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PURPOSE: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of Elastic Resistance Training (ERT) on functional capacity (FC) in older adults. METHODS: The databases used were Embase, Virtual Health Library, PubMed, SciElo, Scopus, SPORTS Discus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria: aged ≥ 60 years; both sexes; intervention of at least 8 weeks; structured ERT; comparator group that performed other types of training or without any intervention; at least one functional test measurement. Functional tests were grouped according to their specificity for the sub-group meta-analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies were considered eligible for qualitative synthesis, of which 16 were used for quantitative analysis. Favorable effects (p < .001) of ERT compared to the control group without intervention were observed in the 30-second sit to stand test, Timed Up and Go test, arm curl test, handgrip strength test, 6-minute walk test, lower and upper limb flexibility, and Short Physical Performance Battery (p = .007). Comparisons between ERT and other types of training were not performed because of the high heterogeneity of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that ERT is able to improve the FC of older adults when compared to older adults not involved in any type of training.

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BACKGROUND: Variable resistance training has recently become a component of strength and conditioning programs. OBJECTIVE: This randomized counterbalanced cross-over study aimed to investigate the use of elastic bands (EB) and the traditional method (TRAD) and force indicators in a training session. METHODS: 12 Paralympic athletes (age: 28.60 ± 7.60 years) participated in this three-week study. In the first week, the participants were familiarized with EB and TRAD and were tested for maximal repetition (1-RM). The research occurred in weeks 2 and 3, which included the pre-post training, during which the following measures were extracted: maximum isometric force (MIF), the peak torque (PT), rate of force development (RFD), fatigue index (FI), and time to MIF (Time). The athletes performed two tests, EB and TRAD, separated by a one-week interval. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the pre- and post-test for 1RM (p = 0.018, η2p = 0.412), MIF (p = 0.011, η2p = 0.415), PT (p = 0.012, η2p = 0.413), and RFD (p = 0.0002, η2p = 0.761). With the use of EB, there was a difference in RFD between TRAD before and EB after (p = 0.016, η2p = 0.761). There were significant differences in the before and after for FI between TRAD and EB (p < 0.001) and for Time (p < 0.001), indicating that training with the use of elastic bands promotes overload, characterized by increased fatigue and decreased strength. CONCLUSIONS: Training with EB did not decrease 1RM, PT, MIF or RFD, however, there was an increase in fatigue and time to reach MIF when compared to the method with fixed resistance.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a resistance training program (RTP) in older overweight women (OOW) using two different types of elastic devices. METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled trial with pre- and postintervention measures. Participants included OOW, aged 60-85 years, with no medical history of disease that would preclude them from engaging in physical exercise. Participants were randomly divided into the following groups: elastic tubes with handles group (ETG; n = 22), traditional elastic bands group ( n = 21), and control group (CG; n = 20). Exercise groups (EGs) performed the following supervised RTP: 8 weeks, twice weekly, six overall body exercises, and 3-4 sets of 10 repetitions at a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of 7-9 on the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale of perceived exertion. The controls did not change their usual lifestyle. Outcome measures included body composition (BC; total and regional percentage of fat mass [FM] and fat-free mass [FFM]) and physical performance (PP; dynamic and isometric strength, flexibility, agility/dynamic balance, and endurance). RESULTS: Both EGs exhibited significantly reduced FM in the upper limbs (ULs) and trunk and increased FFM in the UL, while the ETG exhibited a significantly increased trunk FFM. Both EGs improved in PP, and there were no intergroup differences. Trunk FM and FFM and meters walked differed significantly between the ETG and CG. The CG did not exhibit any significant changes. CONCLUSION: Training with elastic devices at a moderate-high RPE produces short-term improvements in BC and PP in OOW.

