RESUMO

Bedding materials are aimed at providing a safe and comfortable resting environment for cows. Control of pathogen proliferation in these substrates is crucial to prevent intramammary infections in dairy cows, as these can significantly impact milk quality, cow health, and farm productivity. This is particularly relevant in the case of organic bedding substrates, including manure-derived materials. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of a lime-based conditioner (LBC), composed of CaCO3MgCO3 and Ca(OH) 2 * Mg(OH)2, at increasing concentrations on the physical-chemical characteristics and bacterial counts of untreated anaerobically digested manure solids (ADMS) and separated raw manure solids (SRMS). Unused ADMS and SRMS were evaluated at four LBC weight-based concentrations: 0 (as untreated control), 10, 15, and 20% of LBC inclusion. The bedding materials were assessed immediately after LBC addition (0 h) and after 24, 72, and 168 h of storage at 28°C. The dry matter content (DM), and pH were measured for all the time points. Standard microbiological methods were used to assess total bacterial counts (TBC), other Gram-negative bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, and streptococci and streptococci-like organism (SSLO). It was observed a linear increase in both DM and pH with increasing concentrations of LBC. Specifically, for each percentage unit increase of LBC, the DM of ADMS and SRMS increased by 0.73 and 0.71%, respectively. Similarly, for each percentage unit of LBC, the pH of ADMS and SRMS increased by 0.15 and 0.19, respectively. Conversely, a linear decrease in TBC, Gram-negative bacteria, coliforms, E. coli, and SSLO was observed with increasing concentrations of the LBC. Manure-derived materials without the inclusion of the LBC had bacterial counts that tended to remain high or increase over time. Otherwise, bedding materials with LBC application had reduced bacterial counts. Based on the results of the present study, it was observed that the higher the concentration of LBC, the more significant the reduction of bacterial counts. Specifically, bacterial recovery was lower when higher concentrations of LBC were applied. Our findings underscore the potential of LBC in effectively controlling environmental bacteria and improving the physical-chemical characteristics of manure-derived bedding materials to improve cow health and welfare.

RESUMO

The aim of this work was to synthesize and study the functional properties of polymer-clay nanocomposite (PCNCs) based on poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS) and two types of clay in the dispersed phase: bentonite and kaolinite, in order to advance in the development of new geomimetic materials for agricultural and environmental applications. In this study, the effect of adding high concentrations of clay (10-20 wt. %) on the structural and functional properties of a polymer-clay nanocomposite was evaluated. The characterization by infrared spectroscopy made it possible to show that the PCNCs had a hybrid nature structure through the identification of typical vibration bands of the clay matrix and NaPSS. In addition, scanning electron microscopy allowed us to verify its hybrid composition and an amorphous particle-like morphology. The thermal characterization showed degradation temperatures higher than ~300 °C with Tg values higher than 100 °C and variables depending on the clay contents. In addition, the PCNCs showed a high water-retention capacity (>2900%) and cation exchange capacity (>112 meq/100 g). Finally, the results demonstrated the ability of geomimetic conditioners to mimic the structure and functional properties of soils, suggesting their potential application in improving soil quality for plant growth.

RESUMO

Erosion and tillage changes negatively the soil physical structure, which directly impacts agricultural systems and consequently food security. To mitigate these adverse modifications, different polymeric materials from synthetic and natural sources, have been used as soil conditioners to improve the hydro-mechanical behavior of affected soils. One of the most interesting and used natural polymers is the alginate hydrogel. Although commercially available alginate hydrogels are primarily sourced from algal, they can also be sourced from bacteria. The gelation capacity of these hydrogels is determined by their molecular properties, which, in turn, are influenced by the production conditions. Bacterial alginate hydrogel production offers the advantage of precise control over environmental conditions during cultivation and extraction, thereby maintaining and enhancing their molecular properties. This, in turn, results in higher molecular weight and improved gelation capacity. In this study, we compared the effects of bacterial alginate (BH) and algal alginate (AH) hydrogels over the mechanical, hydraulic, and structural behavior of coarse quartz sand as a model soil. Mechanically, it was observed that the treatment with the lowest concentration of bacteria alginate hydrogel (BH1) reached higher values of yield strength, Young's modulus (E), shear modulus (G) and strain energy (U) than those treatments with algal alginate hydrogel (AH). Furthermore, the increase in the aggregate stability could be associated with the improvement of mechanical parameters. On the other hand, a greater water retention capacity was observed in the BH treatments, as well as a greater decrease in hydraulic conductivity with respect to the AH and control treatments. All these changes could be explained by the formation of bridge-like structures between the sand particles and the hydrogel, and this alteration may result in a shift in the mechanical and wettability characteristics of the treated soils. Finally, our findings emphasize the superior impact of bacterial alginate hydrogel on enhancing the mechanical and hydraulic properties of coarse quartz sand compared to traditional algal alginate. Besides, the use of bacterial alginate hydrogel could be useful to counteract erosion and water scarcity scenarios in agricultural systems.

