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Objective: Compare the surface roughness of two composite resins after immersion in carbonated beverages. Materials and methods: 160 resin discs (6 x 2 mm) were divided into 8 groups (n=20 per group) according to type of resin (Filtek™ Z350 XT® and Palfique LX5®) and type of immersion in beverages (distilled water, Coca Cola®, Inca Kola® and Kola Escocesa®. The immersions were carried out under a structured cycle: 4 immersions a day for 5 days, intermediate storage in distilled water and overnight incubation for 8 h at 37°C. The measurements with the roughness meter were evaluated in three times: baseline, 7 and 14 days. The three-way Anova test was used at P<0.05. Results: Roughness showed differences only for the individual factors of time (P<0.000) and resin (P=0.000), and for the interaction time*drink (P=0.000) and resin*drink (P=0.003). Roughness was higher with Filtek Z350 XT® immersed with Inca Kola® (0.85 ± 0.37) than 14 days compared to other times (P=0.035) and with Palfique LX5 immersed in Coca Cola® at 7 days (1.61 ± 0.42) and in Inca Kola® at 14 days (1.66 ± 0.56) compared to distilled water (P<0,05). Conclusion: Surface roughness was affected by the type of resin, the type of soft drink and the immersion time. The roughness was greater with the Palfique LX5® nanohybrid resin, the Inca Kola® drink and after 14 days of immersion.

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Systemic Arterial Hypertension is a multifactorial clinical condition associated with severe outcomes such as stroke and death. One of the main modifiable risk factor for hypertension is an unhealthy diet, often characterized by the consumption of ultraprocessed foods such as sweetened beverages. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the consumption of sweetened beverages, both sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened, and the prevalence of hypertension in adults. A cross-sectional, household, population-based study with 1,162 adults from two Brazilian cities were carried out. The consumption of food groups and sweetened beverages was obtained by food frequency questionnaire and other data were self-reported. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. The association between sweetened beverages consumption and hypertension was analyzed using Poisson regression models, expressed as Prevalence Ratio. The prevalence of hypertension was 16.7%, with no significant difference between genders. The prevalence of consumption of sweetened beverages was 70.3% in men and 54.6% in women, being significantly higher in men. Women who consumed sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages 6 to 7 days per week had 92% higher prevalence of hypertension compared to those who did not consume or consumed at a lower frequency. Furthermore, women who consumed artificially sweetened beverages at least 1 time per week had 3.36 times higher prevalence of hypertension. The habitual consumption of sweetened beverages may be an important risk factor for hypertension, especially the consumption of diet beverages, which are often marketed as healthier than sugar-sweetened beverages.

La Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica es una condición clínica multifactorial asociada a resultados graves como el ictus y la muerte. Uno de los principales factores de riesgo modificables de la hipertensión es una dieta poco saludable, a menudo caracterizada por el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados como las bebidas endulzadas. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la relación entre el consumo de bebidas endulzadas, tanto azucaradas como edulcoradas artificialmente, y la prevalencia de hipertensión en adultos. Se realizó un estudio transversal, domiciliario y poblacional con 1,162 adultos de dos ciudades brasileñas. El consumo de grupos de alimentos y bebidas endulzadas se obtuvo mediante cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos y los demás datos fueron autoinformados. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro de la cintura. La asociación entre el consumo de bebidas endulzadas y la hipertensión se analizó mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson, expresados como Ratio de Prevalencia. La prevalencia de hipertensión fue del 16,7%, sin diferencias significativas entre géneros. La prevalencia de consumo de bebidas endulzadas fue del 70,3% en los hombres y del 54,6% en las mujeres, siendo significativamente mayor en los hombres. Las mujeres que consumían bebidas azucaradas y edulcoradas artificialmente entre 6 y 7 días a la semana tenían 92% mayor prevalencia de hipertensión que las que no consumían o consumían con una frecuencia menor. Además, las mujeres que consumían bebidas edulcoradas al menos 1 vez por semana tenían una prevalencia de hipertensión 3,36 veces mayor. Así pues, el consumo habitual de bebidas endulzadas puede ser un importante factor de riesgo de hipertensión, especialmente el consumo de bebidas dietéticas, que a menudo se comercializan como más saludables que las bebidas azucaradas.

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Sugary soft drinks modify salivary pH and favor bacterial proliferation and are associated with the development of caries. Information on the effects of consuming carbonated drinks without sucrose is limited. Methods: In this crossover clinical trial, salivary and dental biofilm pH were determined at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after the participants (n = 18) ingested a soft drink with sucrose, a soft drink with aspartame/acesulfame K, carbonated water, and plain water on different days. Dental biofilm cultures were conducted at 0- and 120-min. Results: Salivary pH decreased significantly after ingestion of the sucrose-containing soft drink when compared with the other types of beverages (median difference, -0.3--0.4, p ≤ 0.05), and the greatest difference was found with mineral water. A greater bacterial proliferation (Colony Forming Units [CFU]) was observed after ingestion of the drink with sucrose (↑310 × 103 CFU, p ≤ 0.01), followed by the drink with aspartame/acesulfame K (↑160 × 103 CFU, p ≤ 0.01) and carbonated water (↑60 × 103 CFU, p ≤ 0.05). No significant changes in bacterial proliferation were observed after the consumption of natural water. Conclusions: Ingestion of sucrose-containing soft drinks favors the acidification of salivary pH and the bacterial proliferation of dental biofilm. Although to a lesser extent, soft drinks containing aspartame/acesulfame K also favor bacterial proliferation.

