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Resumen El VOT (video observed treatment) es la autoadministración de la terapia certificada mediante registro de imágenes en video y podría constituir para algunos pacientes una alternativa complementaria al DOT (directly observed treatment) en la administración del tratamiento ambulatorio de la Tuberculosis en Centros de Salud Primarios. Existen evidencias internacionales en que la estrategia VOT mejora la adherencia al tratamiento, empodera a los pacientes, reduce los costos para pacientes y el sistema de salud y ahorra el tiempo dedicado por los pacientes al traslado a centros de terapia. La disponibilidad masiva de teléfonos portátiles con capacidad de trasmitir videos en la población de Chile podría permitir realizar una investigación piloto de VOT.

VOT (Video Observed Treatment) is a video certificated self-administration of therapy and could be complementary to DOT (Directly Observed Treatment) for the administration of ambulatory tuberculosis treatment at Primary Health Centers. Reviewed international experience and evidence indicates that VOT improves treatment adherence, empowers patients, reduces health system costs and saves patient's transfer time to Therapy Centers. Given the high penetration of smartphones with videocall software in the Chilean population, the pre-requisites are provided to consider a VOT pilot research in Chile.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: We aimed to estimate the prevalence and transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-burden Brazilian setting under directly observed therapy short-course strategy. METHODS: Isolates of culture-confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis patients from Guarulhos, Brazil, diagnosed in October 2007-2011 were subjected to drug susceptibility and IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism testing. RESULTS: The overall resistance prevalence was 11.5% and the multi-drug resistance rate was 4.2%. Twenty-six (43.3%) of 60 drug-resistant isolates were clustered. Epidemiological relationships were identified in 11 (42.3%) patients; 30.8% of the cases were transmitted in households. CONCLUSIONS: Drug-resistant tuberculosis was relatively low and transmitted in households and the community.

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We conducted a cluster-randomized trial to estimate effects of directly observed combination antiretroviral therapy (DOT-cART) on retention with viral suppression among HIV-positive adults in Peru. We randomly allocated facilities to receive the 12-month intervention plus the standard of care, including adherence support provided through accompaniment. In the intervention arm, health workers supervised doses, twice daily, and accompanied patients to appointments. Among 356 patients, intention-to-treat analyses showed no statistically significant benefit of DOT, relative to no-DOT, at 12 or 24 months (adjusted probability of primary outcome: 0.81 vs. 0.73 and 0.76 vs. 0.68, respectively). A statistically significant benefit of DOT was found in per-protocol and as-treated analyses at 12 months (0.83 for DOT vs. 0.73 for no DOT, p value: 0.02 per-protocol, 0.01 as-treated), but not 24 months. Rates of retention with viral suppression were high in both arms. Among adults receiving robust adherence support, the added effect of time-limited DOT, if any, is small-to-moderate.

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BACKGROUND: Brazil's National Tuberculosis Control Program seeks to improve tuberculosis (TB) treatment in vulnerable populations. Slum residents are more vulnerable to TB due to a variety of factors, including their overcrowded living conditions, substandard infrastructure, and limited access to healthcare compared to their non-slum dwelling counterparts. Directly observed treatment (DOT) has been suggested to improve TB treatment outcomes among vulnerable populations, but the program's differential effectiveness among urban slum and non-slum residents is not known. METHODS: We retrospectively compared the impact of DOT on TB treatment outcome in residents of slum and non-slum census tracts in Rio de Janeiro reported to the Brazilian Notifiable Disease Database in 2010. Patient residential addresses were geocoded to census tracts from the 2010 Brazilian Census, which were identified as slum (aglomerados subnormais -AGSN) and non-slum (non-AGSN) by the Census Bureau. Homeless and incarcerated cases as well as those geocoded outside the city's limits were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: In 2010, 6,601 TB cases were geocoded within Rio de Janeiro; 1,874 (27.4 %) were residents of AGSN, and 4,794 (72.6 %) did not reside in an AGSN area. DOT coverage among AGSN cases was 35.2 % (n = 638), while the coverage in non-AGSN cases was 26.2 % (n = 1,234). Clinical characteristics, treatment, follow-up, cure, death and abandonment were similar in both AGSN and non-AGSN TB patients. After adjusting for covariates, AGSN TB cases on DOT had 1.67 (95 % CI: 1.17, 2.4) times the risk of cure, 0.61 (95 % CI: 0.41, 0.90) times the risk of abandonment, and 0.1 (95 % CI: 0.01, 0.77) times the risk of death from TB compared to non-AGSN TB cases not on DOT. CONCLUSION: While DOT coverage was low among TB cases in both AGSN and non-AGSN communities, it had a greater impact on TB cure rate in AGSN than in non-AGSN populations in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