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Las bandas elásticas han sido empleadas para la intervención sobre fuerza, sin embargo, Liu y Latham (2009) no se ha consolidado información sobre usos y efectos sobre otras cualidades. Se propuso documentar los usos y efectos de las bandas elásticas, como un soporte teórico para fa-vorecer la toma de decisiones en intervenciones fisioterapéuticas. Esta investigación se desarrolló como un estudio descriptivo tipo revisión documental; se tomaron 70 artículos de bases de datos como Pubmed, Cochrane y revistas como Physical Therapy, de los cuales 42 cumplieron los cri-terios de inclusión. El 35% y 26% de los artículos correspondió a Ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y no aleatorizados respectivamente, un 5% correspondió a revisiones sistemáticas o metaanálisis. Aunque los elásticos son empleados principalmente para intervención sobre fuerza (40% de los usos documentados), se evidenciaron otros usos como balance, estabilidad y equilibrio con un 16%, y flexibilidad con un 15%, seguidos en menor proporción por intervención sobre postura, motricidad gruesa y fina, propiocepción, marcha, calidad de vida, y dolor. En cuanto a los efec-tos, los resultados más consistentes son en fuerza y en flexibilidad, con importantes resultados a favor del tratamiento (72% y 83% respectivamente). Las demás intervenciones no evidenciaron diferencias significativas a favor del tratamiento con elásticos. Está bien documentada la efec-tividad de las bandas elásticas sobre la fuerza muscular y la flexibilidad. Los elásticos no son empleados como único tratamiento, lo que dificulta una atribución de efectos específica hacia las bandas. Falta investigación sobre la utilización de bandas elásticas para propiocepción, balance, equilibrio y coordinación.

Elastic bands have been used for intervention in muscle strenght. However, there is not consoli-dated information about uses and effects in other physical qualities. The main aim of the study is to determine the uses and effects of elastic bands in order to provide theoretical support for de-cision making in physiotherapy interventions. This research was conducted as a descriptive do-cumental review. Seventy articles were downloaded of databases such as Pubmed, Cochrane and magazines such as Physical Therapy; only 42 met the inclusion criteria. A 35% and 26% of articles correspond to randomized and not randomized clinical trials respectively; a 5% was systematic reviews or metaanalisys. Although the elastic are used primarily for strengt intervention (40% of documented uses), other uses such as balance, stability and balance with 16%, and flexibility with 15% was evidenced; followed in smaller proportion by intervention posture, gross and fine motor skills, proprioception, walking, quality of life, and pain. In terms of effects, the results are consistent in strength and flexibility, with significant results in favor of treatment (72 % and 83 % respectively). Other interventions did not show significant differences in favor of treatment with elastic bands. It is well documented the effectiveness of the elastic bands on muscle strength and flexibility. The elastic are not used as a single treatment, which makes difficult the attribution of specific effects directly to the bands. Is necessary more research about use of elastic bands for proprioception, balance, and coordination.

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CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: As faixas elásticas são frequentemente utilizadas em programas de treinamento resistivo, entretanto a seleção da progressão entre os níveis de resistência elástica é feita de maneira subjetiva em virtude da deficiência de dados quantitativos que expressem o valor da resistência em função da tração do material. OBJETIVOS: Investigar a resistência elástica gerada em cada um dos oito níveis de resistências das faixas elásticas em 100 por cento de alongamento e quantificar a variação existente de um nível para outro. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída de 80 corpos de prova, retirados dos oito níveis de resistência. O ensaio de tração nos corpos de prova modelo C foi realizado conforme a norma técnica ASTM D 412-06ª pela máquina universal de ensaios DL EMIC 3000. Cada ciclo de tração foi realizado na velocidade de 500 mm/seg. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se o teste Anova one-way com nível de significância de ρ<0,05. RESULTADOS: A amostra apresentou diferença significativa da resistência elástica no espectro de níveis avaliados, exceto entre as resistências suaves (amarelo) e médias (vermelho). A análise da variação da resistência entre as faixas mostra que a dourada (máximo) oferece 5,13 vezes mais resistência que a branca (extrasuave), e a maior variação na progressão encontra-se entre as faixas preta e cinza. Além disso, o módulo de Young apresentou comportamento linear entre as diferentes cores. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram que a variação da resistência elástica e da rigidez do material são progressivas entre os diferentes níveis. Além disso, os dados sugerem a possibilidade de progressão da faixa branca para a vermelha, eliminando a amarela na prescrição de exercícios de fortalecimento.