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The Big Soda segment is central in modern food systems, and they invest heavily in digital marketing, but little is known about it. We aimed to analyze the digital marketing on Facebook of the soda brand with a major worldwide reach. Countries were described in terms of soda brand presence and popularity on Facebook according to countries' socio-demographic index (SDI) and the market share of soda brand (%MS). From 149 countries, 57.0% had soda brand's Facebook page among the top five in the number of followers within the beverage segment. Among them, digital marketing was described by the number of the page followers, the number of posts, and the number of interactions (likes, comments and shares) that each post received by Facebook users. Also, we analyzed the characteristics, and the use of marketing strategies on posts in a random sample of 10% (n = 1217) of all posts. We found that soda brand's popularity on Facebook was higher among countries with higher SDI and higher %MS. Also, the number of users that engaged with soda brand's posts was higher among countries with lower SDI and higher brand's %MS. The brand's posts focus on young adults, display of brand's products and glorification of its attributes. Other identified features include sport-related thematic and appeals to socialization and healthy eating. In addition, posts' characteristics differed with countries' characteristics. Soda brand digital marketing varies according to countries' characterization and maintains the brand position on the global marketing of beverages.

The concentration of power of transnationals food and beverage corporations across the entire food system chain has contributed to unfavorable outcomes in the health and diets of the population. The reasons may be due to the low-nutritional value of the foods and beverages produced by these transnationals and the wide promotion of these products through marketing strategies. These two points are important stages of modern food systems. The marketing practices of these companies influence the food choices of individuals. They are attracted by the high level of persuasion employed through different strategies, especially in the digital environment. Strategies in the digital environment are widely available and accessed by individuals in every country in the world. For this reason, we focus on understanding the digital marketing of an important soda brand with a major worldwide reach to understand its particulars. We show that this top big soda brand uses digital marketing to promote its products globally and presenting particularities aligned with the socio-demographic conditions of the countries and regarding its market share. These results show that monitoring the behavior, especially on digital media, of large food and beverage companies is essential to advance policies that regulate market practices to protect individuals from their externalities in the field of global public health.

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Abstract Objective: To assess and evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the consumption of carbonated drinks among dental students. Carbonated drinks are pervaded by carbon dioxide and have more adverse effects since they are acidic in nature. Nowadays, these are consumed more widely globally, causing many systemic diseases; diabetes and obesity are common. Material and Methods: This study includes 204 individuals belonging to the age group of 18-26 years. A self-structured objective type cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental students regarding carbonated drinks. The participants were instructed to mark the most appropriate correct answer from the given list of close-ended type questions. Results: Of 204 dental students, the study population includes 125 female and 79 male students. 98.5% of the students knew about carbonated drinks, while 1.5% were unaware. Conclusion: Most participants preferred to have carbonated drinks even with their awareness about the ill effects of these drinks. Possible implications by the government authorities may probably increase awareness among the population (AU).

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OBJETIVO: Identificar a prevalência dos fatores de risco modificáveis para doença crônica não transmissível de beneficiários hipertensos e diabéticos. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, de 2019, com dados do prontuário eletrônico de 109 adultos, independentes para as atividades cotidianas, do gerenciamento clínico por telemonitoramento de operadora de plano de saúde, Paraná-PR. Realizou­se estatística descritiva, teste qui­quadrado e regressão logística binária bruta. RESULTADOS: Homens tiveram menor consumo inadequado de refrigerante (OR =0,37) e peso elevado como fator de risco (OR =3,57). Fatores de proteção dos adultos foram hipertensão arterial (OR =0,14) e boa prontidão para mudança comportamental (OR =0,21) e, dos idosos, hipertensão arterial concomitante ao diabetes mellitus (OR =0,16). Houve associação entre idade, hipertensão arterial (p =0,001; OR =0,14; IC =0,04-0,51) e boa prontidão para a mudança comportamental (p =0,023; OR =0,21; IC =0,06-0,76). CONCLUSÃO: Predominaram idosas com estilo de vida saudável, para as quais são recomendadas intervenções de prevenção secundária.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of the modifiable risk factors for chronic non-communicable disease in hypertensive and diabetic beneficiaries. METHOD: A cross-sectional study, from 2019, with data from the electronic medical records of 109adults, independent for the daily activities, of clinical management through telemonitoring of a health plan operator, Paraná-PR. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test and unadjusted binary logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: Men had lower inadequate consumption ofsoft drinks (OR=0.37) and overweight as a risk factor (OR=3.57). Protective factors for adults were arterial hypertension (OR=0.14) and good readiness for behavioral change (OR=0.21) and, for older adults, arterial hypertension concomitant with diabetes mellitus(OR=0.16). There was an association between age, arterial hypertension (p=0.001; OR=0.14; CI=0.04-0.51) and good readiness for behavioral change(p=0.023; OR=0.21; CI=0.06-0.76). CONCLUSION: Aged women with a healthy lifestyle predominated, for whom secondary prevention interventions are recommended.

