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This narrative review explores the diverse representations of epilepsy in art across different historical periods, examining the intersection of artistic expression with evolving cultural, medical, and societal perceptions. Beginning with ancient and medieval depictions intertwined with religious symbolism, the paper progresses through the Renaissance, and Baroque, and transitions into modern and avant-garde movements. Each period reflects changing attitudes towards epilepsy, from divine interpretations, and religious concerns to anatomical realism and, later, explorations of psychological themes. The contemporary lens focuses on inclusive and empathetic portrayals, utilizing digital media to challenge stigmas and foster understanding.

Esta revisão narrativa explora as diversas representações da epilepsia na arte em diferentes períodos históricos, examinando a intersecção da expressão artística com a evolução das percepções culturais, médicas e sociais. Começando com representações antigas e medievais entrelaçadas com simbolismo religioso, o artigo avança através da Renascença e do Barroco, e transita para movimentos modernos e de vanguarda. Cada período reflete mudanças de atitudes em relação à epilepsia, desde interpretações divinas e preocupações religiosas até o realismo anatômico e, mais tarde, explorações de temas psicológicos. A lente contemporânea centra-se em representações inclusivas e empáticas, utilizando meios digitais para desafiar estigmas e promover a compreensão.

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Art and science is an area of research that has strengthened recently, mainly due to the impact of interdisciplinary work. At the same time, approaches between the humanities and the sciences have succeeded in re-signifying traditional views towards critical positions such as postcolonialism, especially in the colonially so-called "Global South". In this paper, we want to review the case of the work of the Mexican artist Octavio Ocampo through works that present the case of biological and cultural evolution. From this, we want to reflect on the public perception of science in Mexico, the tensions between social and natural sciences, and the urgent need to strengthen the postcolonial discourse in scientific practice.

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INTRODUÇÃO: O conceito de narcisismo é um dos mais importantes aportes psicanalíticos para a compreensão do Psiquismo humano. Partindo da obra de Freud, este conceito desenvolveu-se em grande medida com os contributos de Kohut e de Kerneberg. Entretanto a sua importância mantém-se atual. Nas últimas décadas, na sociedade ocidental, temse assistido a mudanças sociais significativas, nas quais se promove a competição e o individualismo em detrimento de objetivos e valores de grupo. A este facto acresce a velocidade cada vez maior a que estas mudanças acontecem. O surgimento de novas tecnologias de informação, sobretudo das redes sociais, ajuda a explicar este fenómeno. MÉTODOS E OBJETIVOS: Nesta revisão não sistemática pretendeu-se explorar a evolução do conceito de narcisismo, partindo dos contributos de Kohut e Kernberg, e perceber de que forma o mundo ocidental atual e a exposição às redes sociais influenciam o desenvolvimento do narcisismo na sociedade. RESULTADOS/DISCUSSÃO: Na sociedade moderna ocidental tem havido favorecimento de valores individuais, o que parece ter impacto na forma e na expressão de traços narcísicos de personalidade. Estes traços, outrora tidos como mal adaptativos, podem agora ser premiados e até incentivados. Embora não existam dados definitivos, vários estudos relacionam o reforço do narcisismo com a utilização das redes sociais. CONCLUSÃO: O narcisismo continua a ser objeto de pesquisa e profunda discussão, que obriga à consideração da sua dimensão biopsicossocial. Os fenómenos socioculturais da sociedade moderna ocidental colocam novas questões sobre a distinção entre o narcisismo patológico e o saudável, modeladas em parte pelas redes sociais.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Narcissism concept is one of the most important psychoanalytic contributions to human psyche understanding. After Freud´s works, this concept was developed with major contributions of Kohut and Kerneberg and its importance remains present. In recent decades, significant social changes have occurred, in which competition and individualism are promoted at expenses of group goals and values. Moreover, these changes occur at an increasing speed. The emergence of new information technologies, especially the internet and social networks can help explain this phenomenon. METHODS AND OBJECTIVES: This non-systematic review aimed to explore the evolution of the concept of narcissism, based on the contributions of Kohut and Kernberg, and to understand how the current Western world and exposure to social networks influence the development of narcissism in society. RESULTS/DISCUSSION: In modern Western society there has been favouring individual values, which appears to impact on the form and expression of narcissistic personality traits. These traits, once thought to be maladaptive, may now be rewarded and even encouraged. Although there is no definitive data, several studies link the reinforcement of narcissism with the use of social media. CONCLUSION: Narcissism continues to be an object of research and profound discussion, which compels consideration of its biopsychosocial dimension. The sociocultural phenomena of modern Western society pose new questions about the distinction between pathological and healthy narcissism, shaped in part by social networks.(AU)