RESUMO

Drylands are fragile environments that should be carefully managed to improve their quality and functions to achieve sustainable development. Their major problems involve low availability of nutrients and soil organic carbon content. Biochar effect on soil is a joint response of micro to nano sized biochar and soil characteristics. In this review, we attempt to carry out a critical analysis of biochar application to enhance dryland soil quality. Correlating the effects identified from its soil application, we explored the subjects that remains open in the literature. The relation of composition-structure-properties of biochar vary among pyrolysis parameters and biomass sources. Limitations in soil physical quality in drylands, such as low water-holding capacity, can be alleviated by applying biochar at a rate of 10 Mg ha-1 also resulting in beneficial effects on soil aggregation, improved soil porosity, and reduced bulk density. Biochar addition can contribute to the rehabilitation of saline soils, by releasing cations able to displaces sodium in the exchange complex. However, the recovery process of salt-affected soils might be accelerated by the association of biochar with another soil conditioners. This is a promising strategy especially considering the biochar alkalinity and variability in nutrients bioavailability to improve soil fertilization. Further, while higher biochar application rate (>20 Mg ha-1) might change soil C dynamics, a combination of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer can increase microbial biomass carbon in dryland systems. Other aspect of biochar soil application is the economic viability of scale-up production, which is mainly associate to pyrolysis process being biochar production the costliest stage. Nevertheless, the supplying of feedstock might also represent a great input on biochar final costs. Therefore, biochar-based technology is a big opportunity to improve fragile environments such as drylands, integrating sustainable technologies with regional development. Considering the specificity of application area, it might be a model of sustainable agricultural practices protecting the environment in a bioeconomic perspective.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Onshore oil well drill cuttings and sunflower cake from biodiesel production require an appropriate destination to reduce the risks of environmental contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of the combination of different doses of these wastes on the growth of sunflower plants (Helianthus annus L.) and on soil chemical attributes after cultivation, making it possible to recommend safe application doses. Sunflower plants, cultivar Neon, were cultivated in a greenhouse for 80 days in Planossolo Háplico (Ultisol) as the main substrate. The design used was completely randomized, in a 6 × 6 factorial arrangement, composed of five doses of sunflower cake (2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 Mg ha-1) and five doses of drill cuttings (5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg ha-1) and an experimental control using only Ultisol After cultivation, soil chemical attributes and the parameters height (H), stem diameter (D), and dry mass (DMAP) and nutrient contents in the aerial part of the plants were analyzed. Sunflower cake dose of 32 Mg ha-1 limited the germination of sunflower plants. In sunflower plants, the highest contents of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were verified when the sunflower cake doses were associated with drill cuttings doses >45 Mg ha-1. The mixture between sunflower cake and drill cuttings in the proportion of 16:45 Mg ha-1, respectively, promoted higher H, D and DMAP of sunflower plants, as well as a considerable improvement in soil fertility, without causing significant increments in sodium content in the soil after cultivation.HighlightsInadequate disposal of agro-industrial wastes represents loss of raw material and energy.Drill cuttings and sunflower cake wastes enable improvements in soil fertility attributes.The combination of sunflower cake and drill cuttings contributed to sunflower growth and nutrient contents.The mixture of drill cuttings and sunflower cake has potential for use as agricultural input.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In the last decade, advances in Brazilian hay production showed that the country has the potential to produce bulky dehydrated fodder. For many years, the Brazilian hay production scientific knowledge had been based on temperate climate species, even though the best hay material are tropical grasses, as Tifton 85 Bermudagrass. Researches that focused on the comprehension of yield systems, biochemical processes, physiology, composition, and nutritional quality of tropical species under dehydration and conservation have become important to hay yield in Brazil. Therefore, this literature review aimed to discuss the hay research contribution in tropical conditions and its reflex on the production and commercialization of hay in Brazil. This review was based on database research with key-words defined in a period between 1960 and 2021, which resulted in 33 articles. Each article had the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, and threats classified according to the SWOT matrix. Articles related to the haymaking system with tropical forage and the effects on nutritional value, sanitary quality, and factors that influence the dehydration period in the field and storage were listed in this paper. Based on the literature, the conclusion is that Brazil has elevated hay yield potential with high nutritional and sanitary quality of tropical species due to the weather conditions that allow fast dehydration and, also, the availability of residual wastewater as fertilization and machinery appropriated. Brazilian haymaking and commercialization are in an expansion process with economic return as national and international trade. Further challenges: to obtain a constant annual hay supply and the transport viability to markets distant from the production center.

RESUMO

Medical professionals that treat patients with alopecia usually lack knowledge about hair cosmetics. Trichologists focus on hair cycling and growth problems and not on the hair shaft integrity. This may lead to abandon of the use of the prescribed treatment, such as topical minoxidil or to inadequate traumatic grooming habits that may jeopardize hair follicle health. Shampoos, hair dyes, and hair-straightening products may alter hair fiber structure, remove lipids, and elude protein. Hair procedures such as hair dying and straightening have side effects and health concerns, especially for pregnant women or sensitive hair and scalp patients. Hair breakage, follicle traction, frizz, contact dermatitis, and mutagenicity are possible side effects of hair cosmetics misuse. The proper use of hair care products may help to increase patients' adherence to alopecia treatments and avoid health problems related to inadequate application of hair cosmetics and procedures.