OBJETIVO: Identificar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo modificables de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en beneficiarios hipertensos y diabéticos. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal, de 2019, con datos de historias clínicas electrónicas de 109 adultos, con independencia para las actividades diarias, de seguimiento clínico por telemonitorización de un operador de plan de salud, Paraná-PR. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, prueba de chi-cuadrado y regresión logística binaria bruta. RESULTADOS: Los hombres presentaron menor consumo inadecuado de gaseosas (OR =0,37) y alto peso como factor de riesgo (OR =3,57). Los factores de protección para los adultos fueron hipertensión arterial (OR =0,14) y buena disposición para el cambio de comportamiento (OR =0,21), y para los adultos mayores, hipertensión arterial concomitante con diabetes mellitus (OR =0,16). Hubo una asociación entre edad, hipertensión (p =0,001; OR =0,14; IC =0,04-0,51) y buena disposición para el cambio de comportamiento (p =0,023; OR =0,21; IC =0,06-0,76). CONCLUSIÓN: Predominaron los adultos mayores del sexo femenino con estilo de vida saludable, para quienes se recomiendan intervenciones de prevención secundaria.

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O isolamento social promovido pela pandemia do COVID-19 alterou os comportamentos da população, principalmente de adolescentes que com o fechamento das escolas passaram a ficar em casa. Neste contexto, o consumo de alimentos e de bebidas açucaradas aumentou, podendo acarretar alterações na composição e na imagem corporal desses jovens. Este estudo avaliou o consumo de bebidas açucaradas, imagem corporal e estado nutricional de adolescentes antes e durante a pandemia do COVID-19. Tratou-se de um estudo quali-quantitativo, que avaliou 62 estudantes de 13 a 18 anos de idade na cidade de Canaã-MG. Investigou-se o consumo de bebidas açucaradas (volume e frequência) por meio do formulário de recordatório alimentar, a imagem corporal usando a escala de silhueta de 9 imagens, e o estado nutricional por meio de parâmetros antropométricos. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos estudantes era eutrófica e relatou mudar o consumo dos tipos de bebida, a frequência e o volume consumido, sendo suco natural e refrigerante comum as bebidas mais consumidas antes e durante a pandemia. Também relataram alto índice de insatisfação corporal por magreza, que foi reduzido durante a pandemia. O motivo dessa insatisfação relacionou-se à saúde e estética, sendo que as garotas exibiram maiores alterações na insatisfação corporal entre o período antes e durante a pandemia. Os parâmetros antropométricos confirmaram o alto índice de insatisfação corporal dos estudantes, quando comparados a sua classificação por estado nutricional. Conclui-se que durante a pandemia, os estudantes alteraram o consumo de bebidas e a percepção da imagem corporal.

The social isolation promoted by the COVID-19 pandemic changed the behavior of the population, especially teenagers who, with the closing of schools, started to stay at home. In this context, the consumption of sugary foods and beverages increased, which may lead to changes in the composition and body image of these young people. This study evaluated the consumption of sugary drinks, body image, and nutritional status of adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was a quali-quantitative study, which evaluated 62 students from 13 to 18 years old in the city of Canaã-MG. The consumption of sugary drinks (volume and frequency) was investigated using the dietary recall form, the 9-image silhouette scale for body image, and anthropometric parameters for measuring nutritional status. The results show that most students were eutrophic and reported changing their consumption of types of beverages, frequency, and volume consumed. Natural juice and common soft drinks were the most consumed beverages before and during the pandemic. They also reported a high rate of body dissatisfaction due to thinness, which was reduced during the pandemic. The reason for this dissatisfaction was related to health and aesthetics, with girls exhibiting greater changes in body dissatisfaction between the period before and during the pandemic. Anthropometric parameters confirmed the high rate of body dissatisfaction among students, when compared to their classification by nutritional status. It is concluded that during the pandemic, students changed their consumption of beverages and their perception of their body image.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To estimate the frequency of food insecurity in households with and without children/adolescents; compare food expenses, sugar and soft drinks consumption in these households; and to analyze the relationship between food insecurity and demographic/socioeconomic variables with food expenses, and sugar and soft drinks consumption in households with and without children/adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study with 628 households in Campinas, SP, Brazil. Food insecurity was estimated by the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. The dependent variables were the proportion of food expenses, and consumption of sugar and soft drinks; and the independent ones included food security/insecurity condition, monthly family income, gender, age and education of the household head. Results The frequency of food insecurity was higher in households with children/adolescents than in households without minors (41.4% vs. 27.9%). The proportion of food expenses was higher in households with children/adolescents and in all households it was associated with lower family income and, in households with minors, to the presence of a female householder. Soft drinks consumption was higher in households with children/adolescents; and was related to higher income in all households, and to the presence of male householder in households with minors. Sugar consumption in households with children/adolescents was associated with higher income, male gender and education level of the household head (<12 years). In households without children/adolescents, the higher sugar consumption was associated with food insecurity and the household head's education (<8 years). Conclusion In households with children/adolescents there was a greater frequency of food insecurity and a greater commitment of income with food. Food insecurity was associated with increased sugar consumption in households without children/adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivos Estimar a frequência de insegurança alimentar em domicílios com e sem crianças/adolescentes; comparar o gasto com alimentos e o consumo de açúcar e de refrigerante nestes domicílios; e analisar a relação da insegurança alimentar e de variáveis demográficas/socioeconômicas com o gasto com alimentos e com o consumo de açúcar e de refrigerante em domicílios com e sem crianças/adolescentes. Métodos Estudo transversal com 628 domicílios de Campinas, SP, Brasil. A insegurança alimentar foi estimada pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. As variáveis dependentes foram proporção de gasto com alimentos e consumo de açúcar e refrigerante; as independentes incluíram condição de segurança/insegurança alimentar, renda familiar mensal, sexo, idade e escolaridade do chefe da família. Resultados A frequência de insegurança alimentar foi maior nos domicílios com crianças/adolescentes do que nos domicílios sem menores (41,4% vs. 27,9%). A proporção de gasto com alimentos foi superior nos domicílios com crianças/adolescentes; em todos esteve associada ao menor rendimento familiar e, nos domicílios com menores, à presença de chefe da família do sexo feminino. O consumo de refrigerante foi maior em domicílios com crianças/adolescentes, relacionou-se à maior renda em todos os domicílios e à presença de chefe da família do sexo masculino em domicílios com menores. O consumo de açúcar nos domicílios com crianças/adolescentes associou-se à maior renda, sexo masculino e escolaridade do chefe <12 anos. Nos domicílios sem crianças/adolescentes, o maior consumo de açúcar esteve associado à insegurança alimentar e à escolaridade do chefe da família <8 anos. Conclusão Nos domicílios com crianças/adolescentes, houve maior frequência de insegurança alimentar e maior comprometimento da renda com a alimentação. A insegurança alimentar associou-se ao aumento do consumo de açúcar em domicílios sem crianças/adolescentes.