INTRODUCCIÓN: El concepto de narcisismo es una de las aportaciones psicoanalíticas más importantes para la comprensión del psiquismo humano. A partir de la obra de Freud, este concepto se desarrolló en gran medida con las aportaciones de Kohut y Kerneberg. Sin embargo, su importancia sigue siendo actual. En las últimas décadas, la sociedad occidental ha experimentado importantes cambios sociales, en los que se fomenta la competencia y el individualismo en detrimento de los objetivos y valores de grupo. A esto hay que añadir la creciente velocidad a la que se producen estos cambios. La aparición de las nuevas tecnologías de la información, especialmente las redes sociales, ayuda a explicar este fenómeno. MÉTODOS Y OBJETIVOS: Esta revisión no sistemática pretendía averiguar la evolución del concepto de narcisismo, a partir de las aportaciones de Kohut y Kernberg, y comprender cómo el mundo occidental actual y la exposición a los medios sociales influyen en el desarrollo del narcisismo en la sociedad. RESULTADOS/DISCUSIÓN: En la sociedad occidental moderna se han favorecido los valores individuales, lo que parece repercutir en la forma y la expresión de los rasgos narcisistas de la personalidad. Estos rasgos, que antes se consideraban inadaptados, ahora pueden ser recompensados e incluso fomentados. Aunque no hay datos definitivos, varios estudios relacionan el refuerzo del narcisismo con el uso de las redes sociales. CONCLUSIÓN: El narcisismo sigue siendo objeto de investigación y de profundos debates, lo que obliga a considerar su dimensión biopsicosocial. Los fenómenos socioculturales de la sociedad occidental moderna plantean nuevos interrogantes sobre la distinción entre el narcisismo patológico y el sano, configurado en parte por las redes sociales.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: The study of cultural transmission can help identify processes that influence knowledge systems dynamics and evolution, especially during childhood and youth, which are fundamental phases in acquiring survival skills. In this sense, we use the knowledge about useful restinga plants (Brazilian coastal vegetation) as an analytical model to describe, compare, and analyze cultural transmission during youth, while factoring in origin, in the Cabo Frio region, southeastern Brazil. We tested (1) whether transmission of knowledge is conservative, (2) whether immigration events define the transmission modes, (3) whether teaching is the most important social transmission cognitive process, and (4) which type of stimulus/context is most important for the knowledge transmission process. METHODS: Questionnaires and free listings were applied to 150 high school students aged between 15 and 20 to obtain information about socioeconomic characteristics, useful plant knowledge, and cultural transmission. We analyzed the distribution of knowledge according to the informant's origin and evaluated the models, processes, and context with which this information was transmitted. The chi-square test was used to determine the association between origin, plant knowledge, and transmission as well as to reveal the most important models, modes, and processes during youth. RESULTS: Informants provided 299 plant citations ([Formula: see text] = 1.75; s = 1.73) related to 37 species. The categories of the most cited uses were edible (93) and medicinal (32). Statistical results showed that origin did not influence knowledge distribution and transmission. In addition, although the most relevant mode was the conservative (vertical) one, the one-to-many diffuse mode (teacher) was highlighted. The new environmental context for immigrants did not influence transmission, the main transmission process was teaching, and the learning contexts were predominantly school-related. CONCLUSION: Plant knowledge in youth was related to local edible and medicinal plants, indicating adaptive knowledge linked to material demands for survival. While the initial models for cultural transmission are family (vertical), during the development phase of juveniles, other actors become models (one-to-many). In addition, the nature of the information (survival demand) and age are more relevant to cultural transmission than the socio-environmental context.

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O interesse pelo estudo da interface entre a ontogênese e a cultura, e mais especificamente pelos aspectos culturais, ensejou a constituição de uma área de pesquisa que tem sido denominada Análise Comportamental da Cultura. A despeito desse esforço analítico, ainda não há uma explicação consensual de cultura de acordo com os pressupostos do comportamentalismo radical. Com base na análise de textos de Skinner sobre o nível cultural, o objetivo do artigo consistiu em mostrar que a explicação skinneriana da cultura pode ser acomodada na estrutura de uma contingência cultural de três termos. A cultura, então, passa a ser entendida a partir da inter-relação probabilística entre práticas culturais, condições do ambiente físico e social e as consequências culturais que operam a partir do valor de sobrevivência da cultura. Essa explicação possibilita não só uma compreensão da cultura, mas também de como acontece a evolução cultural. Assim, a cultura apresenta-se como um nível de variação e seleção com características próprias, tendo temporalidade e complexidade diferentes do nível ontogenético e filogenético e, portanto, necessitando de um nível específico de análise.

