RESUMO
BACKGROUND: To analyze the associations among autonomous motivation, self-efficacy, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, social support and perceived environment with physical activity practice of adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years; and to test autonomous motivations and self-efficacy as potential mediators of the associations between these environmental factors and physical activity practice. METHODS: We evaluated 553 adolescents, that participated in the ActTeens Program. Physical activity was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Autonomous motivation, self-efficacy, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, parents' social support and perceived environment were assessed using specifics questionnaires. Linear regression models were used to test the associations. RESULTS: Parents' support (ß = 0.32), satisfaction of basic psychological needs of colleagues (ß = 0.21) and teachers (ß = 0.12), and perceived environment (ß = 0.10) had significant associations with physical activity (p < 0.05). The direct effect value was reduced when autonomous motivation was added as a mediator of the association between parents' support and physical activity (ß = 0.24), with a 25% mediated effect. Autonomous motivation was mediator of the relationship between basic psychological needs of colleagues (ß = 0.13; EM = 38%), teachers (ß = 0.02; EM = 83%), and perceived environment (ß = 0.03; EM = 70%) with physical activity. CONCLUSION: Self-efficacy was not associated with physical activity and autonomous motivation was an important mediator of adolescents' physical activity.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Motivação , Autoeficácia , Apoio Social , Humanos , Adolescente , Feminino , Masculino , Exercício Físico/psicologia , Criança , Inquéritos e Questionários , Autonomia Pessoal , Pais/psicologia , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Satisfação Pessoal , Meio SocialRESUMO
This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding about different strategies used by mothers to feed their 6-23-month-old children, as well as to learn about mothers' behaviors in response to situations of food refusal by her child, in order to generate evidence that contributes to the information gap on responsive feeding in Peru. The study was conducted in the city of Huánuco, a peri-urban area of Peru, with mothers of children in the complementary feeding stage participating. An in-depth 5-hour home observation was conducted in eight mother-child dyads. Both the mothers' and children's mealtime and food-related behaviors were coded and an inductive thematic analysis was applied. The primary objective of many of the strategies used by the mothers was to get their child to eat a little more. Six strategies were identified: pressure, encouragement, facilitating intake, acceptance, negotiation and reasoning. Certain differences were found in the strategies employed by the mother according to the age of her child, with mothers of younger children using more encouragement and mothers of older children using more pressure for their child to eat. The mothers' behavior in response to the child's refusal of food was both responsive and non-responsive (controlling), depending on the reason for the refusal. The findings are of great value for understanding about the feeding interactions of mother-child dyads in Peru and they start to address the information gap and can support the development of nutritional intervention strategies for use with children.
RESUMO
Parent-child interactions can be negatively influenced by contextual, individual, and familial factors. The present study examines how parental stress and parental mentalization predicts interactions between 36-48-month-old preschoolers and their mothers. The sample comprises 106 mother-child dyads from Santiago, Chile, from a mid-low SES. The instruments used were the Parental Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), Mentalization in the Significant Adult during Interaction with the Child between 10 to 48 months old, and Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO). A regression model was used to determine the significant impacts of mentalization and parental stress on interactions. The results indicate that the Encouragement dimension of parent-child interaction is predicted by emotional mentalization and parental distress, while the Teaching dimension of parent-child interaction is impacted by the cognitive dimension of mentalization and the perception that the child is difficult (stress difficult child). No association for the Responsivity and Affectivity dimension was observed.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate learning and encouragement effects on the 6-minute walk test in children between 6 and 12 years of age. STUDY DESIGN: Two 6-minute walk tests separated by a 10-minute resting period were performed by healthy children between 6 and 12 years of age to evaluate the learning (part 1) and encouragement effects (part 2; randomization with and without encouragement). Distance and cardiorespiratory variables were used as outcomes. RESULTS: 148 children were recruited. The intraclass correlation coefficient estimates were 0.927 (95% CI, 0.893-0.951; part 1) and 0.844 (95% CI, 0.744-0.907; part 2). The test-retest agreement was verified for distance (P = .679) with a bias of 1.1 m (95% CI, -4 to 6), but the increase in distance with encouragement was significantly and clinically relevant (P < .001; +41 m; 95% CI, 33-50). CONCLUSION: No training is required for the 6-minute walk test in children, in contrast with adults, but there was an encouragement effect on the walked distance in these children. Guidelines should take these results into account. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03276299.
Assuntos
Teste de Esforço , Aprendizagem , Motivação , Caminhada/fisiologia , Caminhada/psicologia , Bélgica , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of parents and Physical Education teachers on adolescent's extracurricular Physical Activity. Data were obtained from the Chilean System for the Assessment of Educational Quality test with a large representative sample of 23,180 students (11,927 females and 11,253 males aged 13.7 and 13.8 years respectively). The analyzed variables were the extracurricular physical activity of adolescents, parents' and physical education teachers' encouragement to do physical activity and parents' physical activity behavior. Associations between variables were analyzed using chi-squared tests. Two logistic regression models, one adjusted and the other unadjusted, were performed for each physical activity variable (vigorous, moderate, mild and total) in order to obtain odds ratios from parents' and physical education teachers' influence variables. Results showed that parents' influence is more relevant than physical education teachers' influence in order to promote physical activity in adolescents, regardless of age, sex and physical condition.