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Resumo: O Brasil foi o primeiro país a comprometer-se com a Década da Ação em Nutrição da Organização das Nações Unidas, com metas ambiciosas relativas ao controle da obesidade e à redução do consumo de bebidas açucaradas. Neste estudo, descrevemos as iniciativas legislativas relacionadas à tributação de bebidas açucaradas apresentadas no Congresso Nacional durante os primeiros quatro anos da Década e a situação do processo decisório. Foram buscadas, nas bases de dados da Câmara dos Deputados e do Senado Federal, todas as propostas apresentadas entre 2016 e 2019 que tratassem do tema, sendo apresentados os resultados de forma narrativa, descrevendo-se o conteúdo dos projetos e a situação da tramitação. Ao todo, foram identificadas dez propostas. Seis delas visam ao aumento da tributação e ainda se encontram em apreciação de Comissões na Câmara dos Deputados. Quatro propostas buscavam sustar um ato normativo que resultou no aumento da tributação sobre concentrados de refrigerantes e foram rejeitadas e arquivadas. Ainda há um longo caminho a ser percorrido para o aumento da tributação das bebidas açucaradas no país. A complexidade e a morosidade do processo decisório no Congresso Nacional impõem dois riscos: que nenhum projeto seja convertido em lei ou, caso o seja, que não cause qualquer impacto na saúde pública até 2025.

Abstract: Brazil was the first country to commit to the United Nations' Decade of Action on Nutrition with ambitious goals related to controlling obesity and reducing the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages. In this study, we describe legislative efforts related to sugar-sweetened beverage taxation introduced in the Brazilian Legislature throughout the first four years of this decade as well as the status of the decision-making process. We searched databases within the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate for legislative proposals introduced between 2016 and 2019 that addressed sugary drinks taxation. The results are presented narratively. The content of the bills and status of the legislative process are described. Ten bills were identified. Six of them are aimed at raising taxes and are currently under consideration in the Committees by the first legislative House. Four bills had been aimed at repealing an act which increased taxes on soft drink concentrates, but they have since been rejected and archived. There still seems to be a long road ahead before taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages are raised in Brazil. The lawmaking process in the Brazilian Legislature is complex and slow. This poses two risks: no law being passed; or enacted legislation not being capable to cause significant impact on public health by 2025.

Resumen: Brasil fue el primer país en comprometerse con la Década de la Acción en Nutrición de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con metas ambiciosas relativas al control de la obesidad y a la reducción del consumo de bebidas azucaradas. En este estudio, describimos las iniciativas legislativas relacionadas con la tributación de bebidas azucaradas, presentadas en el Congreso Nacional durante los primeros cuatro años de la Década, y la situación del proceso decisorio. Se buscaron en las bases de datos de la Cámara de los Diputados y del Senado Federal todas las propuestas presentadas entre 2016 y 2019 que tratasen el tema. Se presentan los resultados de forma narrativa, describiéndose el contenido de los proyectos y la situación de la tramitación. Se identificaron en total diez propuestas. Seis de ellas tienen como objetivo el aumento de la tributación e incluso se encuentran en apreciación de Comisiones en la Cámara de los Diputados. Cuatro propuestas buscaban demorar un acto normativo que resultó en el aumento de la tributación sobre concentrados y refrescos, que fueron rechazadas y archivadas. Todavía hay un largo camino por recorrer para el aumento de la tributación de las bebidas azucaradas en el país. La complejidad y la tardanza del proceso decisivo en el Congreso Nacional imponen dos riesgos: que ningún proyecto sea convertido en ley o, en caso de que lo sea, que no cause cualquier impacto en la salud pública hasta 2025.