RESUMO

PURPOSE: This study investigated the anti-Candida activity and the Shore A hardness of a tissue conditioner (Softone™) modified by incorporation of terpinen-4-ol and cinnamaldehyde. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Agar diffusion, microdilution, and mechanism of action methods were performed to determine to evaluate the antifungal activity of phytoconstituents. Then, phytoconstituents in varying concentrations were incorporated into the tissue conditioner. The anti-Candida effect of the modified conditioner was evaluated through agar punch well and biofilm formation methods. Shore A hardness of the experimental liners was evaluated after baseline, 24 h, 48 h, 4 days, and 7 days immersion on artificial saliva. RESULTS: The phytoconstituents incorporated into Softone showed completely inhibited fungal growth in concentrations of 20-40% and did not present significant antifungal activity until their concentrations where higher than 5%. There were differences between non-modified Softone and M5, M10, C10, and T10% (p < 0.05). The groups containing 10-40% of cinnamaldehyde incorporated into Softone were able to completely inhibit the biofilm. Concentrations below 40% of terpinen-4-ol showed unsatisfactory biofilm inhibition. The T40% and C40% groups presented the lowest Shore A hardness values. Hardness values from groups T40% at 7 days (p = 0.476); C40% at 4 days (p = 0.058); and T20% (p = 0.058), C20% (p = 0.205), T30% (p = 0.154), and C30% (p = 0.874) after 48 h did not differ from the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Cinnamaldehyde incorporated into Softone inhibited Candida biofilm formation at concentrations of 10-40%, being more effective than terpinen-4-ol modification despite of halo inhibition observed by both products. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All modifications showed a very similar pattern of hardness being useful for clinical practice.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to characterize the displacement patterns of Nellore cattle in areas of crop livestock and crop livestock forest integration systems with density of 196 and 448 eucalyptus ha-1. Paddock maps were drawn from satellite images of the experimental area. In each evaluated system there was one trained observer, that on the paddock map recorded the place the animals stayed every 10 minutes. The exploration of the area by the animals was observed for 12 hours, starting at 6 a.m. and ending at 6 p.m. The displacement of the animals in the ILP system during the evaluation was bigger than the ILPFs systems, resulting in greater exploration of the area, this fact was due the presence of trees that, for the animals resembled fences, limiting the exploration of the paddock in ILPFs. In the ILPF with higher density of trees, this behavior was more evident. In the period from 10:10 a.m. to 14:00 p.m. the displacement of the animals was decrease by the high temperatures in all systems, although it was more effective in the ILP system. It is concluded that the displacement of cattle is influenced by the presence and density of arboreal component integrated crop livestock system.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Among the agricultural production factors, the water deficit is one of the main reasons that limits soy production in Brazil. In order to mitigate losses due to water stress in the plants, hydrogels appear as soil water conditioners. They are polymers capable of absorbing large amounts of water and are being used as a viable alternative to improve the storage of water in areas of scarcity. Hydrogen concentrations between 14 and 18 kg ha-1 resulted in higher plant height, number of pods, one hundred grain mass and grain yield.

