RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in the population aged 35 years and over in Brazil's 27 federal units by sex, in 2019. STUDY DESIGN: This is an attributable mortality analysis. METHODS: We applied a method dependent on the prevalence of smoking, based on the population attributable fractions. Data on mortality due to causes causally related to smoking were derived from Brazil's Death Registry, data on prevalence of smoking from a survey conducted in Brazil in 2019, and data on relative risks from five US cohorts. Crude and age-adjusted SAM rates were calculated by sex. Estimates of SAM were calculated by specific causes of death and major mortality groups for each federal unit by sex. RESULTS: In 2019, smoking caused 480 deaths per day in Brazil. Although the SAM varied among the federal units, the pattern is not clear, with the greatest difference being between Rio Grande do Sul (crude rate: 248.8/100,000 inhabitants) and Amazonas (106.0/100,000). When the rates were adjusted by age, the greatest differences were observed between Acre (271.1/100,000) and Distrito Federal (131.1/100,000). SAM was higher in males; however, while the main specific cause of SAM in men was ischemic heart disease, in women it was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The major mortality group having the greatest impact on SAM across all federal units was the cardiometabolic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The variability in the burden of SAM in the different regions of Brazil reaffirms the need for SAM data disaggregated at the geographic level.
Assuntos
Isquemia Miocárdica , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Prevalência , MortalidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nosocomial sepsis is a major healthcare issue, but there are few data on estimates of its attributable mortality. We aimed to estimate attributable mortality fraction (AF) due to nosocomial sepsis. METHODS: Matched 1:1 case-control study in 37 hospitals in Brazil. Hospitalized patients in participating hospitals were included. Cases were hospital non-survivors and controls were hospital survivors, which were matched by admission type and date of discharge. Exposure was defined as occurrence of nosocomial sepsis, defined as antibiotic prescription plus presence of organ dysfunction attributed to sepsis without an alternative reason for organ failure; alternative definitions were explored. Main outcome measurement was nosocomial sepsis-attributable fractions, estimated using inversed-weight probabilities methods using generalized mixed model considering time-dependency of sepsis occurrence. RESULTS: 3588 patients from 37 hospitals were included. Mean age was 63 years and 48.8% were female at birth. 470 sepsis episodes occurred in 388 patients (311 in cases and 77 in control group), with pneumonia being the most common source of infection (44.3%). Average AF for sepsis mortality was 0.076 (95% CI 0.068-0.084) for medical admissions; 0.043 (95% CI 0.032-0.055) for elective surgical admissions; and 0.036 (95% CI 0.017-0.055) for emergency surgeries. In a time-dependent analysis, AF for sepsis rose linearly for medical admissions, reaching close to 0.12 on day 28; AF plateaued earlier for other admission types (0.04 for elective surgery and 0.07 for urgent surgery). Alternative sepsis definitions yield different estimates. CONCLUSION: The impact of nosocomial sepsis on outcome is more pronounced in medical admissions and tends to increase over time. The results, however, are sensitive to sepsis definitions.
RESUMO
Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is among the most important pathogens of nosocomial infections, mainly in intensive care units (ICUs), and accounts for 40-60% of all healthcare-associated S. aureus infections. We evaluated the incidence of nosocomial infection by S. aureus, identified the risk factors for MRSA infection, and evaluated the effect of resistance to methicillin on mortality in patients. Methods We conducted MRSA surveillance at a university hospital in Brazil from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2010, and performed a retrospective case-control matched study to evaluate the frequency of subsequent MRSA bacteremia and death among patients. We evaluated and compared the risk factors between patients with MRSA and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection. Results Sepsis was the most common cause of infection (17.7/1,000 patient-days), followed by surgical site (11.4/1,000 patient-days), pneumonia (4.1/1,000 patient-days), and urinary tract infection (2.4/1,000 patient-days). The significant risk factors were time of hospitalization, use of central vascular catheter (CVC), urinary catheter, nasogastric tube, parenteral nutrition, tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation, and previous antibiotic administration, the latter of which was the only independent risk factor for MRSA infection. Mortality was significantly higher in patients with MRSA. The number of antibiotics tested was not related to increases in the frequency of MRSA/1,000 patient-days. The incidence of mortality attributable to MRSA (bloodstream infection) BSI was 50%. Conclusions Surveillance results showed that the use of high levels of antibiotics was directly related to the development of MRSA infection, and the mortality attributable to MRSA in patients with bacteremia was significant. .