The interest in the study of the interface between ontogenesis and culture, and more specifically the cultural aspects, led to the constitution of a research area that has been called Behavioral Analysis of Culture. In spite of this analytical effort, there is still no consensual explanation of culture according to the assumptions of radical behaviorism. Based on the analysis of Skinner's texts on the cultural level, the aim of the article was to show that the Skinnerian explanation of the culture can be accommodated in the structure of a threefold cultural contingency. Culture, then, comes to be understood as the probabilistic interrelationship between cultural practices, conditions of the physical and social environment and the cultural consequences that operate from culture's survival value. This explanation enables not only an understanding of culture, but also of how cultural evolution happens. Thus, culture presents itself as a level of variation and selection with its own characteristics, having different temporality and complexity from the ontogenetic and phylogenetic levels and, therefore, requiring a specific level of analysis.

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Most of the studies with a focus on pathways and biases of cultural transmission in different domains show that vertical transmission predominates over horizontal and oblique transmission, especially in traits linked to traditions and survival skills, such as local medicine. However, overestimation of the importance of vertical transmission has been an object of methodological criticism. Therefore, a statistical analysis with diachronic perspective may obtain more accurate results. The present study uses an eight-year time frame, as well as synchronous analysis, to study evolutionary aspects that guide the transmission pathways of a local medical system in northeast Brazil. We find that even with vertical transmission being predominant in the learning of information in this cultural domain, the evolutionary implications of this predominance may not be the same as that expected by the theory of cultural evolution. There is a substantial updating of knowledge through horizontal and oblique routes, guided primarily by a model-based bias on prestige and success, which is quite adaptive. Moreover, even when the information is passed vertically, the transmission is much more diffusive than conservative. Indeed, there is a small set of information that remains over time, known as a "structural core," but new information is aggregated continuously, preparing the system to adapt to new events. By analyzing the transmission routes of knowledge about medicinal plants, this study presents a new perspective on the evolutionary implications of cultural transmission.

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Electronic Health Records (EHR) face the challenge of collecting data about patient's gender identity in order to provide standardized and quality data to manage public policies in order to improve health disparities of the Trans population. Innovation in Health Information Technologies (HIT) develops in the midst of a cultural change process related to social representations of gender in favor of a diversity perspective. Understanding the health field as a complex adaptive system, the changes in the systems must consider multiple factors in every stage of the process. It is relevant to consider the people involved in it and the culture in which they are embedded. This article describes the implementation strategies of functionality that represents the transgender population in the EHR of the Public Health Care System of the Buenos Aires City.

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In recent decades, cultural diversity loss has been a growing issue, which can be analyzed mathematically through the use of the formalism of the theory of cultural evolution. We here study the evolutionary dynamics of dialects in order to find the key processes for mitigating the loss of language diversity. We define dialects as different speech systems of the same language which are mutually intelligible. Specifically, we focus on the survival of a local dialect when competing against a national standard language, with the latter giving an advantage in occupational and economic contexts. We assume individuals may use different dialects, in response to two different situations: they may use the national language in a formal workplace, while they may use a local dialect in family or close friend meetings. We consider the choice of a dialect is guided by two forces: (1) differential attractiveness of the local/standard language and (2) willingness to speak the same dialect (conformity factor) inside a private group. We found that the evolutionary outcome critically depends on how conformity works. Conformity enhances the effect of differential attractiveness between the local dialect and the standard language if conformity works favoring only those states in which all speakers use the same dialect (unanimity pressure model), but conformity has no effect at all if it works in proportion to the fraction among peers (peer pressure model).