Dentre os fatores de produção agrícola, o déficit hídrico é um dos principais motivos que mais limita a produção de soja no Brasil. A fim de amenizar os prejuízos por estresse hídrico nas plantas, os hidrogéis surgem como condicionadores de água no solo, já são polímeros capazes de absorver grande quantidade de água e estão sendo utilizados como alternativa viável para melhorar o armazenamento de água em áreas de escassez. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência da utilização do hidrogel na retenção e disponibilização de água para o desenvolvimento e produção da cultura da soja quando submetido a estresse hídrico. As concentrações de hidrogéis entre 14 e 18 kg ha-1 resultaram em maior altura de plantas, número de vagens, massa de cem grãos e produtividades de grãos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Hair coloring is broadly used by women and men either to change their natural hair color or to delay the onset of gray hair. Oxidative dyes may damage the hair, as chemical and physical processes are required to convert the fiber structure and, consequently, alterations in its mechanical and surface properties. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of silanetriol (and) Panthenol, PEG-12 dimethicone, and hydrolyzed silk (and) hydrolyzed milk protein (and) lactose as conditioner agents on hair treated with oxidative hair dye by protein loss, combability, and breaking strength. METHODS: In this research, we analyzed the untreated hair (sample I) and the effect of oxidative hair dye emulsions, with or without conditioner agents (sample II) silanetriol (and) Panthenol (sample III), PEG-12 dimethicone (sample IV), and hydrolyzed silk (and) hydrolyzed milk protein (and) lactose (sample V) on Caucasian hair. The hair samples were submitted to protein loss quantification, breaking strength, and combing analysis. RESULTS: For protein loss, the results were: IIa  = Va  > IVb  > IIIc  > Id . For the breaking strength: Ie  = IIe  = IIIe  = IVe  = Ve . For the combing analysis for wet and dry hair, the results were, respectively: IIa  > IIIb  = IVb  > Vc  > Id and IIA  > IIIb  = Vb  > IV c = Ic . Data classified by different letters presented statistically significant alterations, α = 5, P ≤ . 05, n = 15. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, the incorporation of conditioner agents into emulsion blond color decreased the damage caused by the coloring process.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A radiação solar, composta por radiação ultravioleta (UV), visível (Vis) e infravermelho, é responsável por acelerar os processos de alteração de cor e do conteúdo proteico da fibra capilar. Visando contornar este problema, este trabalho propõe a incorporação do flavonoide quercetina, de reconhecida atividade antioxidante, em uma nanoemulsão catiônica de aplicação capilar. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas formulações contendo quercetina a 0,5% (p/p) pelo método de baixa energia sub-PIT. A formulação de menor índice de polidispersão (IPD) foi selecionada e submetida à Avaliação de Estabilidade Normal. Neste ensaio, a nanoemulsão foi armazenada em diferentes condições de temperatura por 90 dias, sendo analisados: características organolépticas, valor de pH, atividade antioxidante, conteúdo de quercetina, diâmetro médio de gotícula e potencial zeta. A fotoestabilidade da nanoemulsão envolveu a determinação do perfil de absorção e da sua atividade antioxidante após períodos de exposição à radiação UV/Vis. Posteriormente, a nanoemulsão foi caracterizada quanto aos seguintes parâmetros: eficiência de encapsulamento, perfil reológico, morfologia das gotículas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão Criogênica e Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM). A possível interação entre a quercetina e os demais tensoativos presentes na nanoemulsão foi avaliada por Microscopia Confocal de Fluorescência e Análise térmica. A segurança da nanoemulsão foi determinada pelo método in vitro HET-CAM e por biocompatibilidade cutânea, em voluntários. A eficácia da nanoemulsão catiônica na fotoproteção das características da fibra capilar descolorida tratada com tintura cores loiro (12.0) ou ruivo (6.66) foi determinada avaliando-se os parâmetros cor, tração à ruptura, penteabilidade, fricção, perda proteica, morfologia das cutículas e nível de melanina radical por Espectroscopia de Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (EPR), sendo calculado o Fator de Proteção Radicalar (FPR). As mechas de cabelo tingidas foram expostas à radiação UV/Vis artificial (500 W/m2) por até 180 h, sendo os parâmetros analisados antes e após o período de exposição. A nanoemulsão selecionada pelo reduzido IPD apresentava diâmetro médio de gotícula e potencial zeta iguais a 24,97±0,30 nm e 19,6±2,19 mV, respectivamente. Na Avaliação de Estabilidade Normal, a nanoemulsão armazenada a 45,0±2,0° C apresentou alterações significativas de todos os parâmetros avaliados, exceto potencial zeta, sendo que a elevação do diâmetro médio de gotícula acarretou em perda da transparência. A oxidação da quercetina e a instabilidade do tipo Ostwald ripening (ω3) foram as responsáveis pelas modificações observadas. No armazenamento a 5,0±2,0° C, a nanoemulsão manteve todos os parâmetros inalterados, mas a 25±2,0° C houve elevação discreta do diâmetro médio de gotícula, sem perda da funcionalidade. A nanoemulsão apresentou elevada fotoestabilidade, sem alteração da atividade antioxidante após exposição ao UV/Vis. A caracterização da nanoemulsão mostrou que a eficiência de encapsulamento foi de 99,8%, no mínimo, a formulação apresentou típico comportamento newtoniano e as gotículas apresentavam formato esférico. As imagens obtidas por Microscopia Confocal de Fluorescência e o ensaio de Análise térmica mostraram que a quercetina se encontra dentro das gotícula atuando, também, como co-tensoativo, por interagir com os tensoativos, além de exercer sua função antioxidante. A nanoemulsão foi classificada como levemente irritante (método HET-CAM), sendo esse baixo potencial de irritação corroborado pelo teste de biocompatibilidade cutânea. Na avaliação de eficácia, observou-se que a nanoemulsão protegeu a cor total (dE*) do cabelo tingido de loiro em 54%, e elevou a alteração da cor do cabelo tingido de ruivo em 47% (t = 180 h) em comparação à mecha controle. Além disso, a nanoemulsão melhorou a penteabilidade e reduziu os coeficientes de fricção. A radiação UV/Vis provocou elevada perda proteica e redução da espessura das cutículas em aproximadamente 50%. Concluiu-se, pelos resultados obtidos, que as moléculas que compoem a tintura capilar, principalmente os pigmentos mais escuros, atuaram como filtros solares, pois elas protegeram as estruturas proteicas da fibra. A nanoemulsão apresentou FPR igual a 3,31 e 4,14, para as mechas tingidas de loiro e ruivo, respectivamente. O FPR indica a capacidade de uma formulação em reduzir o nível de radicais livres formados por indução da radiação UV/Vis, um dos fatores que induzem alterações na fibra capilar tingida. Assim, considerando que a radiação UV/Vis atua tanto por mecanismos diretos quanto indiretos, e que alterações significativas de cor foram observadas mesmo quando o nível de radicais livres foi reduzido pela ação da quercetina, deve ser incorporada à formulação fotoprotetora capilar filtros solares associados a antioxidantes nanoestruturados. Tais filtros devem ficar aderidos à cutícula, de modo a protegê-la da degradação proteica e reduzir a entrada de radiação para o interior da fibra capilar, local onde os antioxidantes nanoestruturados devem atuar como uma segunda linha de defesa