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A adolescência é um período de diversas transformações, sendo observadas mudanças em relação à nutrição, que podem resultar em excesso de peso corporal. Assim, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre excesso de peso corporal e consumo de refrigerante em adolescentes escolares estratificado por sexo. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com estudantes do ensino médio. Utilizou-se um questionário autoaplicável. A variável desfecho foi a mediana do escore de IMC (eutrófico e excesso de peso) e o consumo de refrigerante foi a variável de exposição principal. Foi utilizado o modelo de Poisson, estratificado por sexo. Participaram do estudo 1.225 adolescentes, 53,4% do sexo feminino e 15,6% consumiam refrigerante diariamente. Nos adolescentes eutróficos não houve associação de consumo de refrigerantes e zIMC. Nos meninos com excesso de peso e consumo de refrigerante mais de duas vezes na semana apresentaram maior chance de estarem acima da mediana de zIMC. Os resultados apontaram que o consumo diário de refrigerantes por adolescentes do sexo masculino com excesso de peso pode aumentar as chances de ter zIMC ainda mais alto, reforçando assim, a necessidade de medidas que visem a redução do consumo de refrigerante(AU)

Adolescence is a period of several changes, with changes related to nutrition, which can result in excess body weight. Thus, the study aimed to verify the association between excess body weight and soft drink consumption in school adolescents stratified by sex. This is a cross-sectional study, carried out with high school students. A self-administered questionnaire was used. The outcome variable was the median BMI score (eutrophic and overweight) and soft drink consumption was the main exposure variable. The Poisson model, stratified by sex, was used. The sample consisted of 1,225 adolescents, which 53.4% were female and 15.6% consumed soft drinks daily. In eutrophic adolescents, there was no association between consumption of soft drinks and the BMI Z-score. In overweight boys and soda consumption more than twice a week, they were more likely to be above the BMI Z-score median. The results showed that the daily consumption of soft drinks by overweight male adolescents may increase the chances of having even higher BMI Z-score, thus reinforcing the need for measures aimed at reducing the consumption of soft drinks(AU)

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Objetivou-se avaliar mudanças no consumo de bebidas açucaradas e estado nutricional de adultos vinculados a uma instituição federal de ensino localizada em Vitória (ES), após um programa de intervenção. Foram coletadas medidas antropométricas e dados de consumo de bebidas açucaradas de todos os participantes, os quais foram randomizados e alocados em dois grupos, intervenção (ações mHealth) e controle. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma reavaliação. Os desfechos foram avaliados em relação aos grupos e aos momentos inicial e final com auxílio do software SPSS versão 21.0, adotando-se valor de p < 0,05. Foram avaliados 200 indivíduos com média de idade de 33,8±11,3 anos. As médias de circunferência da cintura e índice de massa corporal em cada momento do grupo controle foram estatisticamente diferentes, havendo aumento das medidas. A respeito do consumo de bebidas açucaradas não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em ambos os grupos.

This study aimed to evaluate changes in the consumption of sugar sweetened soft drinks and nutritional status of adults linked to a federal educational institution located in Vitória (ES), after an intervention program. Anthropometric measurements and sugary drink intake data were collected from all participants, who were randomized and allocated into two groups, intervention (mHealth actions) and control. After that, a reevaluation was performed. The outcomes were evaluated in relation to the groups and the initial and final moments, using SPSS version 21.0, adopting p <0.05. We evaluated 200 individuals with a mean age of 33.8 ± 11.3 years. The means for waist circumference and body mass index at each moment, for the control group, were statistically different, with an increase in measurements. Regarding the consumption of sugary drinks, there were no statistically significant differences in the two groups.

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This research communication addresses the impact of the addition of Lactobacillus casei and/or carbonation (CO2) on the chemical composition, physicochemical characteristics, probiotic survival, and sensory acceptance of passion-fruit flavored whey dairy beverages (70% milk/30% whey) during storage (30 d/4°C). The addition of Lactobacillus casei and/or carbonation did not impact on the chemical composition, pH values, and acceptance (flavor and overall impression) of the products, but increased the acidity, and decreased the aroma acceptance. The carbonation process did not affect the probiotic survival but decreased the acidity of the products during storage. It can be concluded that it is possible to develop a probiotic passion-fruit flavored carbonated whey dairy beverage with suitable chemical composition, acidity, sensory acceptance (>6 in 9-point hedonic scale) and probiotic viability (>7 log cfu/ml) that could be refrigerated stored for 30 d. This is the first report considering a probiotic non-fermented carbonated whey dairy beverage.