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Infecção Hospitalar/mortalidade , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas/mortalidade , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the excess length of stay, extra expenditures, and attributable mortality to healthcare-associated S. aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) at a teaching hospital in central Brazil. The study design was a matched (1:1) case-control. Cases were defined as patients > 13 years old, with a healthcare-associated S. aureus BSI. Controls included patients without an S. aureus BSI, who were matched to cases by gender, age (± 7 years), morbidity, and underlying disease. Data were collected from medical records and from the Brazilian National Hospital Information System (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde - SIH/SUS). A Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to compare length of stay and costs between cases and controls. Differences in mortality between cases and controls were compared using McNemar's tests. The Mantel-Haenzel stratified analysis was performed to compare invasive device utilization. Data analyses were conducted using Epi Info 6.0 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 13.0). 84 case-control pairs matched by gender, age, admission period, morbidity, and underlying disease were analyzed. The mean lengths of hospital stay were 48.3 and 16.2 days for cases and controls, respectively (p < 0.01), yielding an excess hospital stay among cases of 32.1 days. the excess mortality among cases compared to controls that was attributable to s. aureus bloodstream infection was 45.2%. Cases had a higher risk of dying compared to controls (OR 7.3, 95% CI 3.1-21.1). Overall costs of hospitalization (SIH/SUS) reached US$ 123,065 for cases versus US$ 40,247 for controls (p < 0.01). the cost of antimicrobial therapy was 6.7 fold higher for cases compared to controls. healthcare-associated s. aureus BSI was associated with statistically significant increases in length of hospitalization, attributable mortality, and economic burden. Implementation of measures to minimize the risk of healthcare-associated bacterial infections is essential.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Bacteriemia , Infecção Hospitalar , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Bacteriemia/economia , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/mortalidade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infecção Hospitalar/economia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/mortalidade , Custos Hospitalares , Hospitais de Ensino/economia , Hospitais de Ensino/estatística & dados numéricos , Tempo de Internação , Infecções Estafilocócicas/economia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/mortalidadeRESUMO
Resumen
Introducción: un sistema activo de vigilancia de infecciones nosocomiales (IN), ahorran dinero a las instituciones, a los sistemas de salud y sobre todo impactan en la vida de los pacientes.
Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de las IN y sus repercusiones en los pacientes y un hospital de alta especialidad.
Metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, donde se estudió la prevalencia de IN, sobre estancia y mortalidad atribuible por IN. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes hospitalizados de enero a junio de 2011, captados por el sistema de vigilancia de infecciones. Para el análisis se utilizaron: frecuencia, «T¼ de Student y «U¼ Mann Whitney e intervalos de confianza (IC95%).
Resultados: de 8,388 pacientes que egresaron, se identificaron 565 pacientes con un total de 81 5 IN. El promedio de edad fue 49.13±17.9 y en los pacientes con IN 49.28 ± 18.3 años. Las IN encontradas fueron neumonía 24.2%, seguida por bacteriemias 20.9%, infección de vías urinarias 15.2%, infecciones relacionadas a catéter 13%, infección de sitio quirúrgico 11.4%. La mortalidad general fue de 5.93% y la mortalidad de los pacientes con IN 25.15% con una probabilidad de muerte de 76.6% para quien desarrolla IN p<0.00, el servicio con mayor sobre estancia por IN fue hematología 1,552 días.
Conclusiones: la proporción de la mortalidad hospitalaria atribuible a NI fue 25.15%. Las IN son muy costosas para los sistemas de salud, siendo muchas de estas muertes prevenibles con un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica de IN eficiente para establecer medidas preventivas y de control, así como, supervisión continua de las prácticas clínicas.
Abstract
Introduction: an active system of surveillance of nosocomial infections (NI) saves money for hospitals, healthcare systems, and above all, impacts the lives of patients.
Objective: Describe the behavior of nosocomial infections (NI) at the Speciality Hospital and its impact on patients and the hospital.
Methodology: transversal descriptive study was conducted from January to June 2011. Variables were prevalence, overstay and mortality attributable to NI.
All hospitalized patients in the infections surveillance system were included. Data analysis used included frequency, Student's t, Mann Whitney U test with confidence interval of 95%.
Results: of the 8,388 patients discharged from hospital, 565 patients were identified with a total of 815 NI. The average age of all patients was 49.13 ± 17.9, age of patients with IN was 49.28 + 18.3 years with a median of 50 years (p = 0.42). Pneumonia was the most common NI at 24.2%, followed by bacteremia, 20.9%, urinary tract infections, 1 5.2%, catheter-related infections, 13%, surgical site infections. 11.4%. Overall mortality was 5 .93%, and mortality of patients with NI was 25.15%. The probability of death was 76.6% for patients with NI (p <0.00). The Services with the most hospital overstays from NI were hematology with 1552 day.
Conclusions: NI are costly to hospitals and healthcare systems, many of these deaths are preventable with a system of epidemiological surveillance to establish efficient Ni prevention and control measures, and continuous clinical practice monitoring.