The solar radiation, comprising ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS) and infrared, is responsible for accelerating color and protein content changes in the hair fiber. In order to avoid this problem, this work proposes the incorporation of the flavonoid quercetin, a recognized antioxidant molecule, in a cationic nanoemulsion for hair application. For this, formulations containing quercetin 0.5% (w/w) were developed by the low-energy sub-PIT method. The formulation with a lower polydispersity index (PDI), which had HLB value (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) equal to 12.5 was selected and subjected to the Normal Stability Test. In this assay, the nanoemulsion was stored under different temperature conditions for 90 days, and the following parameters were analyzed: organoleptic properties, pH, antioxidant activity, quercetin content, average droplet diameter and zeta potential. The photostability of the nanoemulsion involved the determination of the absorption profile and its antioxidant activity after periods of exposure to UV/Vis radiation. Subsequently, the nanoemulsion was characterized according to the following parameters: encapsulation efficiency, rheological profile, morphology of the droplets by Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The possible interaction between quercetin and other surfactants present in the nanoemulsion was evaluated by Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy and thermal analysis. The safety of the nanoemulsion was assessed by the in vitro HET-CAM method and by cutaneous biocompatibility in volunteers. The photoprotection effectiveness of the bioactive cationic nanoemulsion was evaluated in blond (color 12.0) and auburn (color 6.66) dyed hair fibers by assessing the parameters: color, tensile break, combing, friction, protein loss, morphology of cuticles and level of melanin radical by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR). The Radical Hair Protection Factor (RHF) was calculated. Dyed hair tresses were exposed to UV/Vis artificial radiation (500 W/m2) for 180 h. The parameters were analyzed before and after the exposure period. The nanoemulsion selected due to its reduced PDI had an average droplet diameter and zeta potential equal to 24.97±0.30 nm and 19.6±2.19 mV, respectively. In the Normal Stability Test, the nanoemulsion stored at 45.0 ± 2.0º C showed significant changes in all parameters except zeta potential, and the increase in the average droplet diameter resulted in the loss of transparency. Oxidation of quercetin and Ostwald ripening instability (ω3) were responsible for the changes. At 5.0 ± 2.0º C, the nanoemulsion kept all parameters unchanged, but at 25.0±2.0º C there was a slight increase in the average droplet diameter without loss of functionality. The nanoemulsion showed high photostability since antioxidant activity was not altered after UV/Vis exposure. The characterization of the nanoemulsion showed that the encapsulation efficiency was 99.8% at least, the formulation showed typical Newtonian behavior and droplets were spherical. The images obtained by Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy and thermal analysis showed that quercetin was within the droplet acting, also, as a cosurfactant, due to the interaction with the surfactants. The nanoemulsion was classified as slightly irritating (HET-CAM method), and this low irritation potential was supported by the cutaneous biocompatibility assay. The photoprotective effectiveness evaluation showed that the nanoemulsion protected the total color (dE*) of blond dyed hair in 54%, but raised the color change of auburn dyed hair in 47% (t = 180 h). In addition, the nanoemulsion improved combability and reduced coefficients of friction. UV/Vis radiation caused high protein loss and reduced cuticle thickness by approximately 50%. It was concluded that the molecules that compose hair dye, especially the darker pigments, acted as sun filters because they protected the protein structures of the hair fiber. The nanoemulsion showed RHF equal to 3.31 and 4.14 for blond and auburn dyed hair, respectively. The RHF indicates the ability of a formulation to reduce the level of free radicals formed by UV/Vis induction, one of the factors that induce changes in the dyed hair fibers. Thus, considering that the UV/Vis radiation acts by direct and indirect mechanisms and that significant changes in color were observed even when the level of free radicals has been reduced by the quercetin, chemical filters should be incorporated into hair formulations associated with nanostructured antioxidants in order to fully protect hair fiber. Such filters must be attached to the cuticle, protecting it from protein degradation and reducing the radiation input into the hair fiber, where the nanostructured antioxidants must act as a second line of defense

Assuntos

RESUMO

Effluents from different industrial supply conglomerates are often discarded in the environment without proper treatment. The concern for an economically viable industrial production line, which is both environmentally sound and socially acceptable, is increasing. Some of these effluents are alkaline in nature and may be used as an alternative to chemical conditioners for acidic soils in agricultural systems. This research aimed to evaluate changes in the chemical attributes of a Dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) after application of an effluent from a pharmaceutical industry. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using PVC tubes of 1-m length and a 0.2-m diameter filled with soil and different doses of the effluent. After 3 days, 100 mm of water was applied to each treatment. The PVC tubes were incubated for 30 days; thereafter, the tubes disassembled, and soil chemical analyses were made at different soil depths: 0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8, and 0.8-1.0 m. The effluent applications significantly altered the soil elements in the 0-0.2 m layer, increasing the concentrations of K+, P, Mn2+, Na+, Cu2+, H+, Ca2+, Al3+ and the soil pH. In the subsurface layers, the concentration of the elements Zn2+, Cu2+, K+, and Na+ also changed significantly. In general, the application of pharmaceutical industry residue improved soil chemical attributes.