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Recent theoretical innovations in cultural evolutionary theory emphasize the role of cooperative social organizations that unite diverse groups as a key step in the evolution of social complexity. A principal mechanism identified by this theory is feasting, a strategy that reinforces norms of cooperation. Feasts occur throughout the premodern world, and the intensification of feasting is empirically correlated to increased social complexity. A critical factor in assessing the evolutionary significance of this practice is the scale and range of the feast from that focused on a single community to ones that draw from a large region or catchment zone. This work addresses the degree to which hosts draw on a local area vs. a regional one in initial prehistoric feasting. We report on excavations at a locus of intensive feasting-a ceremonial sunken court-in a fifth- to third-century BCE Paracas site on the south coast of Peru. We selected 39 organic objects from the court placed as offerings during major feasting episodes. We analyzed the radiogenic strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) values to determine the geographical origin of each object. The 87Sr/86Sr data plus additional archaeological data support a hypothesis that the catchment of the court was quite extensive. The initial strategy of political and economic alliance building was macroregional in scope. These data indicate that the most effective initial strategy in early state formation in this case study was to build wide alliances at the outset, as opposed to first consolidating local ones that subsequently expand.

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Religiosity/spirituality can affect health and quality of life in myriad ways. Religion has been present since the first moments of our evolutionary history, whether it is understood as a byproduct or as an adaptation of our cognitive evolution. We investigated how religion influences medicinal plant-based local medical systems (LMSs) and focuses on how individual variation in the degree of religiosity/spirituality affects the structure of LMSs. The knowledge of people about their medical systems was obtained through the free-listing technique, and level of religiosity/spirituality was calculated using the Brazilian version of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality. We employed a Generalized Linear Model to obtain the best model. Religiosity/spirituality is predictive of structural and functional aspects of medicinal plant-based LMSs. Our model encourages a discussion of the role of religion in the health of an individual as well as in the structure of an individual's support system. Religiosity/spirituality (and the dimensions of Commitment and Religious and Spiritual History, in particular) act to protect structural and functional elements of LMSs. By providing protection, the LMS benefits from greater resilience, at both the individual and population levels. We suggest that the socialization process resulting from the religious phenomenon has contributed to the complexity and maintenance of LMSs by means of the interaction of individuals as they engage in their religious observances, thus facilitating cultural transmission.

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El cáncer se ha convertido en la primera causa de morbimortalidad en numerosos países. En las últimas décadas se ha asistido a un cambio en el paradigma conceptual de las enfermedades neoplásicas, que ahora se enfoca hacia la perspectiva ecológica-evolutiva de estas. Con el objetivo de analizar, con elementos actualizados, la relación entre el proceso evolutivo del ser humano y su predisposición al cáncer, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, a partir de tres bases de datos, Medline, Scopus, y SciELO. Se tuvieron en cuenta atributos de consistencia de los artículos revisados, se excluyeron los estudios con niveles IV y V de evidencia y los de calidad insuficiente. Las búsquedas acumuladas actuales sugieren la necesidad de ver a las diversas neoplasias desde la perspectiva de la dinámica de sistemas complejos y sus implicaciones evolutivas. El proceso evolutivo humano posee particularidades biosociales que le predisponen a sufrir tumores malignos. La postura bípeda incrementó vulnerabilidad al efecto oncogénico de las radiaciones ultravioletas. La conducta sexual incrementó el riesgo de contraer infecciones por virus oncogénicos. El paso a una predominantemente cárnica y la introducción de la cocción, se tradujo en la incorporación de agentes xenobióticos cuyo metabolismo deriva agentes carcinógenos. La postergación del envejecimiento humano devino en un mayor tiempo para el acúmulo de mutaciones. Las modificaciones en el patrón sexual y reproductivo en la mujer han influido en su predisposición al cáncer de mama. En la génesis poblacional del cáncer subyacen fundamentos biosociales vinculados al proceso evolutivo de la especie(AU)

Cancer has become the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries. In recent decades there has been a change in the conceptual paradigm of neoplastic diseases, which now focuses on the ecological-evolutionary perspective of these. With the aim of analyzing, with updated elements, the relationship between the evolutionary process of the human being and his predisposition to cancer, a systematic review of the literature was made, based on three databases, Medline, Scopus, and SciELO. Consistency attributes of the reviewed articles were taken into account, studies with levels IV and V of evidence and those of insufficient quality were excluded. The current accumulated searches suggest the need to see the various neoplasms from the perspective of the dynamics of complex systems and their evolutionary implications. The human evolutionary process has biosocial peculiarities that predispose it to suffer malignant tumors. Bipedal posture increased vulnerability to the oncogenic effect of ultraviolet radiation. Sexual behavior increased the risk of contracting oncogenic virus infections. The transition to a predominantly meat and the introduction of cooking, resulted in the incorporation of xenobiotic agents whose metabolism derives carcinogens. The postponement of human aging became in a longer time for the accumulation of mutations. Modifications in the sexual and reproductive pattern in women have influenced their predisposition to breast cancer. In the population genesis of cancer underlying biosocial foundations linked to the evolutionary process of the species(AU)