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Objetivo ­ Analisar as alterações impostas pelo treinamento concorrente na composição corporal de ratos submetidos ao consumo de refrigerante. Métodos ­ 32 ratos machos da raça Wistar, distribuídos em quatro grupos: Controle (C); Controle Refrigerante (CR); Treinamento Concorrente (TC) e Treinamento Concorrente e Refrigerante (TCR). Os grupos CR e TCR receberam a bebida (0,41 cal/g) do trigésimo ao nonagésimo dia de vida. Foram submetidos a um protocolo de treinamento concorrente, 3x/semana, pelo período de quatro semanas. O protocolo de treino foi composto por 30 minutos de treinamento aeróbio, à 80% do limiar anaeróbio, seguido do treinamento resistido, composto por 4 séries de 10 saltos e sobrecarga de 50% do peso corporal de cada animal. Após 48 horas da última sessão de treinamento, os animais foram submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos e mensuraram-se as variáveis de peso corporal, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e Índice de Lee (Lee). Além disso, foi coletado o tecido adiposo epididimal. Resultados ­ Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre os índices antropométricos (p>0,05). Houve aumento do peso corporal e gordura visceral nos animais que consumiram refrigerantes. Apenas a variável peso corporal demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05). Foi verificado que a glicose sanguínea de jejum se apresentou mais baixa nos grupos que receberam refrigerantes (p<0,05). Conclusão ­ O refrigerante alterou de forma significativa as variáveis de peso corporal, glicose sanguínea de jejum e consumo de água e ração

Objective ­ To analyze the changes imposed by concurrent training on the body composition of rats submitted to the consumption of soda. Methods ­ 32 male Wistar rats, divided into four groups: Control (C); Refrigerant Control (CR); Concurrent Training (TC) and Concurrent Training and Refrigerant (TCR). The CR and TCR groups received the beverage (0.41cal/g) from the 30th to the 90th day of life. They underwent a concurrent training protocol, 3x / week, for a period of four weeks. The training protocol consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic training at 80% of the anaerobic threshold, followed by resistance training consisting of 4 sets of 10 jumps and 50% overload of each animal's body weight. 48 hours after the last training session, the animals underwent surgical procedures and the variables body weight, body mass index (BMI) and Lee index (Lee) were measured. In addition, epididymal adipose tissue was collected. Results ­ No significant differences were found between anthropometric indices (p> 0.05). There was an increase in body weight and visceral fat in animals that consumed soda. Only the body weight variable showed a statistically significant difference (p <0.05). It was found that fasting blood glucose was lower in the groups that received soda (p <0.05). Conclusion ­ The soda significantly changed the variables of body weight, fasting blood glucose and water and feed intake

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BACKGROUND: Latin America ranks among the regions with the highest level of intake of sugary beverages in the world. Innovative strategies to reduce the consumption of sugary drinks are necessary. PURPOSE: Evaluate the effect of a one-off priest-led intervention on the choice and preference of soda beverages. METHODS: We conducted a pragmatic cluster-randomized trial in Catholic parishes, paired by number of attendees, in Chimbote, Peru between March and June of 2017. The priest-led intervention, a short message about the importance of protecting one's health, was delivered during the mass. The primary outcome was the proportion of individuals that choose a bottle of soda instead of a bottle of water immediately after the service. Cluster-level estimates were used to compare primary and secondary outcomes between intervention and control groups utilizing nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Six parishes were allocated to control and six to the intervention group. The proportion of soda selection at baseline was ~60% in the intervention and control groups, and ranged from 56.3% to 63.8% in Week 1, and from 62.7% to 68.2% in Week 3. The proportion of mass attendees choosing water over soda was better in the priest-led intervention group: 8.2% higher at Week 1 (95% confidence interval 1.7%-14.6%, p = .03), and 6.2% higher at 3 weeks after baseline (p = .15). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the proof-of-concept that a brief priest-led intervention can decrease sugary drink choice. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION: ISRCTN, ISRCTN24676734. Registered 25 April 2017, https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN24676734.

