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BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a high prevalence in Brazil (Global tuberculosis report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020). The ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy damage is partly reversible, making its early diagnosis essential to reduce permanent visual damage. PURPOSE: To observe alterations in the computerized campimetry, Ishihara test and visual acuity secondary to rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrimethamine, ethambutol (RHZE) treatment. METHODS: Patients undergoing treatment with RHZE at the tuberculosis service of the Federal University of São Paulo were recruited from March 2019 to December 2020. The best-corrected visual acuity (VA) measurements, Ishihara test and visual fields were performed at baseline, monthly, until 2 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included. The VA decreased significantly (P = 0.0129) post-treatment compared to month 1. The mean deviation (MD) did not decrease significantly (P > 0.05); the pattern standard deviation (PSD) decreased post-treatment compared to month 1 (P = 0.0371). Changes in the Ishihara test increased significantly (P < 0.0001) in the second month. CONCLUSION: The VA and PSD decreased significantly after RHZE treatment. Changes in the Ishihara test were observed in the second month. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Research Ethics Committee of Federal University of São Paulo, Paulista School of Medicine approved the study in March 2019. CAAE 04297018.4.0000.5505.

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RESUMEN Introducción: Las estrategias de SITA Estándar fueron aprovechadas por más de dos décadas, pero buscando aun mejorar el tiempo sin perder la calidad, se volvió a crear una nueva estrategia más corta, a la cual llamaron estrategia FASTER. Objetivo: Determinar la correlación entre las estrategias SITA Estándar 24 -2 y SITA Faster 24 -2 para evaluar el daño campimétrico en pacientes con Glaucoma Primario de Angulo Abierto. Metodología: Estudio observacional analítico. RESULTADOS: Se analizó 74 resultados de análisis del campo visual utilizando dos técnicas SITA Estándar 24 - 2 y SITA Faster 24 - 2. El tiempo de prueba para la estrategia SITA Estándar fue de 379,64 ± 72,75 segundos y para la estrategia SITA Faster 170,93 ± 49,17 (p<0,0001), probando una reducción de tiempo del 55% para la segunda. Los valores de desviación media, desviación patrón estándar y el índice de campo visual no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambas pruebas. La Prueba de Hemicampo de glaucoma con el cálculo del índice Kappa de Cohen arroja un valor de 0,316 con un intervalo de confianza del 95 % de (0,098 - 0,534) lo que indica que es estadísticamente significativo. Discusión: Los resultados generales indican que es posible reemplazar la estrategia SITA Estándar 24 -2 con la estrategia SITA Faster 24 - 2. Este cambio será especialmente útil para aumentar la frecuencia de exámenes campimétricos, determinante para una detección más temprana de la progresión del glaucoma y así mejorar las conductas terapéuticas que se toman con los pacientes que acuden a nuestro servicio.

ABSTRACT Introduction: SITA Standard strategies were used for more than two decades, but still seeking to improve time without losing quality, a new shorter strategy was created again, which they called the FASTER strategy. Objective: To determine the correlation between the SITA Standard 24-2 and SITA Faster 24-2 strategies to evaluate the visual field damage in patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Methodology: Analytical observational study. Results: 74 visual field analysis results were analyzed using two techniques SITA Standard 24 - 2 and SITA Faster 24 - 2. The test time for the SITA Standard strategy was 379.64 ± 72.75 seconds and for the SITA strategy Faster 170.93 ± 49.17 (p <0.0001), proving a 55% time reduction for the second. The mean deviation, standard deviation and visual field index values do not show statistically significant differences between both tests. The Glaucoma Hemifield Test with the calculation of the Cohen's Kappa index gives a value of 0.316 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.098 - 0.534) which indicates that it is statistically significant. Discussion: The overall results indicate that it is possible to replace the SITA Standard 24-2 strategy with the SITA Faster 24-2 strategy. This change will be especially useful to increase the frequency of campimetric examinations. A greater frequency of examinations is important for earlier detection of glaucoma progression and thus improve the therapeutic behaviors that are taken with the patients who come to our service.

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Las lesiones selares son una patología con una incidencia de 3,2 a 4 / 100,000 y una prevalencia de 78 a 94 / 100,000. Un 10% son incidentalomas en la población adulta. Se cree que su prevalencia en el orden mundial actualmente va en aumento.En relación a las manifestaciones clínicas, cabe destacar que es una de las pocas enfermedades que pueden manifestarse tanto por signos y síntomas neurológicos (por ejemplo: hemianopsia bitemporal, síndrome de hipertensión endocraneana debido a hidrocefalia, entre otros), como también por síndromes endocrinológicos (por ejemplo: síndrome de Cushing, acromegalia, amenorrea-galactorrea, infertilidad).Todo paciente debe presentar un estudio clínico-radiológico completo, lo que permitirá un correcto diagnóstico y categorización del mismo.El objetivo del presente trabajo es proporcionar al neurocirujano en formación los conceptos claves que servirán de sustento para el manejo preoperatorio de un paciente con adenoma hipofisario.