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Languages with many speakers tend to be structurally simple while small communities sometimes develop languages with great structural complexity. Paradoxically, the opposite pattern appears to be observed for non-structural properties of language such as vocabulary size. These apparently opposite patterns pose a challenge for theories of language change and evolution. We use computational simulations to show that this inverse pattern can depend on a single factor: ease of diffusion through the population. A population of interacting agents was arranged on a network, passing linguistic conventions to one another along network links. Agents can invent new conventions, or replicate conventions that they have previously generated themselves or learned from other agents. Linguistic conventions are either Easy or Hard to diffuse, depending on how many times an agent needs to encounter a convention to learn it. In large groups, only linguistic conventions that are easy to learn, such as words, tend to proliferate, whereas small groups where everyone talks to everyone else allow for more complex conventions, like grammatical regularities, to be maintained. Our simulations thus suggest that language, and possibly other aspects of culture, may become simpler at the structural level as our world becomes increasingly interconnected.

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Biodiversity is sustained by and is essential to the services that ecosystems provide. Different species would use these services in different ways, or adaptive strategies, which are sustained in time by continuous innovations. Using this framework, we postulate a model for a biological species (Homo sapiens) in a finite world where innovations, aimed at increasing the flux of ecosystem services (a measure of habitat quality), increase with population size, and have positive effects on the generation of new innovations (positive feedback) as well as costs in terms of negatively affecting the provision of ecosystem services. We applied this model to human populations, where technological innovations are driven by cumulative cultural evolution. Our model shows that depending on the net impact of a technology on the provision of ecosystem services (θ), and the strength of technological feedback (ξ), different regimes can result. Among them, the human population can fill the entire planet while maximizing their well-being, but not exhaust ecosystem services. However, this outcome requires positive or green technologies that increase the provision of ecosystem services with few negative externalities or environmental costs, and that have a strong positive feedback in generating new technologies of the same kind. If the feedback is small, then the technological stock can collapse together with the human population. Scenarios where technological innovations generate net negative impacts may be associated with a limited technological stock as well as a limited human population at equilibrium and the potential for collapse. The only way to fill the planet with humans under this scenario of negative technologies is by reducing the technological stock to a minimum. Otherwise, the only feasible equilibrium is associated with population collapse. Our model points out that technological innovations per se may not help humans to grow and dominate the planet. Instead, different possibilities unfold for our future depending on their impact on the environment and on further innovation.This article is part of the themed issue 'Process and pattern in innovations from cells to societies'.

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La mirada a la ciencia de José Martí en el siglo XIX amenizó la ciencia de aquellos tiempos y motiva a los investigadores del siglo XXI a realizar investigaciones racionales desde la perspectiva de la filosofía de la relación, término recalcado por el propio Maestro y de gran valía en la indagación sistemática. En este artículo se hace un análisis, sobre la base del enfoque de sistema y la filosofía de la relación, de las ideas martianas sobre la ciencia, así como la evolución de la relación desde la perspectiva martiana y su utilidad en los tiempos actuales.Se ejemplifica con su propia obra poética, específicamente los Versos sencillos.

The José Martí´s look at the nineteenth century science enlivened the science of those times and motivates the XXI century researchers to conduct rational research from the perspective of the relationship philosophy, a term emphasized by the Master himself and of great value in systematic inquiry. In this article an analysis is made, based on the system approach and the relation philosophy of the Marti´s ideas on science, as well as the relation evolution from Marti´s perspective and its usefulness in the current time.