El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la influencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física en la Actividad Física extracurricular de los adolescentes. Los datos fueron obtenidos del Sistema Chileno de Medición de la Calidad de Educación, en una muestra representativa de 23,180 estudiantes (11,927 niñas y 11,253 niños, con una edad media de 13,7 y 13,8 años). Las variables analizadas fueron la Actividad Física extracurricular de los adolescentes, la influencia que ejercían los padres y los profesores de Educación Física para que realicen Actividad Física y la Actividad Física de los padres. Se analizó la asociación entre las variables a través del chi-cuadrado. Dos regresiones logísticas, con y sin ajuste del modelo, fueron realizadas para cada nivel de la Actividad Física (vigorosa, media, baja y total) con el objetivo de obtener los Odds Ratios de las variables relativas a la experiencia de los padres y los profesores de Educación Física. Los resultados muestran que la influencia de los padres es más relevante que la de los profesores de Educación Física a la hora de promover la Actividad Física en los adolescentes, independientemente de la edad, el género o la condición física.
RESUMO
The study aims to chart the development of the willingness to forgive among adolescents, as a function of seven situational factors: Possibility of revenge, cancellation of harmful consequences, encouragement to forgive from parents and/or from close friends, social proximity with the offender, intent to harm, and presence of apologies. The participants were presented with 16 stories in which an adolescent committed a harmful act against another one. Each participant was asked to rate the degree of personal willingness to forgive in each case on a continuous scale. The effect of the cancellation of consequences factor was the strongest one, and it was stronger among younger adolescents than among older adolescents. The effect of the intent factor was the second strongest factor, and it was stronger among older adolescents than among younger adolescents. The effect of the encouragement factors was moderate (encouragement by friends), or small (encouragement by parents), and no age difference was observed. The effects of the revenge, apologies, and social proximity factors were always weak. An additive-type combination process was observed in each age group.
El objetivo del estudio fue describir el desarrollo de la voluntad para perdonar en adolescentes, como función de siete factores situacionales: posibilidad de venganza, anulación de consecuencias perjudiciales, disposición a perdonar a los padres o amigos cercanos, proximidad social con el delincuente, intención de daño y ofrecimiento de excusas. A los participantes se les presentaron 16 historias donde un adolescente había cometido un acto perjudicial contra otro. Caso por caso, se pidió a cada participante valorar en una escala continua el grado de voluntad para olvidar. El efecto de la anulación del factor de consecuencias fue el más fuerte, y mayor entre adolescentes jóvenes en comparación con los de más edad. El efecto del factor intención se ubicó en segundo lugar, siendo más fuerte entre los adolescentes mayores que entre los más jóvenes. El efecto de los factores de disposición a perdonar fue moderado (amigos) o pequeño (padres), y no se encontró diferencia en cuanto a la edad. En todos los casos, los efectos de la venganza, las disculpas y los factores sociales de proximidad fueron débiles. En cada grupo de edad, se observó un proceso de combinación de tipo aditivo.
Assuntos
Psicologia Social , Adolescente , PerdãoRESUMO
Durante los últimos años se han realizado aproximaciones\r\nen relación con el procesamiento de componentes\r\nsanguíneos en el mundo; la promoción de la donación\r\nvoluntaria y altruista surge desde hace varios años como\r\nuna alternativa para los bancos de sangre relacionada con\r\nel reclutamiento de sujetos potencialmente donantes de\r\nsangre. En Colombia existen varios tipos de reclutamiento\r\nde donantes encontrándose donantes voluntarios, donantes\r\npor reposición o dirigidos y donaciones autólogas.\r\nLa selección de donantes de sangre, voluntarios y altruistas,\r\nes la medida que ha tenido mayor impacto sobre la seguridad\r\nde la sangre, procedimiento adjudicado al profesional\r\nde enfermería, bacteriología y medicina según lo establece\r\nel Decreto 1571 del 12 de Agosto de 1.993 en Colombia. La\r\nidealización de donantes se debe hacer a partir de los principales\r\nlimitantes del proceso, los cuales en la actualidad se\r\nbasan en la formación del profesional y el conocimiento de\r\nla población. En la actualidad, en la mayoría de los Bancos\r\nde Sangre, para el profesional de enfermería responsable del\r\nproceso de selección y dirección de programas de promoción\r\nde la donación, se hace necesario conocer información\r\nacerca de éste proceso y sus limitantes.
In recent years new approaches have been developed related\r\nto the processing of sanguineous components worldwide;\r\nthe encouragement of voluntary, unpaid donation derives,\r\nseveral years ago, as a blood banks alternative related to\r\nthe recruitment of individuals as potentially blood donors.\r\nIn Colombia there are several types of recruiting donors\r\nincluding volunteers donors, replacement or directed\r\ndonors and autologous donations.\r\nThe selection of volunteers and altruistic blood donors is\r\nthe measure that had a greater impact on blood safety;\r\nin Colombia the procedure was awarded to the nursing,\r\nbacteriology and medicine professionals, as established\r\nby Act 1571 of August 12th, 1993. Donor loyalty\r\nshould be done from the main limitations of the process,\r\nwhich currently are based on professional training and\r\nknowledge of the population. It is necessary for nursing\r\nprofessionals in the blood banks, responsible for the\r\nselection process and conducting programs to promote\r\ndonation, to know information about the process and\r\nits limitations.