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A tuberculose (TB) é uma das doenças infecciosas mais antigas no mundo, e até os dias atuais ainda permanece sendo um sério problema para a saúde pública global. O Tratamento Diretamente Observado (TDO) caracteriza-se como elemento chave, no fortalecimento da adesão ao tratamento da TB e na prevenção do aparecimento de cepas resistentes aos medicamentos, uma vez que ainda existem taxas de cura inferiores a meta preconizada e um número ainda elevado de abandono do tratamento. Em Pernambuco a estratégia TDO foi implantada inicialmente pela capital Recife a partir de 2005-2007 e segundo dados, no ano de 2013 chegou a uma cobertura de 63,5% em todo o estado. Para o presente estudo foram utilizados dados secundários retirados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificações (SINAN) no período 2005 a 2014. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos pacientes são adultos jovens do sexo masculino, não brancos, alfabetizados, moradores de zona urbana e entre as doenças e agravos o mais presente foi o alcoolismo. A taxa de incidência da TB apresentou uma média em torno de 48,6%. Os casos de óbitos, no estado, apresentou uma média de 4,3. A forma pulmonar predomina diante das demais, com uma média de mais de 4000 (85%) casos ao ano no Estado. A média de cura e abandono ficou em torno de 71,3% e 9,9% respectivamente. A realização do TDO só veio a surtir efeito no estado a partir de 2007 (53,86%) seguindo até o ano de 2014 com 60,37%.Foi observado que nos últimos 10 anos de estudo (2005-2014) a probabilidade de cura, a partir da diferença de médias entre os grupos, foi de 26% a mais para o grupo dos tratados (TDO) do que para o grupo controle (não TDO). Esses resultados são corroborados por três diferentes critérios de Matching (pareamento) via Propensity Score (escore de propensão): o vizinho mais próximo, indicando que os indivíduos submetidos ao TDO têm em média 23% de chances a mais de cura, com base nos Estratos, este percentual é de 21% e o Kernel, apresentou 23% a mais de chances de cura.(AU)

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest infectious diseases in the world, and to this day still remains a serious problem for global public health. The Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) is characterized as a key element in strengthening adherence to TB treatment and prevention of the emergence of resistant strains to drugs, since there are still healing rates below the recommended target and an even higher number abandonment of treatment. In Pernambuco the DOTS strategy was implemented initially by Recife capital from 2005-2007 and second data, in 2013 reached a 63.5% coverage throughout the state. For the present study were used secondary data taken from Diseases and Notifications Information System (SINAN) in the period 2005 to 2014. The results show that most patients are young, adult males, not white, literate, urban residents and among the diseases and disorders the most present was alcoholism. The TB incidence rate in PE averaged around 48.6%. The cases of deaths, in the state, showing that PE is an average of 4.3. The pulmonary form predominates on the others, with an average of more than 4000 (85%) cases per year in the state. The average healing and abandonment was around 71.3% and 9.9% respectively. The realization of the DOTS only came to take effect in the state from 2007 (53.86%) followed by the year 2014 with 60.37%. It was observed that in the last 10 years of study (2005-2014) the probability of cure from the mean of difference between the groups was 26% higher for the group of treated (DOTS) than for the control group ( not DOT). These results are supported by three different criteria Matching by Propensity Score: the nearest neighbor matching, indicating that individuals submitted to DOTS have averaged 23% chance more healing, based on Strata this percentage is 21% and Kernel, showed 23% more chances of cure.(AU)

