RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Accelerated globalization especially in the late 1980s has provided opportunities for economic progress in the world of emerging economies. The BRICS nations' economies are distinguishable from other emerging economies due to their rate of expansion and sheer size. As a result of their economic prosperity, health spending in the BRICS countries has been increasing. However, health security is still a distant dream in these countries due to low public health spending, lack of pre-paid health coverage, and heavy out-of-pocket spending. There is a need for changing the health expenditure composition to address the challenge of regressive health spending and ensure equitable access to comprehensive healthcare services. OBJECTIVE: Present study examined the health expenditure trend among the BRICS from 2000 to 2019 and made predictions with an emphasis on public, pre-paid, and out-of-pocket expenditures for 2035. METHODS: Health expenditure data for 2000-2019 were taken from the OECD iLibrary database. The exponential smoothing model in R software (ets ()) was used for forecasting. RESULTS: Except for India and Brazil, all of the BRICS countries show a long-term increase in per capita PPP health expenditure. Only India's health expenditure is expected to decrease as a share of GDP after the completion of the SDG years. China accounts for the steepest rise in per capita expenditure until 2035, while Russia is expected to achieve the highest absolute values. CONCLUSION: The BRICS countries have the potential to be important leaders in a variety of social policies such as health. Each BRICS country has set a national pledge to the right to health and is working on health system reforms to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). The estimations of future health expenditures by these emerging market powers should help policymakers decide how to allocate resources to achieve this goal.
Assuntos
Gastos em Saúde , Humanos , Brasil , China , Bases de Dados Factuais , ÍndiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a frequent infectious complication following solid organ transplantation (SOT). Considering significant differences in healthcare systems, a systematic review was conducted to describe the epidemiology, management, and burden of CMV post-SOT in selected countries outside of Europe and North America. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for observational studies in SOT recipients across 15 countries in the regions of Asia, Pacific, and Latin America (search period: January 1, 2011 to September 17, 2021). Outcomes included incidence of CMV infection/disease, recurrence, risk factors, CMV-related mortality, treatment patterns and guidelines, refractory and/or resistant CMV, patient-reported outcomes, and economic burden. RESULTS: Of 2708 studies identified, 49 were eligible (n = 43/49; 87.8% in adults; n = 34/49, 69.4% in kidney recipients). Across studies, selection of CMV preventive strategy was based on CMV serostatus. Overall, rates of CMV infection (within 1 year) and CMV disease post-SOT were respectively, 10.3%-63.2% (9 studies) and 0%-19.0% (17 studies). Recurrence occurred in 35.4%-41.0% cases (3 studies) and up to 5.3% recipients died of CMV-associated causes (11 studies). Conventional treatments for CMV infection/disease included ganciclovir (GCV) or valganciclovir. Up to 4.4% patients were resistant to treatment (3 studies); no studies reported on refractory CMV. Treatment-related adverse events with GCV included neutropenia (2%-29%), anemia (13%-48%), leukopenia (11%-37%), and thrombocytopenia (13%-24%). Data on economic burden were scarce. CONCLUSION: Outside of North America and Europe, rates of CMV infection/disease post-SOT are highly variable and CMV recurrence is frequent. CMV resistance and treatment-associated adverse events, including myelosuppression, highlight unmet needs with conventional therapy.
Assuntos
Infecções por Citomegalovirus , Leucopenia , Transplante de Órgãos , Adulto , Humanos , Citomegalovirus , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , América do Norte/epidemiologia , Ganciclovir , Transplante de Órgãos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The economic downturn and the air travel crisis triggered by the recent coronavirus pandemic pose a substantial threat to the new consumer class of many emerging economies. In Brazil, considerable improvements in social inclusion have fostered the emergence of hundreds of thousands of first-time fliers over the past decades. We apply a two-step regression methodology in which the first step consists of identifying air transport markets characterized by greater social inclusion, using indicators of the local economies' income distribution, credit availability, and access to the Internet. In the second step, we inspect the drivers of the plunge in air travel demand since the pandemic began, differentiating markets by their predicted social inclusion intensity. After controlling for potential endogeneity stemming from the spread of COVID-19 through air travel, our results suggest that short and low-density routes are among the most impacted airline markets and that business-oriented routes are more impacted than leisure ones. Finally, we estimate that a market with 1% higher social inclusion is associated with a 0.153%-0.166% more pronounced decline in demand during the pandemic. Therefore, markets that have benefited from greater social inclusion in the country may be the most vulnerable to the current crisis.
RESUMO
This paper examines the intention to use m-commerce in low-income consumers in Ecuador by expanding the original unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model to include the trust and perceived security constructs. A total of 344 Ecuadorians were surveyed according to the following criteria: 1) had made at least one purchase through their mobile device in the last month and, 2) belonged to the low and medium-low socioeconomic segment of the selected country. The results showed that facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, habit, and perceived trust significantly and positively predict the intention to use m-commerce. The best predictor was facilitating conditions followed by perceived trust. Contrary to expectations, performance expectancy, social influence, and perceived security did not significantly affect low-income consumers' intention to use m-commerce. This study produced diverging results in significant constructs used to validate the UTAUT2, highlighting the need to examine this model in different countries further. The relationships of the core constructs of UTAUT2 vary according to the country studied, possibly due to differences in national culture and economic development that could moderate the impact of explanatory constructs of technology adoption.
RESUMO
The study aim was to identify consumer segmentation based on nonhuman animal welfare (AW) attitudes and their relationship with demographic features and willingness to pay (WTP) for welfare-friendly products (WFP) in Mexico. Personal interviews were conducted with 843 Mexican consumers who stated they purchased most of the animal products in their home. Respondents were selected using a quota sampling method with age, gender, education, and origin as quota control variables. The multivariate analysis suggested there were three clusters or consumer profiles labeled "skeptical," "concerned," and "ethical," which helped explain the association between AW attitudes, some demographic variables, and WTP for WFP. This study is one of the first to address consumer profiling in Latin America, and the findings could have implications for the commercialization of WFP. Hence, customers should receive information to consider welfare innovations when deciding to purchase animal products. The growth of the WFP food market establishes an element of a far more multifaceted phenomenon of sustainable consumption and support of a new paradigm called responsible marketing in emerging markets such as Mexico.