Os efluentes das diversas cadeias produtivas industriais são muitas vezes descartados no ambiente sem tratamento adequado. A preocupação por uma linha de produção industrial economicamente viável, ambientalmente correta e socialmente aceita é cada vez mais preconizada. Alguns desses efluentes apresentam caráter alcalino, e podem ser utilizados como condicionadores químicos de solos ácidos, em sistemas agrícolas. Objetivou-se com a realização do presente trabalho, avaliar alterações químicas de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, após aplicação de efluente da indústria farmacêutica. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação e conduzido em tubos de PVC de 1 m de comprimento e 0,2 m de diâmetro. Nos tubos, preenchidos com solo, foram aplicadas diferentes doses do efluente. Após 3 dias, 100 mm de água foram aplicadas sobre cada tratamento. As colunas foram incubadas por 30 dias, posteriormente desmontadas e feitas análises químicas nas diferentes profundidades: 0-0,2; 0,2-0,4; 0,4-0,6; 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m. As aplicações do efluente fizeram com que alguns elementos do solo aumentassem significativamente sua concentração, principalmente na camada de 0-0,2 m entre eles estão o K+, P, Mn2+, Na+, Cu2+, H+, Ca2+ e Al3+, além do pH. Nas camadas subsuperficiais os elementos Zn2+, K+, Cu2+ e Na+ sofreram alterações significativas. A aplicação do resíduo da indústria farmacêutica melhorou as características químicas do solo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Effluents from different industrial supply conglomerates are often discarded in the environment without proper treatment. The concern for an economically viable industrial production line, which is both environmentally sound and socially acceptable, is increasing. Some of these effluents are alkaline in nature and may be used as an alternative to chemical conditioners for acidic soils in agricultural systems. This research aimed to evaluate changes in the chemical attributes of a Dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) after application of an effluent from a pharmaceutical industry. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using PVC tubes of 1-m length and a 0.2-m diameter filled with soil and different doses of the effluent. After 3 days, 100 mm of water was applied to each treatment. The PVC tubes were incubated for 30 days; thereafter, the tubes disassembled, and soil chemical analyses were made at different soil depths: 0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8, and 0.8-1.0 m. The effluent applications significantly altered the soil elements in the 0-0.2 m layer, increasing the concentrations of K+, P, Mn2+, Na+, Cu2+, H+, Ca2+, Al3+ and the soil pH. In the subsurface layers, the concentration of the elements Zn2+, Cu2+, K+, and Na+ also changed significantly. In general, the application of pharmaceutical industry residue improved soil chemical attributes.(AU)

Os efluentes das diversas cadeias produtivas industriais são muitas vezes descartados no ambiente sem tratamento adequado. A preocupação por uma linha de produção industrial economicamente viável, ambientalmente correta e socialmente aceita é cada vez mais preconizada. Alguns desses efluentes apresentam caráter alcalino, e podem ser utilizados como condicionadores químicos de solos ácidos, em sistemas agrícolas. Objetivou-se com a realização do presente trabalho, avaliar alterações químicas de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, após aplicação de efluente da indústria farmacêutica. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação e conduzido em tubos de PVC de 1 m de comprimento e 0,2 m de diâmetro. Nos tubos, preenchidos com solo, foram aplicadas diferentes doses do efluente. Após 3 dias, 100 mm de água foram aplicadas sobre cada tratamento. As colunas foram incubadas por 30 dias, posteriormente desmontadas e feitas análises químicas nas diferentes profundidades: 0-0,2; 0,2-0,4; 0,4-0,6; 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m. As aplicações do efluente fizeram com que alguns elementos do solo aumentassem significativamente sua concentração, principalmente na camada de 0-0,2 m entre eles estão o K+, P, Mn2+, Na+, Cu2+, H+, Ca2+ e Al3+, além do pH. Nas camadas subsuperficiais os elementos Zn2+, K+, Cu2+ e Na+ sofreram alterações significativas. A aplicação do resíduo da indústria farmacêutica melhorou as características químicas do solo.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la microfiltración del ionómero de vidrio mejorado (Ketac Molar Easymix ®) con o sin el uso de acondicionador. Para lograr éste, se seleccionaron 40 terceros molares extraídos, limpios e hidratados. Se formaron dos grupos de 20 muestras de forma aleatoria, a los cuales se les realizó profilaxis y cavidades de clase V sobre la cara vestibular. Al grupo A se le colocó un acondicionador de ácido poliacrílico como indica el fabricante, antes del ionómero, y al grupo B se le colocó el ionómero directamente. Las muestras se sometieron a un proceso de termociclado y fueron sumergidas en azul de metileno al 1%, durante 30 minutos. Cada molar fue seccionado con disco de carburo, con cortes longitudinales en el centro de la preparación. Cada sección fue examinada minuciosamente al microscopio. Se calificaron las muestras y se obtuvo que el promedio de microfiltración para el grupo A fue de 2.06% y para el grupo B fue de 1.84%, sin representar diferencias significativas. Por lo que se concluye, con que no existen diferencias significativas en colocar acondicionador en este tipo de cavidades y con este material en particular.