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ABSTRACT Objective To analyze and compare the sugar content in sugar sweetened beverages in Brazil and Portugal, according to the Pan American Health Organization nutritional profile model. Methods One hundred six equivalent sugary beverages were selected in the markets of São Paulo, Brazil and Porto, Portugal. Nutritional information reported on the labels was reviewed, according to the Pan American Health Organization nutritional profile model, regarding the critical content of free sugars, salt, total saturated fats and trans fatty acids. Results The Brazilian nectars presented higher amounts of sugar and vitamin C compared to Portuguese nectars that contained more protein. The juices in Portugal contained a higher content of vitamin C and Portuguese dairy beverages had higher levels of protein and sodium, while the Brazilian ones had more total fats. According to the critical nutrients proposed by the Pan American Health Organization, Brazil had excess sodium in dairy beverages and soft drinks, while in Portugal excess sodium was found in nectars and dairy beverages. In both countries, excess free sugars were present in all beverages. Conclusion The amount of sugar in the beverages represents an important contribution of added sugar, especially in the Brazilian nectars. The identification of this component in sugary beverages is fundamental for the adoption of strategies of food education to control obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo buscou analisar e comparar o teor de açúcar presente em bebidas prontas para consumo no Brasil e em Portugal, segundo o modelo de perfil nutricional da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde. Métodos Selecionaram-se 106 bebidas açucaradas comercializadas nos mercados das cidades de São Paulo e do Porto. Analisaram-se informações nutricionais nos rótulos, conforme o modelo de perfil nutricional da Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, quanto ao teor crítico de açúcares livres, sal, gorduras totais, saturados e ácidos graxos trans. Resultados Os néctares brasileiros apresentaram maior quantidade de açúcar e vitamina C; os portugueses evidenciaram maior valor proteico. Os sucos em Portugal continham maior teor de vitamina C, e as bebidas lácteas portuguesas demonstraram ter maior teor de proteína e sódio; já as brasileiras, maior quantidade de gorduras totais. De acordo com os nutrientes críticos propostos pela Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, o Brasil possuiu excesso de sódio nas bebidas lácteas e refrigerantes, enquanto Portugal, nos néctares e nas bebidas lácteas. Em ambos os países, o excesso de açúcares livres esteve presente em todas as bebidas. Conclusão A quantidade de açúcar nas bebidas representa uma expressiva contribuição de açúcar adicionado, destacando-se os néctares brasileiros. A identificação desse componente em bebidas açucaradas é fundamental para a adoção de estratégias de educação alimentar contra a obesidade.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe students protected by laws and exposed to soft drinks sales and assess whether forbidding laws are associated with lower availability of these beverages. METHODS We identified laws forbidding non-government administered cafeterias or sales of soft drinks in schools in the 27 Brazilian state capitals. Data on soft drinks sales were obtained from Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015 (PeNSE - National Survey of School Health 2015), for a representative sample of 9th graders from public and private schools. Students were attributed with the status of their school regarding the law and sale of soft drinks. Co-variables were school status (public or private), school size, geographic regions, mother's educational level, score of goods and services. We performed multivariate analyses using Poisson regression. RESULTS The total of 23 laws forbidding sales of soft drinks covered 63.0% of capitals, comprising 56.9% of students. Law coverage was higher among students from more developed regions (67.6%) and in public schools (60.6%), compared with those from less developed regions (38.0%) and private schools (45.8%). Soft drinks were available for 33.9% of students. Students attending public schools in less developed regions had the lowest availability of soft drinks, regardless of law coverage (14.8%; 12.0%); while students attending private schools in these regions had a high availability, regardless of law coverage (82.1%; 73.4%). Restrictive laws were associated with lower sales of soft drinks in more developed regions, and restrictions had a greater association with the availability of soft drinks in public schools (PR = 0.25; 95%CI = 0.15-0.41), compared with private schools (PR = 0.48; 95%CI = 0.35-0.66). CONCLUSION Laws restricting soft drinks in schools were associated with fewer sales in more developed regions. Private schools were less compliant with the law than public schools. A broadly enforced national law could reduce the availability of soft drinks in schools.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to study the strength of transfer, the transitions, and the persistence of the special excise tax on products and services (known by its Spanish acronym, IEPS) applicable since January 2014 to high-energy foods and soft drinks, and the effect of the tax on the annual inflation rates for these foods and beverages. METHODS: Annual inflation rates for each food and beverage were calculated from January 2010 to December 2016, based on monthly data from the national consumer price index. A model of variable regimes was used to estimate the impact of the tax on the inflationary dynamics of the foods and beverages, as well as its transitions, persistence, and the possible ruptures. RESULTS: There was high variance in the inflationary dynamics of the high-calorie foods and soft drinks subject to the tax. The tax contributed gradually to price inflation for some high-calorie products, before returning to pre-tax inflation levels. The continuity of the tax did not affect the inflationary dynamics of the food after 2015. CONCLUSIONS: The tax should be accompanied by measures that facilitate its persistence and transfer to the inflationary dynamics of the taxed products. The taxes collected should be used to promote and facilitate the consumption of healthy alternatives, and this should be accompanied by educational measures aimed at continuing to change consumption habits in the medium and long term.

OBJETIVO: Estudar a força de transferência, transição e persistência do imposto especial sobre produtos e serviços (IEPS) para alimentos e bebidas de alta densidade calórica na taxa anual de inflação destes alimentos e refrigerantes, em vigor desde janeiro de 2014. MÉTODOS: As taxas anuais de inflação foram calculadas para cada alimento e bebida para o período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2016 com base em dados mensais do índice nacional de preços ao consumidor (INPC). Um modelo de mudança de regime foi usado para estimar a repercussão do imposto na dinâmica inflacionária de alimentos e bebidas bem como a transição, persistência e possíveis suspensões do imposto. RESULTADOS: A dinâmica inflacionária dos alimentos de alta densidade calórica e de refrigerantes sobre os quais incide o imposto apresenta grande variação. O imposto foi gradualmente transferido à dinâmica inflacionária de alguns produtos de alta densidade calórica e, posteriormente, houve um retorno aos níveis inflacionários anteriores à tributação. A continuidade do imposto não tem influenciado a dinâmica inflacionária dos alimentos desde 2015. CONCLUSÕES: O imposto deve vir acompanhado de medidas para facilitar sua persistência e transferência à dinâmica inflacionária dos produtos tributados. A arrecadação destes impostos deve estimular e facilitar o consumo de alternativas de alimentos saudáveis, bem como vir acompanhado de medidas educativas para mudar os hábitos de consumo de forma sustentada a médio e longo prazo.