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Trata-se de estudo qualitativo desenvolvido por meio de análise de discurso cujo objetivo foi analisar a discursividade dos gestores em diferentes níveis de gestão sobre transferência da política do tratamento diretamente observado (TDO) no controle da tuberculose. Para isto, esta análise parte do contexto de decisão macropolítico para o contexto micropolítico tendo como cenário local o município de Ribeirão Preto-SP, considerado prioritário para o controle da doença. Foram entrevistados quatro sujeitos-gestores envolvidos com a política do TDO nas instâncias estadual, regional, municipal e no nível intermediário entre a regional e o município, mediante aceite de termo de compromisso. Os dados foram coletados no período de agosto a dezembro de 2013, as entrevistas foram audiogravadas, transcritas, respeitando-a na sua íntegra. O corpus da pesquisa foi composto por recortes, formação discursiva e marcas linguísticas, quais foram selecionados dos discursos dos sujeitos. A análise ocorreu mediante a fundamentação teórico-metodológica da Análise de Discurso (AD) de matriz francesa, que se sustenta sobre três vertentes teóricas: o Materialismo Histórico, a Linguística e a Psicanálise. Este tipo de análise não visa uma análise exaustiva horizontal ou de toda extensão do objeto de pesquisa, por entender que este não se esgota e que um discurso institui-se sempre em relação aos outros. Busca-se apoiar na exaustividade vertical com o intuito de contemplar o objetivo do trabalho e da temática abordada. Os dados foram organizados sob o eixo da temática da transferência de políticas e da temática da TB os quais apontaram para diferentes efeitos de sentido durante a transferência da política do TDO como o silenciamento, apagamento, polifonia, polissemia e contradição durante o processo de transferência desta política nos diferentes níveis de gestão, que passou gradativamente pelo processo de transferência autoritária para a transferência voluntária da maior instancia política para a menor. Destaca-se que no município este processo ocorreu de forma incompleta visto que não houve a superação do paradigma da desconcentração das ações de TB para a Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS)

This qualitative study was conducted using discourse analysis, the objective of which was analyzed the reports of different level managers regarding policy transfer of Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) in the control of tuberculosis. This analysis starts with the context of macro-political decisions in the micro-political context and the local setting was the city of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, considered a priority in the control of the disease. Four managers involved with the DOT policy at the state, regional, and city levels and another manager in the intermediate level between region and city were interviewed after signing consent forms. Data were collected from August to December 2013. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, respecting it in its entirety. The study's corpus was composed of excerpts, discursive formations and linguistics marks, which were selected from the participants' reports according to the guiding question. Analysis was based on the French theoretical-methodological framework of Discourse Analysis, which in turn is grounded on three theoretical aspects: the Historical Materialism, Linguistics and Psychoanalysis. An exhaustive horizontal analysis, or an analysis that encompasses the entire extent of the research's object, is not intended in this type of analysis because the topic is not exhausted and discourses are always instituted in relation to others. The objective is to be supported in vertical exhaustiveness to contemplate the objective of the study and the topic under study. Data were organized under policy transfer' and tuberculosis' thematic axis, which indicate different effects of meanings during DOT policy transfer, such as muting, blanking, polyphony, polysemy, and contradictions during this policy transfer process at the different levels of management, which gradually moved from an authoritative transfer to a voluntary transfer, from a higher political instance to a lower one. Nonetheless, this process was not completed in the city because the paradigm decentralizing TB actions from Primary Health Care (PHC) was not overcome

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Foi analisada a implantação da estratégia Tratamento Diretamente Observado de Curta Duração (DOTS) no controle da tuberculose, sob a ótica dos coordenadores do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose (PCT), nos seis municípios prioritários da Paraíba. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com sete coordenadores de PCT. Fortalezas do DOTS: cinco municípios alcançaram a taxa de cura de 90 por cento. Entre as debilidades identificou-se, na dimensão política, a descontinuidade do cargo de coordenador de PCT, o despreparo da equipe local, a precariedade da estrutura técnico-administrativa e a insuficiência da rede laboratorial; na dimensão operacional ainda é baixa a incorporação da busca de sintomáticos respiratórios pelas Equipes de Saúde da Família. Ocorreram mudanças de cunho epidemiológico, operacional e político. a implantação e garantia da sustentabilidade do DOTS no Estado dependem do modo da organização dos serviços de saúde e o compromisso político do gestor no apoio a estratégia.

