados indicam que os efeitos dos fatores contingenciais não parecem ser decisivos nos resultados da pesquisa.

his study is for evaluating the effects of thesequence in which the different stimulus arepresented, the interviewer, the place of theexperiment and the time of the data-collectingprocedure. In the first instance, it was evalu-ated the effect determined by the order in asequence of stimulus. The results revealed theabsence of any effect determined by thesequence order, since they were the sameindependently of the variations applied to thesequence. The effect determined by the inter-viewer, by its turn, provoked only a singlesubtle result, because, considering the factthat there were four women acting as intervi-ewer, only in the answers obtained by one ofthem it was noted significant statistics differen-ces and, even so, only in one of the six scenesused in the experiment. Concerning the vari-ation of places, from among the five siteswhere the data-collecting procedure was car-ried out, also only one presented a significantresult difference. At last, as regards the hourwhen the data-collecting procedure is carriedout, also only one of the four different hourspresented a relevant statistic difference inresult. Those results indicate, therefore, thatthe effect of the contingential factors does notseem to be decisive in spite of all the cautionsadopted by the researcher

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