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Ethnic groups are universal and unique to human societies. Such groups sometimes have norms of behavior that are adaptively linked to their social and ecological circumstances, and ethnic boundaries may function to protect that variation from erosion by interethnic interaction. However, such interaction is often frequent and voluntary, suggesting that individuals may be able to strategically reduce its costs, allowing adaptive cultural variation to persist in spite of interaction with out-groups with different norms. We examine five mechanisms influencing the dynamics of ethnically distinct cultural norms, each focused on strategic individual-level choices in interethnic interaction: bargaining, interaction-frequency-biased norm adoption, assortment on norms, success-biased interethnic social learning, and childhood socialization. We use Bayesian item response models to analyze patterns of norm variation and interethnic interaction in an ethnically structured Amazonian population. We show that, among indigenous Matsigenka, interethnic education with colonial Mestizos is more strongly associated with Mestizo-typical norms than even extensive interethnic experience in commerce and wage labor is. Using ethnographic observations, we show that all five of the proposed mechanisms of norm adoption may contribute to this effect. However, of these mechanisms, we argue that changes in relative bargaining power are particularly important for ethnic minorities wishing to preserve distinctive norms while engaging in interethnic interaction in domains such as education. If this mechanism proves applicable in a range of other ethnographic contexts, it would constitute one cogent explanation for when and why ethnically structured cultural variation can either persist or erode given frequent, and often mutually beneficial, interethnic interaction.

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Erickson [Erickson CL (2000) Nature 408 (6809):190-193] interpreted features in seasonal floodplains in Bolivia's Beni savannas as vestiges of pre-European earthen fish weirs, postulating that they supported a productive, sustainable fishery that warranted cooperation in the construction and maintenance of perennial structures. His inferences were bold, because no close ethnographic analogues were known. A similar present-day Zambian fishery, documented here, appears strikingly convergent. The Zambian fishery supports Erickson's key inferences about the pre-European fishery: It allows sustained high harvest levels; weir construction and operation require cooperation; and weirs are inherited across generations. However, our comparison suggests that the pre-European system may not have entailed intensive management, as Erickson postulated. The Zambian fishery's sustainability is based on exploiting an assemblage dominated by species with life histories combining high fecundity, multiple reproductive cycles, and seasonal use of floodplains. As water rises, adults migrate from permanent watercourses into floodplains, through gaps in weirs, to feed and spawn. Juveniles grow and then migrate back to dry-season refuges as water falls. At that moment fishermen set traps in the gaps, harvesting large numbers of fish, mostly juveniles. In nature, most juveniles die during the first dry season, so that their harvest just before migration has limited impact on future populations, facilitating sustainability and the adoption of a fishery based on inherited perennial structures. South American floodplain fishes with similar life histories were the likely targets of the pre-European fishery. Convergence in floodplain fish strategies in these two regions in turn drove convergence in cultural niche construction.

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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: This study sought to understand the role of plants and animals in traditional medical systems and evaluate the capacity of these systems to absorb impacts and maintain their identity by determining the existence of functional substitutes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ethnobiological data were collected through semi-structured interviews and free lists at a rural community in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. The data were subjected to the utilitarian redundancy model and analyzed by tests of proportion and variance. RESULTS: We found that most of the therapeutic targets treated with animal-based remedies were also treatable by plant-based remedies; these targets were perceived as very usual, although they were not considered dangerous. Furthermore, people considered the plants and animals to be equally effective at curing overlapping therapeutic targets, but the plant remedies were used more frequently. The findings show that local knowledge about medicinal plants and animals follows similar patterns regarding the utilitarian redundancy, with high functional overlap among these features. However, the ease of access to the medicinal resource influences the choice of treatment, leading to an increased preference for plants over animals. In addition, we suggest that during the cultural evolution process, people concentrated their efforts on experimenting with different resources for the treatment of diseases that were very frequent locally, even if not very severe, which contributed to the resilience of the local medical system. CONCLUSION: Furthermore, we infer that plants may effectively perform the function of healing, whereas animals act as reserves of resilience for the system, maintaining system function in the face of disturbances that may affect the availability of plant species.

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Resumo Foram analisadas três escolas que constituem o eixo dos estudos da evolução do comportamento humano dentro do paradigma da evolução por seleção natural: a ecologia comportamental humana, a psicologia evolutiva e a herança dual. O panorama darwinista foi identificado por meio dessas três correntes. Dessa análise foram identificadas lacunas teóricas que parecem reduzir a capacidade explicativa desse conjunto de escolas quanto à diversidade do comportamento evolutivo humano. Entre os pontos de fragilidade estão questões ligadas ao conceito de sucesso reprodutivo, tipos de adaptação e alvos de seleção. Como saída para essas questões, propõe-se o uso de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, tendo como matriz os sistemas adaptativos complexos.

