RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of using the FreeStyle Libre (a continuous glucose monitoring system [CGMS]) for instantaneous continuous monitoring of interstitial glucose in adult horses and examine the applicability and accuracy of this system in horses submitted to combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT). DESIGN: Laboratory measurements and continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) readings were analyzed using a 2 × 2 factorial statistical model with repeated measures over time. This analysis assessed the effects of the test (factor 1), group (factor 2), and their interactions (test × group, test × time, and group × time). Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to blood glucose values. Mean comparisons were conducted using the t-test, and agreement between techniques was assessed via the Bland-Altman method, with a 95% confidence interval. SETTING: Field study on private horse farms in association with a veterinary school. ANIMALS: Ten healthy stallions were assigned to one of two groups based on their body condition scores (BCS). Group 1 (G1, n = 5) consisted of nonobese horses with a BCS of 5 or 6, while Group 2 (G2, n = 5) consisted of obese horses with a BCS of 7 or higher. INTERVENTIONS: A CGMS sensor was attached to the dorsolateral aspect of the proximal one third of each horse's neck. Laboratory blood glucose measurements and CGMS interstitial glucose readings were compared at different time points for up to 7 days after sensor fixation. Obese horses were also submitted to CGIT on Day 4. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A comparative analysis of glucose measurements obtained in G1 and G2 horses using the CGMS and enzymatic methods revealed significant group × time interactions (P < 0.001) and time effects (P < 0.001). No interactions were detected between group (P = 0.45), test (P = 0.62), group and test (P = 0.28), or time and test (P = 0.92). In G1 and G2, tests were significantly correlated (r = 0.84 and P = 0.00) at all time points (T0-T5). Agreement between the glucose values obtained using different methods was excellent despite a small time delay in CGMS detection of rapid changes in blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the CGMS can be used for indirect assessment of glycemic status (ie, based on interstitial glucose measurements) in nonobese and obese adult horses submitted to CGIT.
Assuntos
Glicemia , Doenças dos Cavalos , Cavalos , Animais , Masculino , Glicemia/análise , Insulina , Automonitorização da Glicemia/veterinária , Monitoramento Contínuo da Glicose/veterinária , Glucose , Obesidade/veterináriaRESUMO
This study aimed to characterize and correlate physiological and metabolic changes in horses fed a hypercaloric diet (HD). Nine mature horses with a mean initial body condition score of 2.9 ± 1 (scale, 1-9) were fed a high-calorie diet for 5 months. Fasting blood samples were collected before the study and biweekly for the duration of the project to determine the concentrations of cholesterol (CHOL), very low (VLDL), low (LDL) and high-density (HDL) lipoproteins, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, and fructosamine. A low-dose oral glucose tolerance test (LGTT) was conducted before, 75 and 150 days after HD introduction. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured monthly. Following HD introduction, CHOL, LDL, HDL, and fructosamine blood concentrations increased (P < 0.001). These four variables were also positively and significantly correlated with the blood insulin response to LGTT. These findings confirm the occurrence of hypercholesterolemia concomitantly with insulin dysregulation development in horses exposed to HD.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/sangue , Dieta/veterinária , Ingestão de Energia , Doenças dos Cavalos/sangue , Obesidade/veterinária , Animais , Colesterol/sangue , Frutosamina/sangue , Doenças dos Cavalos/etiologia , Cavalos , Hipercolesterolemia/etiologia , Hipercolesterolemia/veterinária , Insulina/sangue , Lipídeos/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/veterinária , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/etiologiaRESUMO
Este estudo visou analisar o perfil clínico e radiológico de cavalos crioulos com laminite crônica internados na Clínica de Equinos no período de 2010 a 2011. A partir das fichas de registro, avaliações clínicas diárias e estudos radiográficos, foram computados nove equinos, cinco fêmeas e quatro machos, com idade média de 8,6±5,9 anos e período médio de internação de 104,2±91,7 dias. As fêmeas representaram 55,6% (5/9) da casuística, enquanto os machos inteiros representaram 44,4% (4/9); 22,2% (2/9) dos animais apresentaram laminite nos quatro membros, enquanto 77,8% (7/9) apresentaram laminite apenas nos membros anteriores. Quanto às causas da laminite, 11,1% foram decorrentes de endotoxemia (1/9), 44,4% (4/9) de síndrome metabólica equina e, em 44,4% (4/9), não foi possível determinar a origem. Afundamento ≥20mm da terceira falange ocorreu em 66,7% (6/9) dos animais. Apenas 11,1% (1/9) dos animais apresentaram afundamento distal unilateral. Não houve correlação entre o afundamento da coluna óssea e o grau de claudicação. Dos nove animais deste estudo, 66,7% (6/9) apresentaram rotação ≥5.5° em pelo menos um dos membros. Quanto maior o grau de rotação, maior o grau de claudicação (0.1≤r<0.5; P<0.05). Dois pacientes (22,2%) foram submetidos à tenotomia do flexor digital profundo. A resistência à insulina foi a causa predisponente a laminite mais comum neste estudo. As terapias de suporte, cuidados intensivos de enfermagem, casqueamento e ferrageamento corretivos resultaram em alta taxa de sobrevivência, permitindo que, após a alta, os animais pudessem ser mantidos com conforto sem uso de medicação.