Sellar lesions are a pathology with an incidence of 3.2 to 4 / 100.000 and a prevalence of 78 to 94 / 100.000. Normally, 10% of them are incidentalomas and adult patients are in the highest risk group. Because it ́s prevalence in the world is currently increasing, it is of extremely importance to study and understand this pathology. In relation to the clinical manifestations, it should be noted that it is one of the few diseases that can manifest through neurological signs and symptoms like bitemporal hemianopsia, endocranial hypertension syndrome due to hydrocephalus, as well as endocrinological syndromes like Cushing's, acromegaly, amenorrhea-galactorrhea and infertility. One of the most important things to notice is that the treatment success in this pathology comes with the correct diagnosis and characterization of it, for what all patients should have a complete clinical-radiological evaluation.In this study, we establish a guide with concepts and key tools to support the medical personal during a pre-surgical preparation of patients with pituitary adenoma.

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Introducción: Los meningiomas constituyen aproximadamente el 10-15%1 de las neoplasias cerebrales, y el 7% de ellos presentan una inserción supraselar. Los meningiomas del tubérculo selar presentan adherencia en este, en el surco quiasmático o en el limbo esfenoidal2,3. Descripción del caso: Mujer de 45 años que consulta por cefalea y déficit severo de la visión del ojo izquierdo, constatado por campimetría visual. En RM se observa imagen extraaxial, en relación al tubérculo selar, con lateralización hacia la izquierda, ingresando al conducto óptico de ese lado. Se realizó abordaje pterional izquierdo, con acceso transsilviano a las cisternas óptica y carotídea izquierdas. Se individualiza la lesión color parduzca en el espacio interóptico, que desplaza hacia lateral y superior el nervio óptico izquierdo. Se retira duramadre que cubre el techo del conducto óptico y luego con fresa diamantada se descomprime4 el mismo de modo precoz, antes de la disección microquirúrgica del meningioma. Con aspirador ultrasónico se lleva a cabo el vaciamiento intratumoral, y luego separamos la capsula tumoral de la aracnoides y las estructuras neurales y vasculares. Luego de la exéresis completa de la lesión, se retira duramadre del tubérculo selar y se realiza fresado del mismo para evitar recurrencias en el sitio de implantación. Resultados: En RM postoperatoria se observa resección completa de la lesión; además la paciente refiere mejoría notoria de su visión que se constata en examen físico. Se confirma dicha mejoría en campimetría visual a los 3 meses postoperatorios. Conclusión: La descompresión precoz del conducto óptico en los meningiomas del tubérculo selar es una maniobra quirúrgica útil para prevenir una mayor lesión del nervio durante la extirpación del tumor; además permite resecar fragmentos intracanaliculares.

Introduction: Meningiomas constitute approximately 10-15%1 of the brain neoplasms and 7% of them present a suprasellar insertion. The meningiomas of the sellar tubercle present adherence in its, in the chiasmatic sulcus or sphenoid limbus2,3. Case description: A 45-year-old woman consulted for headache and severe vision deficit of the left eye, confirmed by visual field campimetry. In MRI an extraaxial image is observed, in relation to the sellar tubercle with lateralization to the left, entering the optic canal. A left pterional approach was performed, with transsylvian access to the left optic and carotid cisterns. The brownish lesion is individualized in the interoptic space, which displaces laterally and superiorly the optic nerve. The dura mater that covers the roof of the optic canal is removed at the beginning of the surgery, and then, with a diamond bur, the optic canal is decompressed4, before the microsurgical dissection of the meningioma. With an ultrasonic aspirator, the tumor debulking is carried out, and then the tumor capsule was separated from the arachnoid and the neural and vascular structures. Finally, the duramater of the tuberculum sellae was removed and the tubercle was drilled to avoid recurrences at the implantation site. Results: In a postoperative MRI, complete resection of the lesion was observed. The patient reported a noticeable improvement in her vision that was confirmed by a physical examination. Confirming this improvement in visual field campimetry was done 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion: Early decompression of the optic canal is essential to avoid further injury during tumor removal of a tuberculum sellae meningioma, as well as allowing the resection of intracanalicular fragments.