BACKGROUND: Elastic bands are frequently used for resistance training, however the selection of the bands to progress through the levels of elastic resistance is done in a subjective manner. This is due to the lack of quantitative data on the value of the material's resistance as a function of its tension. Objectives: To investigate the elastic resistance generated by each of the eight color-coded resistance levels of elastic bands, using 100 percent elongation, and to quantify the resistance variation from one level to the next. METHODS: Tensile testing was performed in compliance with ASTM Standard D412-06a. The sample consisted of 80 die-cut test specimens (Die C) taken from the eight color-coded resistance levels. The sample was submitted to tensile testing in the universal testing machine EMIC DL-3000. Each of the tension cycles was performed at a speed of 500mm/sec. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA, with a significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: The sample showed a significant difference between all levels of resistance, except for the yellow (thin) and red (medium) elastic bands. The variation in resistance between the bands shows that the gold (max) band offers 5.13 times more resistance than the tan (extra thin) band, and that the greatest variation in progressive resistance is between the black and the silver bands. In addition, Young's modulus showed linear behavior between the different colors. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the elastic resistance and stiffness of the material exhibits a linear and progressive variation. In addition, the data suggested the possibility of progressing from the tan band to the red band, skipping the yellow band, when prescribing resistance exercises.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as modificações na força/resistência muscular após quatro semanas de hidroginástica com e sem a utilização de bandas elásticas. Participaram do estudo 26 mulheres com idade entre 50 e 60 anos, praticantes de hidroginástica havia pelo menos seis meses. Pré e pós-treinamento, os sujeitos foram submetidos aos testes de flexão de cotovelo, impulsão vertical sem auxílio dos braços e levantar da cadeira em 30 segundos. Os sujeitos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: treinamento elástico (GTE) e treinamento convencional (GTC). O GTE realizou a aula de hidroginástica com incremento de banda elástica como sobrecarga adicional. O GTC realizou aula de hidroginástica sem sobrecarga adicional. Para o tratamento estatístico foi utilizada análise de variância (ANOVA) por dois fatores, seguida do teste post hoc de Tukey com P < 0,05. Os resultados indicaram que houve efeito significante do tempo nos três testes analisados (P < 0,01). Adicionalmente, nos testes de flexão de cotovelo e levantar e sentar da cadeira foi verificado efeito significante da interação grupo x tempo (P < 0,01). O teste post hoc de Tukey indicou que, nos três testes, houve aumento significante do pré ao pós-treinamento apenas no GTE (flexão de cotovelo: +45,9 por cento; impulsão vertical: +31,7 por cento; e levantar e sentar da cadeira: 32,4 por cento). Esses resultados sugerem que a associação do treinamento de força realizado por meio de elásticos à hidroginástica promove aumentos significantes na força muscular de membros inferiores e superiores de mulheres. Dessa forma, por se tratar de um método versátil e viável economicamente, recomenda-se a incorporação de exercícios com elástico durante as sessões de hidroginástica para o aumento da força muscular em mulheres.

The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle strength/resistance changes after four weeks of water gymnastics with and without the use of elastic bands. 26 women aged 50-60 years, who have attended water gymnastics classes for at least six month participated in the study. The subjects were pre and post-training assessed through elbow flexion, vertical jump without arm movements and 30-second stand and seat chair tests. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: Elastic band group (EBG) and Regular training group (RTG). EBG was engaged in water gymnastics classes program with the elastic band as additional load, while GTC engaged in only regular water gymnastics classes with no additional apparatus. The statistic analysis chosen was the two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test with p<0.05 as significant level. The results presented positive effect of the training program in the three analyzed variables. Elbow flexion and chair stand and seat tests showed significant in the group x time interaction (p> 0.01). Tukey post hoc test evidenced significant increase pre-post training period at EBG program for all studied variables. These results suggest that elastic bands are an interesting strategy for water gymnastics classes to increase muscle strength of upper and lower limbs in women.

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