The aim of the present study was to assess microleakage experienced by improved glass ionomer (Ketac Molar Easymix ®) with and without use of conditioner. In order to conduct this study, 40 third molars were used. Molars had previously been extracted, cleansed and hydrated. Two 20 randomly selected sample groups were established. Samples were subjected to prophylaxis and class V cavities were created on the vestibular (labial) surface of the teeth. Before ionomer application, and according to manufacturer's instructions, group A received a polyacrylic acid conditioner, whereas group B received direct ionomer application. All samples were subjected to a thermo-cycling process and then were immersed in a 1% methylene blue solution for 30 minutes. All molars were sectioned with carbide burr executing longitudinal cuts at the preparation's center. Each section was carefully examined under the microscope. Samples were rated and the following was observed: microleakage, for group A was 2.06% and for group B 1.84% which did not represent statistically significant differences. It can therefore be concluded that application of conditioner in this type of cavities and with this particular material does not cause statistically significant differences.

RESUMO

The present study aimed at evaluating the intensity of Tifton 85 conditioning using a mower conditioner with free-swinging flail fingers and storage times on dehydration curve, fungi presence, nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay dry matter (DM). The dehydration curve was determined in the whole plant for ten times until the baling. The zero time corresponded to the plant before cutting, which occurred at 11:00 and the other collections were carried out at 8:00, 10:00, 14:00, and 16:00. The experimental design was randomised blocks with two intensities of conditioning (high and low) and ten sampling times, with five replications. The high and low intensities related to adjusting the deflector plate of the free iron fingers (8 and 18 cm). In order to determine gas exchanges during Tifton 85 bermudagrass dehydration, there were evaluations of mature leaves, which were placed in the upper middle third of each branch before the cutting, at every hour for 4 hours. A portable gas analyser was used by an infrared IRGA (6400xt). The analysed variables were photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration (T), water use efficiency (WUE), and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi). In the second part of this study, the nutritional value of Tifton 85 hay was evaluated, so randomised blocks were designed in a split plot through time, with two treatments placed in the following plots: high and low intensity of cutting and five different time points as subplots: cutting (additional treatment), baling and after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. Subsequently, fungi that were in green plants as well as hay were determined and samples were collected from the grass at the cutting period, during baling, and after 30, 60, and 90 days of storage. It was observed that Tifton 85 bermudagrass dehydration occurred within 49 hours, so this was considered the best time for drying hay. Gas exchanges were more intense before cutting, although after cutting they decreased until ceasing within 4 hours. The lowest values of acid detergent insoluble nitrogen were obtained with low conditioning intensity after 30 days of storage, 64.8 g/kg DM. The in vitro dry matter of Tifton 85 bermudagrass did not differ among the storage times or the conditioning intensities. There was no fungi present in the samples collected during the storage period up to 90 days after dehydration, with less than 30 colony forming units found on plate counting. The use of mower conditioners in different intensities of injury did not speed up the dehydration time of Tifton 85.