The scope of this paper is to analyze the implementation of the Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) strategy in the control of tuberculosis, from the standpoint of the coordinators of the Tuberculosis Control Program (TCP) in six priority municipalities in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven TCP coordinators. Five municipalities proved to be DOTS success points achieving a 90 percent cure rate. Among the DOTS weak points in the political dimension, the following aspects were identified: lack of continuity of the TCP coordinator position; lack of preparedness of the local team; precarious technical-administration structure and insufficiency of the laboratory network. In the operational dimension, the search for respiratory symptoms by the Family Health Teams is still low. Changes of an epidemiological, operational and political nature have been incorporated, though the implementation and guarantee of the sustainability of DOTS in the State depends on the way the health services are organized and on the manager's political commitment to support the strategy.

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Introdução: o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a implementação da estratégia DOTS (Estratégia de Tratamento Diretamente Observado de Curta duração) nos centros de saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, apresentando os resultados obtidos após dois anos de desenvolvimento de projetos-piloto. Métodos: análise dos dados contidos nos "Livros de Registro e Controle do Tratamento", regularmente notificados à Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, visando avaliar o impacto do tratamento diretamente observado (DOT) nos índices de cura e o efeito da implementação da estratégia DOTS na qualidade do programa de controle da tuberculose (PCT). Resultados: De Janeiro de 1999 a Dezembro de 2001, 3657 casos de TB foram registrados nas áreas onde a estratégia DOTS foi implantada. Destes, 1730 receberam DOT e 1927 receberam tratamento auto-administrado (TAA). Entre os caos novos, 81% dos que receberam DOT e 71% dos que receberam TAA foram tratados com sucesso (OR 1,66, IC 95%: 1,3 -1,8), p<0,01. As taxas de negativação da baciloscopia do escarro após 2 e 3 meses de tratamento foram de 84% e 91% respectivamente para aqueles que receberam DOT e 75% e 83% para o grupo em TAA. Nos centros de saúde onde a estratégia DOTS foi implantada houve, em 3 anos, melhora geral dos índices de cura e de abandono, assim como dos percentuais de baciloscopias realizadas para acompanhamento do tratamento. Conclusão: Pacientes que receberam DOTS tiveram maior chance de cura do que aqueles que receberam TAA. A implantação da estratégia DOTS melhorou a qualidade do PCT.

Introduction: The objective of this study is to describe the implementation of DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short course) strategy in health centers in the city of the Rio de Janeiro presenting the results 2 years after teh development of pilot projects. Methods: analysis of data recorded on the "TB treatment and outcome registration books", regularly reported to the City Health Secretariat, to evaluate the results of the directly observed therapy (DOT) on the treatment success rates and the effect of DOTS implementation on the equality of the TB control program. Results: From January 1999 to December 2001, 3,657 TB cases were registered in the areas where the DOTS strategy was implemented. Of these, 1,730 received directly observed treatment (DOT) and 1,927 received self-administered treatment (SAT). In the DOT group 81% of the new cases were treated successfully, whereas in the SAT 71% of the new cases were treated successfully (OR1,66, 95% CI:1,3 -1,8, p <0,01). The sputum smear conversion rates for the new cases after 2 and 3 months' treatment were respectively 84% and 91% for the group on DOT and 75% and 83% for those on SAT. In the health centers where the DOTS strategy was implemented there was a general improvement on the cure and default rates, and also on the proportion of patients monitored bacteriologically during treatment. Conclusion: patients receiving DOT were much more likely to complete treatment than those receiving SAT. The implementation of the DOTS strategy improved the quality of the TB control program.

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