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RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar la prevalencia de consumo de sustancias estimulantes en la población estudiantil de la Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, sede San Pedro, y algunos factores asociados a estos hábitos. Materiales y Métodos La investigación es un estudio transversal de tipo observacional y analítico en la Universidad Latina de Costa Rica Sede San Pedro. Donde se utilizó como instrumento de recolección de información encuestas dirigidas a estudiantes de las diferentes carreras universitarias. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SPSS 19. Resultados La edad promedio de los estudiantes universitarios es de 20,6 años y las sustancias estimulantes de mayor consumo por parte de estos son las bebidas gaseosas y el café. Existe una diferencia significativa entre el consumo productos que contienen nicotina entre hombre y mujeres. Más del 50% de la población universitaria encuestada pertenece a carreras del área de ciencias de la salud. Conclusiones El sexo, el estado civil, el estado laboral, el nivel académico, la facultad en la que se estudia y la provincia de residencia, no son factores que influyan de en el consumo de sustancias estimulantes dentro de la población universitaria de la Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, siendo la única excepción el consumo de nicotina y su relación con el sexo del sujeto.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the prevalence of stimulant use among the student population at the Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Pedro Campus, and some factors associated with these habits. Materials and Methods This is an analytical observational cross-sectional study conducted at the Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Pedro Campus. Surveys aimed at students of the different university careers were used as an instrument to collect information. The statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS 19 software. Results The average age of university students was 20.6 years, and the most commonly used stimulants were soft drinks and coffee. There is a significant difference among men and women regarding the consumption of nicotine-containing products. More than 50% of the university population surveyed was enrolled in Health Sciences programs. Conclusions Sex, marital status, work status, academic level, the faculty in which the students are enrolled, and the province of residence are not factors that influence the use of stimulants by the university population of the Universidad Latina de Costa Rica. The only exception was nicotine consumption and its relationship to the sex of the individual.

RESUMO: Objetivo Identificar a prevalência do consumo de substâncias estimulantes na população estudantil da Universidade Latina da Costa Rica, campus de San Pedro, e alguns fatores associados a esses hábitos. Materiais e métodos A pesquisa é um estudo transversal observacional e analítico da Universidade Latina da Costa Rica, campus de San Pedro. Onde pesquisas destinadas a estudantes de diferentes carreiras universitárias foram usadas como um instrumento para coletar informações. A análise estatística foi realizada com o software SPSS 19. Resultados A idade média dos estudantes universitários é de 20,6 anos e as substâncias estimulantes mais consumidas por eles são refrigerantes e café. Existe uma diferença significativa entre o consumo de produtos que contêm nicotina entre homens e mulheres. Mais de 50% da população universitária pesquisada pertence a carreiras na área das ciências da saúde. Conclusões Sexo, estado civil, emprego, nível acadêmico, escola em que é estudado e província de residência não são fatores que influenciam o consumo de substâncias estimulantes na população universitária da Universidade Latina de Costa Rica, a única exceção é o consumo de nicotina e sua relação com o sexo do sujeito.(AU)

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La publicidad de alimentos y bebidas no saludables a la que se encuentran expuestos/as niños, niñas y adolescentes ha sido identificada como un factor de gran relevancia en la génesis, expansión y persistencia de la obesidad. Este artículo aborda el patrocinio de eventos deportivos por parte de las empresas productoras de bebidas azucaradas y su influencia en las preferencias de hidratación, intención de compra y hábitos de consumo. Se destacan las consecuencias negativas en la salud del consumo de bebidas azucaradas (gaseosas y deportivas) y su asociación con la obesidad y el riesgo de enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares. Se plantea la necesidad de apelar al principio jurídico de "interés superior del niño" para exigir la protección del derecho a la salud, en línea con las recomendaciones de organismos de salud internacionales para la restricción de la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas no saludables dirigida a niños/as y adolescentes.

Advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages to which children and adolescents are exposed has been identified as a factor of great relevance in the genesis, expansion and persistence of obesity. This article deals with sports sponsorship by companies producing sugar-sweetened drinks and their influence on the preferences of hydration, purchasing, intention and consumption habits. It highlights the negative health consequences from the consumption of sugary drinks (soft drinks and sports beverages) and their association with obesity and risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. There is a need to apply the legal principle of "best interests of the child" to demand the protection of the right to health, in line with the recommendations of international health organizations for the restriction of advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages targeted at children and adolescents.

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Advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages to which children and adolescents are exposed has been identified as a factor of great relevance in the genesis, expansion and persistence of obesity. This article deals with sports sponsorship by companies producing sugar-sweetened drinks and their influence on the preferences of hydration, purchasing, intention and consumption habits. It highlights the negative health consequences from the consumption of sugary drinks (soft drinks and sports beverages) and their association with obesity and risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. There is a need to apply the legal principle of "best interests of the child" to demand the protection of the right to health, in line with the recommendations of international health organizations for the restriction of advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages targeted at children and adolescents.

La publicidad de alimentos y bebidas no saludables a la que se encuentran expuestos/as niños, niñas y adolescentes ha sido identificada como un factor de gran relevancia en la génesis, expansión y persistencia de la obesidad. Este artículo aborda el patrocinio de eventos deportivos por parte de las empresas productoras de bebidas azucaradas y su influencia en las preferencias de hidratación, intención de compra y hábitos de consumo. Se destacan las consecuencias negativas en la salud del consumo de bebidas azucaradas (gaseosas y deportivas) y su asociación con la obesidad y el riesgo de enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares. Se plantea la necesidad de apelar al principio jurídico de "interés superior del niño" para exigir la protección del derecho a la salud, en línea con las recomendaciones de organismos de salud internacionales para la restricción de la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas no saludables dirigida a niños/as y adolescentes.

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