RESUMO

The main phosphate industries in Brazil are responsible for the annual production of 5.5 million tons of a residue (phosphogypsum), which is stored in stacks. The presence of radionuclides and metals puts restrictions on the use of phosphogypsum in agriculture. To assure a safe utilization, it is important to estimate the lixiviation of the radionuclides ((238)U, (226)Ra, (210)Pb, (210)Po, (232)Th and (228)Ra) and metals (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Se, Hg and Pb) present in phosphogypsum. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out, in which columns filled with sandy and clay Brazilian typical soils mixed with phosphogypsum were percolated with water, to achieve a mild extraction of these elements. The results obtained for the concentration of the radionuclides and metals in the leachate were low; giving evidence that, even when these elements are present in the phosphogypsum, they do not contribute to an enhancement of their content in water.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The characteristics of tissue conditioners support microorganism development that can threaten the health of the dentures user. PURPOSE: The object of this study was to evaluate the effect on antimicrobial activity, roughness and wettability surface of a tissue conditioners material combined with the antimicrobial polymer poly (2-tert-butilaminoethyl) methacrylate (PTBAEMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens of tissue conditioner (Coe Soft(®)) were divided into three groups, according to the concentration of PTBAEMA incorporated (0, 10 and 25%). Antimicrobial activity was assessed by adherence assay of one of the microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Roughness measurements were made using a Mitutoyo SJ-400, and the mean arithmetic roughness values (Ra) obtained were used for the comparisons. The wettability properties were determined by contact angle measurements. RESULTS: The group containing 25% of PTBAEMA inhibited totally the S. aureus and S. mutans biofilm formation. A significant reduc tion in the S. aureus (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0,001) and S. mutans (Kruscal-Wallis, p = 0,001) count for 10% PTBAEMA group compared with respective control group. No significant difference was found for C. albicans among PTBAEMA groups and control group (ANOVA, p > 0,05). Incorporating 10 and 25% PTBAEMA increased surface roughness and decreased contact angles (ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests, α = 5%). CONCLUSION: Incorporating 10% PTBAEMA into tissue conditioner increases wettability and roughness of tissue conditioner surface; and decreases the adhesion of S. mutans and S. aureus on material surface, but did not exhibit antimicrobial effect against C. albicans. SIGNIFICANCE: The PTBAEMA incorporated into tissue conditioner could prevent biofilm formation on elderly patient.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O Brasil é um dos maiores mercados mundiais consumidores de cosméticos infantis. A utilização de produtos de higiene pessoal, como xampus, condicionadores e sabonetes infantis, e de produtos de beleza já se incorporou ao dia a dia de muitas crianças. Deste modo, é imprescindível que esses produtos estejam em consonância com os limites microbianos estabelecidos pela Farmacopeia Brasileira (2010) e pela Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada/ANVISA No 481/99 para serem comercializados. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a qualidade microbiológica de amostras de 10 xampus e 10 cremes condicionadores de cabelos destinados à higiene infantil. Dentre as amostras analisadas, verificou-se que, em 50% dos xampus e 30% dos cremes condicionadores capilares, houve proliferação de micro- organismos, tais como bactérias aeróbias e fungos, acima dos limites máximos permitidos. Embora não se tenha encontrado micro-organismos patogênicos, essas percentagens indicam a necessidade do cumprimento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação por parte das indústrias farmacêuticas e cosméticas, para que os consumidores possam adquirir produtos confiáveis, com qualidade adequada para manutenção da saúde e do bem-estar.(AU)

Brazil is one of the largest commercial markets for children?s cosmetics. Personal-care products such as shampoos, conditioners and soaps for infants use, as well as beauty products are used daily by many children. Therefore, it is essential that these products are within microbial limits established by the most recent Brazilian Pharmacopoeia and the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency Collegiate Board of Directors Resolution No 481/99. This study evaluated the microbiological quality of samples of 10 shampoos and 10 conditioners intended for infant hygiene. Of the samples analyzed, 50% of shampoos and 30% of conditioners showed microbial growth, such as aerobic bacteria and molds/yeasts, over the limits allowed. Although pathogenic micro- organisms were not found, these proportions indicate the need for pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies and businesses to comply with Good Manufacturing Practices, so that consumers are able to purchase reliable products with appropriate quality to maintain their health and well-being.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A estabilidade de ambiência na avicultura moderna tem favorecido a proliferação de insetos praga. Nesse cenário, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), comumente denominado cascudinho, surge como principal inseto cosmopolita infestando camas de aviários. Neste sentido o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os fatores cal hidratada, temperatura e umidade na cama de aviários sobre a mortalidade de A. diaperinus em condições de laboratório. Foram realizados bioensaios laboratoriais simulando o ambiente de criação em recipientes com a adição de cama de aviário, ração e adultos e larvas de A. diaperinus. A variável resposta foi a mortalidade aos sete e 10 dias após a instalação dos experimentos. A adição de cal hidratada na cama de aviário na dosagem de 400g m-² promoveu mortalidade parcial de adultos (35,62%±2,74) e larvas (45,62%±1,75) de A. diaperinus. O fator umidade na cama de aviário, independente do percentual, não provocou mortalidade significativa de adultos de A. diaperinus. A temperatura da cama de aviário em 45°C proveu mortalidade total de adultos e larvas de A. diaperinus nas condições propostas.(AU)

The stability of in the modern poultry industry has been favored the proliferation of insect pests. In this scenario, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), commonly known as lesser mealworm, emerges as major cosmopolitan insect infesting poultry litter. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the factors hydrated lime, temperature and humidity in the poultry litter on the A. diaperinus mortality under laboratory conditions. Laboratory bioassays were performed, simulating the poultry environment with litter in each experimental unit, with the addition of adults and larvae of A. diaperinus. The response variable was mortality at seven and 10 days after installation of the experiments. The addition of hydrated lime in the poultry litter at a dosage of 400g m-² promoted partial mortality of the adult population (35.62%±2,74) and larvae (45.62%±1,75) of A. diaperinus. The moisture in the litter, regardless of percentage, did not cause significant mortality of adults of A. diaperinus. The temperature in the litter at 45°C caused total mortality of adults and larvae of A. diaperinus at the conditions studied.(AU)

Assuntos