This study aimed to analyze the clinical and radiographic profile of Criollo horses affected by chronic laminitis brought to the Equine Clinic between 2010 and 2011. Medical records, daily clinical evaluations and radiographic studies were analyzed. Data of nine horses, 55.6% (5/9) females and 44.4% (4/9) intact males with a mean age 8.6±5.9 years and 104.2±91.7 days of hospitalization were included. Laminitis occurred on all four limbs on 22.2% (2/9), while 77.8% (7/9) occurred only on the forelimbs. One out of nine cases laminites was due to endotoxemia (11.1%), 44.4% (4/9) was related to equine metabolic syndrome and on 44.4% (4/9) the cause could not be determined. Sinking of third phalanx ≥20mm identified on radiographic studies occurred on 66.7% (6/9) horses. Only 11.1% (1/9) of the animals presented unilateral sinking of the third phalanx. Sinking of the third phalanx was not correlated with the degree of lameness. Rotation of the distal phalanx (≥5.5°) on at least one member was observed in 66.7% (6/9). There was a positive correlation of the third phalanx rotation degree and the lameness degree (0.1≤r<0.5; P<0.05). Two patients (22.2%) required tenotomy of the deep digital flexor tendon. Insulin resistance was the predisposing cause laminitis most common in this study. Supportive therapy, intensive nursing care, corrective trimming and shoeing provided a high survival rate after discharge so that the animals could be kept comfortable without pain medication.
RESUMO
This study aimed to analyze the clinical and radiographic profile of Criollo horses affected by chronic laminitis brought to the Equine Clinic between 2010 and 2011. Medical records, daily clinical evaluations and radiographic studies were analyzed. Data of nine horses, 55.6% (5/9) females and 44.4% (4/9) intact males with a mean age 8.6±5.9 years and 104.2±91.7 days of hospitalization were included. Laminitis occurred on all four limbs on 22.2% (2/9), while 77.8% (7/9) occurred only on the forelimbs. One out of nine cases laminites was due to endotoxemia (11.1%), 44.4% (4/9) was related to equine metabolic syndrome and on 44.4% (4/9) the cause could not be determined. Sinking of third phalanx 20mm identified on radiographic studies occurred on 66.7% (6/9) horses. Only 11.1% (1/9) of the animals presented unilateral sinking of the third phalanx. Sinking of the third phalanx was not correlated with the degree of lameness. Rotation of the distal phalanx (5.5°) on at least one member was observed in 66.7% (6/9). There was a positive correlation of the third phalanx rotation degree and the lameness degree (0.1r 0.5; P 0.05). Two patients (22.2%) required tenotomy of the deep digital flexor tendon. Insulin resistance was the predisposing cause laminitis most common in this study. Supportive therapy, intensive nursing care, corrective trimming and shoeing provided a high survival rate after discharge so that the animals could be kept comfortable without pain medication.