Abstract The article analyzes three schools that can be understood as central in studies of the evolution of human behavior within the paradigm of evolution by natural selection: human behavioral ecology (HBE), evolutionary psychology, and dual inheritance. These three streams of thought are used to depict the Darwinist landscape and pinpoint its strong suits and limitations. Theoretical gaps were identified that seem to reduce these schools’ ability to account for the diversity of human evolutionary behavior. Their weak points include issues related to the concept of reproductive success, types of adaptation, and targets of selection. An interdisciplinary approach is proposed as the solution to this dilemma, where complex adaptive systems would serve as a source.

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We present a quantitative account based on ethnographic and documentary research of the prevalence of female genital modification (FGMo) in the African diaspora and indigenous populations of Colombia. We use these data to test hypotheses concerning the cultural evolutionary drivers of costly trait persistence, attenuation, and intergroup transmission. The uptake of FGMo by indigenous populations in Colombia is consistent with frequency-dependent hypotheses for the social transmission of the FGMo trait from the African diaspora population in the period following the era of slavery in Colombia. The prevalence and severity of practices related to FGMo decline with level of sociocultural integration into mainstream Colombian culture. Our results provide empirical support for the cultural evolutionary models proposed by Ross et al. (2015) to describe the transmission dynamics of FGMo and other costly traits. Analysis of costly trait dynamics contributes knowledge useful to applied anthropology and may be of interest in policy design and human rights monitoring in Colombia and elsewhere.

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Objectives: to determine how the immigration phenomenon influences the response to informal care in the domestic level through the caregiver activity, and to analyze the cultural dialogue established in the residential area of Murcia (Spain).Method: This is an ethnographic study, conducted in 26 informal immigrant caregivers. As data collection instruments, semi-structured interviews and participant observation were employed. MAXQDA-2 assisted content analysis was also applied.Results: the immigrant caregiver is the main consumer of traditional medicines, extending these health practices to her home group. A cultural dialogue is established on informal care, characterized by interculturalism and mutual adaptation.Conclusions: cultural hybridization was identified for informal caregivers, immigrants and cultural integration: new health care practices and cultural behaviors in informal systems. There is a transformation in the roles of family members attended in domestic environments, increasing quality of life and self care. They represent an alternative to medicalization, promoting self-management of health.

Objetivos: determinar como o fenômeno da imigração influencia na resposta aos cuidados informais a nível doméstico por meio da atividade de um cuidador e analisar o diálogo cultural estabelecido na área habitacional de Múrcia (Espanha).Método: Trata-se de um estudo etnográfico, realizado em 26 cuidadores informais imigrantes. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação participante. Análise de conteúdo assistida MAXQDA-2 também foi aplicada.Resultados: a cuidadora imigrante é a principal consumidora de medicamentos tradicionais, estendendo essas práticas de saúde para o grupo doméstico. Um diálogo cultural é estabelecido no cuidado informal, caracterizado pela interculturalidade e adaptação mútua.Conclusões: identifica-se hibridização cultural nas cuidadoras informais imigrantes, intercâmbio e integração cultural: novas práticas de atendimento na saúde e comportamentos culturais em sistemas informais. Há uma transformação nos papéis familiares em atendimento em ambientes domésticos, aumentando a qualidade de vida e autocuidado. Eles representam uma alternativa à medicalização, promovendo a autogestão da saúde.

Objetivos: conocer cómo influye el fenómeno de la inmigración en la respuesta informal de cuidados a nivel doméstico a través de la actividad como cuidador y analizar el diálogo cultural que se establece en el ámbito domiciliario de Murcia (España).Método: se trata de un estudio etnográfico, realizado en 26 cuidadores informales inmigrantes. Como instrumentos de recogida de información utilizamos entrevista semiestructurada y observación participante. Se aplicó análisis de contenido asistido por MAXQDA-2.Resultados: La cuidadora inmigrante es la principal consumidora de medicinas tradicionales, extendiendo estas prácticas de salud al grupo doméstico, favoreciendo el pluralismo asistencial, pero fomentando también su invisibilidad. Se establece un diálogo cultural en el cuidado informal, caracterizado por interculturalismo y adaptación mutua.Conclusiones: se identifica hibridación cultural en las cuidadoras informales inmigrantes, intercambio e integración cultural: nuevas prácticas de atención a la salud y comportamientos culturales en los sistemas informales. Existe una transformación de roles familiares del cuidado en entornos domésticos, aumentando la calidad de vida, autoatención y autocuidado. Representan una alternativa a la medicalización, potenciando la autogestión de salud.

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