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RESUMO Objetivos: Determinar a freqüência e as características das alterações em exame oftalmológico, em exame de Tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) do nervo e mácula e Campimetria em pacientes com Escrelose Multipla(EM). Métodos: Foram examinados 60 olhos sendo 30 de pacientes com o diagnóstico de EM e 30 de pacientes controles, atendidos no Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto aos parâmetros: características e alterações do exame oftalmológico, do OCT do nervo e da macula e Campimetria. Resultados: Os pacientes com EM apresentaram piores resultados em todos os parâmetros avaliados. No exame de campo visual Foram encontradas perdas localizadas em 50%. Em relação ao OCT de nervo óptico foi observado redução da camada de fibras nervosas em quadrantes temporal (p=0,0251) e inferior (p=0,0041), o OCT de mácula revelou diminuição da CFN principalmente nos quadrantes nasal interno (p=0,0002) e externo (p=0,0016),inferior interno (p=0,0007) e superior externo (p=0,0108) e interno (p=0,0046). Os pacientes com menores valores de espessura macular também tiveram piores resultados no campo visual (p=0,0001). Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que a EM é uma doença capaz de ocasionar alterações nos exames de OCT e Campo visual mesmo na ausência de sintomas visuais relatados pelos pacientes. A realização de exames como campo visual e de OCT de macula e nervo podem ser uma ferramenta útil para estimar o comprometimento pela doença e auxiliar no seguimento desses pacientes.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the frequency and characteristics of alterations in ophthalmologic examinations of optic nerve and macula coherence tomography (OCT), and Campimetry in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods: Sixty eyes were examined, 30 of which were diagnosed with MS and 30 of the control patients, all attended at the General Hospital of the Federal District of Brazil. The patients were evaluated regarding the parameters: characteristics and alterations of the ophthalmological examination, OCT of the nerve and macula and Campimetry. Results: Patients with MS presented worse results in all parameters evaluated. On visual field examination localized losses were found in 50% of the cases . In relation to OCT of the optic nerve it was observed a reduction of the nerve fiber layer in temporal quadrants (p = 0.0251) and lower (p = 0.0041). The macular OCT revealed a decrease in the CFN, mainly in the internal nasal quadrants (p = 0.0002) and external (p = 0.0016), internal inferior (p = 0.0007) and external superior (p = 0.0108) plus internal (p = 0.0046). Patients with lower values of macular thickness also had worse results in the visual field (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that MS is a disease capable of causing changes in OCT and visual field tests even in the absence of visual symptoms reported by patients. Examinations such as visual field and OCT of macula and nerve can be a useful tool to estimate the damage by the disease and to assist in the follow-up of these patients

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Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el número de campimetrías necesarias para obtener factores confiables en el diagnóstico de glaucoma. Materiales y métodos se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo en el Hospital San Francisco de Quito en 58 pacientes, incluyendo 116 pares de ojos, que se realizaron perimetrías blanco sobre blanco por dos o más ocasiones para diagnóstico de glaucoma, iniciando con estrategia CLIP con el perímetro Oculus Centerfeld II, en el período agosto 2012 a abril 2013. Resultados: de 116 campimetrías evaluadas, el mayor número de campimetrías confiables para diagnóstico de glaucoma se obtuvo al realizar por segunda (41,4%) y tercera (29,3%) vez este examen entre los 42-88 años, con una media de 65 años. No hubo diferencias significativas entre la edad y el número de campimetrías confiables. Conclusiones: los factores extrínsecos e intrínsecos (como el aprendizaje) del paciente juegan un rol importante al realizar y valorar la confiabilidad del campo visual para diagnóstico de glaucoma.

Introduction: the objective of this study was to identify the approximate number of campimetries necessary to obtain reliable factors for the diagnosis of glaucoma. Materials and methods: we performed a retrospective observational study at the San Francisco de Quito Hospital with 58 patients including 116 pairs of eyes, which white ­white perimetry was performed in two or more occasions for glaucoma, starting with CLIP strategy with the perimeter Oculus Centerfeld II, from august 2012 to april 2013. Results: of the 116 campimetries performed for diagnosis of glaucoma, the largest number of reliable campimetries was obtained by performing a second (41, 4%) and third (29, 3%) exam between the ages of 42 - 88 years, with an average age of 65 years. There were no signifcant differences between age and the number of reliable campimetries. Conclusions: extrinsic and intrinsic factors (such as the learning factor) of the patient play an important role when making and assessing the reliability of the visual feld of the diagnosis of glaucoma.

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