Este estudo visou analisar o perfil clínico e radiológico de cavalos crioulos com laminite crônica internados na Clínica de Equinos no período de 2010 a 2011. A partir das fichas de registro, avaliações clínicas diárias e estudos radiográficos, foram computados nove equinos, cinco fêmeas e quatro machos, com idade média de 8,6±5,9 anos e período médio de internação de 104,2±91,7 dias. As fêmeas representaram 55,6% (5/9) da casuística, enquanto os machos inteiros representaram 44,4% (4/9); 22,2% (2/9) dos animais apresentaram laminite nos quatro membros, enquanto 77,8% (7/9) apresentaram laminite apenas nos membros anteriores. Quanto às causas da laminite, 11,1% foram decorrentes de endotoxemia (1/9), 44,4% (4/9) de síndrome metabólica equina e, em 44,4% (4/9), não foi possível determinar a origem. Afundamento 20mm da terceira falange ocorreu em 66,7% (6/9) dos animais. Apenas 11,1% (1/9) dos animais apresentaram afundamento distal unilateral. Não houve correlação entre o afundamento da coluna óssea e o grau de claudicação. Dos nove animais deste estudo, 66,7% (6/9) apresentaram rotação 5.5° em pelo menos um dos membros. Quanto maior o grau de rotação, maior o grau de claudicação (0.1r 0.5; P 0.05). Dois pacientes (22,2%) foram submetidos à tenotomia do flexor digital profundo. A resistência à insulina foi a causa predisponente a laminite mais comum neste estudo. As terapias de suporte, cuidados intensivos de enfermagem, casqueamento e ferrageamento corretivos resultaram em alta taxa de sobrevivência, permitindo que, após a alta, os animais pudessem ser mantidos com conforto sem uso de medicação.
RESUMO
This study aimed to analyze the clinical and radiographic profile of Criollo horses affected by chronic laminitis brought to the Equine Clinic between 2010 and 2011. Medical records, daily clinical evaluations and radiographic studies were analyzed. Data of nine horses, 55.6% (5/9) females and 44.4% (4/9) intact males with a mean age 8.6±5.9 years and 104.2±91.7 days of hospitalization were included. Laminitis occurred on all four limbs on 22.2% (2/9), while 77.8% (7/9) occurred only on the forelimbs. One out of nine cases laminites was due to endotoxemia (11.1%), 44.4% (4/9) was related to equine metabolic syndrome and on 44.4% (4/9) the cause could not be determined. Sinking of third phalanx 20mm identified on radiographic studies occurred on 66.7% (6/9) horses. Only 11.1% (1/9) of the animals presented unilateral sinking of the third phalanx. Sinking of the third phalanx was not correlated with the degree of lameness. Rotation of the distal phalanx (5.5°) on at least one member was observed in 66.7% (6/9). There was a positive correlation of the third phalanx rotation degree and the lameness degree (0.1r 0.5; P 0.05). Two patients (22.2%) required tenotomy of the deep digital flexor tendon. Insulin resistance was the predisposing cause laminitis most common in this study. Supportive therapy, intensive nursing care, corrective trimming and shoeing provided a high survival rate after discharge so that the animals could be kept comfortable without pain medication.
Este estudo visou analisar o perfil clínico e radiológico de cavalos crioulos com laminite crônica internados na Clínica de Equinos no período de 2010 a 2011. A partir das fichas de registro, avaliações clínicas diárias e estudos radiográficos, foram computados nove equinos, cinco fêmeas e quatro machos, com idade média de 8,6±5,9 anos e período médio de internação de 104,2±91,7 dias. As fêmeas representaram 55,6% (5/9) da casuística, enquanto os machos inteiros representaram 44,4% (4/9); 22,2% (2/9) dos animais apresentaram laminite nos quatro membros, enquanto 77,8% (7/9) apresentaram laminite apenas nos membros anteriores. Quanto às causas da laminite, 11,1% foram decorrentes de endotoxemia (1/9), 44,4% (4/9) de síndrome metabólica equina e, em 44,4% (4/9), não foi possível determinar a origem. Afundamento 20mm da terceira falange ocorreu em 66,7% (6/9) dos animais. Apenas 11,1% (1/9) dos animais apresentaram afundamento distal unilateral. Não houve correlação entre o afundamento da coluna óssea e o grau de claudicação. Dos nove animais deste estudo, 66,7% (6/9) apresentaram rotação 5.5° em pelo menos um dos membros. Quanto maior o grau de rotação, maior o grau de claudicação (0.1r 0.5; P 0.05). Dois pacientes (22,2%) foram submetidos à tenotomia do flexor digital profundo. A resistência à insulina foi a causa predisponente a laminite mais comum neste estudo. As terapias de suporte, cuidados intensivos de enfermagem, casqueamento e ferrageamento corretivos resultaram em alta taxa de sobrevivência, permitindo que, após a alta, os animais pudessem ser mantidos com conforto sem uso de medicação.